工科英文论文及其中文翻译

编号：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）系别：电子工程系专业：电子信息工程学生姓名：韦骏学号：0852100329指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院姓名：梁勇职称：讲师2012 年6 月5 日Design and implementation of the agreement based on embedded system Modbus LinuxAbstract: with the embedded with the rapid development of computer technology, a new generation of industrial automation data acquisition and monitoring system, adopting the core of high performance embedded microcontroller processor, the system well adapt to the application. It is in line with strict requirements of consumption and other functions, such as reliability, the cost, size and power consumption, etc. In the industrial automation application system, Modbus communication protocol industrial standard, widely applied in large scale industrial equipment system, including DCS, PLC, RTU and intelligent instruments, etc. In order to achieve embedded data monitoring of industrial automation software application needs, this paper designed the embedded data acquisition monitoring the workbench Modbus agreement based on the Linux environment collection system. The serial port is to realize themaster/Modbus agreement from type, including two kind of communication mode: ASCII and RTU. Therefore, all kinds of ointment agreement can meet the Modbus equipment serial communication. In the embedded platform Modbus agreement steady and reliable. It in embedded data monitoring automation of the application system of new acquisitions prospect. Keywords: embedded system, embedded Linux, Modbus agreement, data acquisition and monitoring and control.1, the introductionModbus is a communication protocol, is a company by MoDiKang promotion. It is widely used in industrial automation, has become a real industry standard. The control device or different manufacturer measuring instrument can link to an industry monitoring network use Modbus agreement. Modbus communication protocol can serve as a lot of industrial equipment communication standards, including PLC, DCS system, RTU, intelligent intelligent instrument. Embedded with the rapid development of computer technology, embedded data acquisition monitoring system, using the embeddedhigh-performance microprocessors as the core, is an important development direction. In the environment of Linux embedded in view of the application of the embedded industrial automation data, a Modbus Lord agreement collection monitoring system design and the realization of the document. Therefore, communication equipment, various ointment agreement can meet the serial Modbus.2, Modbus agreement profileModbus agreement including ASCII, RTU and TCP transfer mode, support the traditional RS-232 and RS-422, RS-485 and Ethernet equipment. As for the serial port Modbus equipment, controller, in standard Modbus network protocol can be based on two transmission mode: ASCII mode or RTU mode. As for Ethernet Modbus equipment, transfer mode is Modbus/TCP protocol. The same transport model and parameters must choose on the network of all equipment Modbus. Modbus agreement is independent of hardware. Instead, the physical layer, it only defines the structure of data, the controller can distinguish. However, network communication is not defined. Modbus agreement stipulated the information and datastructure, command and response way. The agreement to the Lord to/from method is used to data communication. A host of the request of the information, and the response from the machine and the Lord returns to the correct information of information in response to request to receive. Host can also sends messages to modify the data from the machine.Modbus agreement need validation data. Serial protocol has check, in addition, ASCII mode to use LRC check, RTU mode and use 16 CRC checking. But, no additional provisions TCP mode examinations, because the TCP protocol is a reliable agreement, and face a connection. In addition, the use of Modbus master-slave way, sending and receiving fixed time in the material. In practice, if some affiliate equipment separate, Lord can be diagnosed it, fault be repaired, the network can automatic connection. Therefore, Modbus agreement is reliable. Because the news of Modbus agreement structure, each controller need a device address, this is used to distinguish between news and the judge will take some actions. If the response is necessary, controller will produce the reply and Modbus agreement transmitted to one side of the inquires. The design of the system it is embedded data acquisition system of the overall structure. In this system, embedded data acquisition platform is the core and the control equipment data communication and embedded data acquisition platform of the agreement from station Modbus Modbus through various. Therefore, data collection, data analysis, through the TCP/IP is to realize the pretreatment of data transmission to the operator and engineers monitoring center. Industrial microprocessor Atmel company is the AT91RM9200 as embedded data acquisition of the core of the platform. In embedded data acquisition platform integrating different surrounding connection in addition, including a serial port, CAN bus interface, will make the AD/DA interface RS485 interface, SD/MMC card for reading and writing, JTAG and debugging debugging interface, 18 inches TFT true color LCD screen, it CAN in data may be used for demonstration, also has the function of the touch screen, and integration in this platform. Embedded Linux operating systems use embedded data acquisition platform, and Modbus agreement can realize the function. Therefore, embedded platform, we can read the agreement through a serial port Modbus the slave's data, and displayed on the LCD (touch screen) is processed, analysis and data. At the same time, can transmit data, through the Ethernet interface embedded platform, for further the monitoring and management of the monitoring center after analysis and processing.4, design and Modbus agreement under the environment of embedded Linux implementation4.1, embedded Linux system and transplantation with the development direction of Linux, one of many successful and embedded Linux mature product. Stability, reliability and high efficiency of the embedded Linux is proof that the facts. Embedded Linux open source code, to provide technical support, has good expansibility widely, support a variety of hardware. All of these are the embedded Linux advantage. The system USES the embedded hardware environment for Linux operating system and ARM9. At present, the ARM of a series of Linux support ARM processor, including ARM610, ARM710,ARM720Tcores, ARM920Tcores, StrungARM110, SrtongARM1100, XScale and etc of the boardAT91RM9200 Atmel is the use as the goal, in this file. Different from the standard Linux, it must start from the flash memory or ROM. The United States