现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别
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现在完成时现在完成时,①表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果;②过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.He has finished it. They have worked it out.②否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.He hasn’t fini shed it. They have worked it out.③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasn’tHave they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I haven’t④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词(v-ed)+其他)Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。
说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“现在”产生的影响。
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。
(只是简单表明在过去某个时间[in 1998]去过桂林这一事实,除此以外别无其他)主语+动词的过去式(肯定式)He did it. We hoped to go there.主语+did +not +动词原形(否定式)He didn’t do it. They weren’t there yesterday.Did+主语+动词的原形(疑问式)Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t第一种:对目前造成的影响;过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果;Have you seen the film? (A)Did you see the film? (B)[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。
The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达了。
(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿。
)The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。
(强调动作发生的时间在过去。
)Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。
(造成的结果是,Jill现在有了一台新电脑)Jill bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。
(强调动作发生的时间在过去。
)现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别:第二种:过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)(live用现在完成时,表明“居住”的动作和现在发生了联系)He lived in Beijing for 8 years. (B)(live用过去式,表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去,与现在没有关系)[说明]他在北京住了8年。
(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。
(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。
句子中所用【时间标志词语】的区别1、一般过去时:通常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…);last night (week, month, year…);一段时间+ago(several days ago)、two days ago、a week ago,…;in 2002,(in 1990, in 1997,in July…)等;just now, at that time/moment, then , long long ago例子:He was here yesterday.I got up at seven yesterday morning.My mother didn’t work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer?My mother often went to work by taxi last year.When I was a student, I often listened to music.Three months ago, they were still students.2、现在完成时:现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚), before (之前), recently(最近), lately(近来),ever(曾经)等副词;其中already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中)He has already obtained(获得)a scholarship.他已经获得了奖学金。
(already用在过去分词前)Have you ever been to Beijing?你曾经去过北京吗?(everI haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).我最近没太看到他。
We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。
(用在句末)Have they found the missing child yet?他们已经找到了那个丢失的孩子了吗?(用在否定或疑问句末)※already和yet的用法辨析不论yet还是already,都可以表示“已经”的含义。
一般两者都用于完成时的句子当中。
already 即可用在句前部分也可用在句尾;yet一般用在句尾。
already一般用于肯定句(表“已经)”;yet一般用于否定句或疑问句。
I’ve seen the film already.The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
He hasn’t found his bike yet.他还没有找到他的自行车。
(用在否定句末表“还”)★★★Has she finished her homework yet?她已经做完作业了吗?(用在疑问句末表“已经”)★★★※lately 与recently 用法辨析两者均可表示“最近”、“近来”。
从使用的时态来看:两者都经常与完成时态连用。
I have seen a lot of her lately [recently]. 我最近经常见到她。
注:两者通常都不用于将来时,若用于将来时则用“soon”。
如:最近我们要去巴黎。
误:We will go to Paris lately [recently].正:We will go to Paris soon.现在完成时的另一个用法:“从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
”这一用法常和一段时间连用:常与these days, this week, since+点时间…, for+段时间…等表示一段时间的状语连用。
其中“ for +时间段”★★★,“ since +时间点”★★★。
例如:We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市里已经生活了40 多年。
We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从1958 年起就住在这个城市里。
(注:1958前没有in)Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗?Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since I came here.(注:I came here是一个过去时,表示的是【过去的一个时间点】)几种特殊句型的区别:1)have been in; 2)have been to ; 3)have gone to 的用法:1. have(has) been in意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。
2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”,表示“现在已经不在那里了”。
可与just, ever, never等连用。
如:I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗?Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
另:have(has) been to 后面可接次数,表示去过某地几次。
如:I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
3. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”,表示刚到某地或正在去某地的途中。
总之,说话时该人不在现场,一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
如:—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里?—He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。
4.非延续性动词即瞬间动词不能用于“现在完成时+一段时间的状语”的句型中。
即这类瞬间动词有:come,go,start,leave,die,buy,finish,borrow等。
例如:瞬间动词转化后动词瞬间动词转化后动词buy→have join→be in/be a member of borrow→keep open→be openput on→wear come →be inbecome→be close→be closeddie →be dead begin/ start →be on finish/end →be over go out →be outleave/move →be away fall asleep(ill)→be asleep (ill)arrive→be here catch/get a cold→have a cold例如:下面的例句就是瞬间动词的过去式和带有持续时间的现在完成时使用变化。