start used as this paper start programs. In order to hand transplant Linux operating system, it also needs to all kinds of resources Linux drivers. If the equipment is by their own design, and it need to write the corresponding driver. Linux the general procedure of the transplant as shown in figure 2. As for the ARM kernel file system and Linux, u-boot is through a serial port first downloaded to the development board, then use a serial port or network method. Because the kernel and the file system is a reflection of the large files through the serial port transmission speed slow; Ethernet mode for downloading the kernel and the file system. Of course, the network U-Boot parameters need to be in before download process. According to the established the u-boot command mode the u-boot network parameters: the TFTP server is running in service, and then compile the kernel file system and image image is added to the server directory. Server and network development board and cable connection, and then, the kernel and download to system memory through the running start under the command line under the orders of the u-boot: the compiled Linux can operation after the arm bootm 21000000. The kernel and file system memory can through to the order of the director of flash start u. The system can automatically after the operation, set start parameters. Then program operation development board.In 4.2, a serial configuration of Modbus protocol in the Linux environment standard Modbus serial protocol using RS232/RS485 transmission. Serial device device nodes for/dev/ttyS0( COM1dev/ttyS1COM2) Linux port ) port environment. And / ( in as Modbus serial protocol includes two kinds of transmission mode and RTU mode: ASCII. Start and end tags of the two models are different. In addition, each information packet data in different position. Therefore, must be handled individually. Using RTU model as an example, introduced in the Linux environment Modbus serial protocol configuration. Header files by serial operation need is: when the characteristic of Modbus protocol is the use of RTU transmission mode, the serial baud rate, data bits, stop position, check the position and control should be set according to the features of the framework of the information. Set serial port baud rate: in the design, in order to make its get convenient. Function parameters, is the definition of a structure such as a slave_address is from the station address. A Modbus network allows up to255 from the station. The function is service mode selection characteristics, and there are six kinds of service mode in this system is provided, respectively 1-6. The start_address is a 16bit character, it is present from the start address of station power supply equipment. The pointnum_or_setdata includes2 languages,1-4is nodded to increase the number of business services, services 5and 6 are16 characters being established. The programme was first identified format character value, establishes the transmission mode, the user needs, which will determine which serial configuration function and service function of what choice. Then set the serial port parameters in Linux environment. The corresponding service structure function is adopted to judge whether a user request type of service selection. For example, if the format is 0, with RTU mode. The function is 1, this means the user request read coil. The program by using the construct_rtu_frm constructor is thertu_read_status function calls Modbus request frame. The program retained the serial transmission buffer mod_tx_buf, this is defined it, then put through the call command Modbus serial transmission request frame. If the program setting the time response frame, the programme will reply to handle frame by calling a corresponding mode of analytic functions. For example, when is ASCII transmission mode, theascii_data_anlys function is called, if the transmission mode is a mode of RTU, then rtu_data_anlys is called. Analytic function analysis of the data, the receive buffer receives the serial. If the reply frame analysis is correct, the function of loading data to target buffer. If it is wrong, the function will stop this service, and handling errors, print error message.In 4.3, Modbus protocol serial software designThis paper introduces the design and Realization of serial Modbus protocol, which includes two kinds of transmission mode of RTU and ASCII. In the Modbus hosting service including a man-machine interaction module, function module, function module and return processing module. Each module's function is realized in the embedded Linux environment. A man-machine interaction module is for the user and platform communication module. It mainly realized the webpage print function, the user information input and guidance. The function of the selection module is the main function of the Modbus platform selection selection of parameters according to user input information. These parameters include the dissemination way, service type, from the station address. The function processing module is the core of the platform. It includes serial initialization function, structure of the Modbus frame, modal analysis of Modbus frame, all kinds of business processing and business processing and other6 major design, including: serial Modbus device in this platform reading coil state, read input status, read hold register, read input register, write, write single coil single registration. The 6model covers the Modbus basic function demand. And it is very convenient to extend, if necessary with other functions. Return processing module processes the results of operation platform. If the user requests a service process, service results will be through the standard output device, printing, or error messages.4.4, service on the structure and function of analysis frameworkTo read hold register service as an example, introduces the construction requirement in the process of Modbus frame. The function to read the register number is03 and construction requirements of the Modbus frame is realized by rtu_read_hldreg and ascii_read_hldreg function. The former realizes RTU frame structure, and the latter ASCII frame structure. The rtu_read_hldreg structure is shown as follows: the input parameter board_adr is from the station address, the user needs to access. Is the com_buf buffer Modbus frame transmission field. The start_address is access to the starting address and length lenth is accessible. All of these variables, it is through the structural module parameters of human-computer interaction. High and low ( ) ( ) is a two defined function. The high ( ) is to achieve a high8, low ( ) is a low8bits. The construct_rtu_frm is the RTU frame structure. All services are by calling this function, formation of a RTU request frame. Its structure is as follows: after these steps, a frame request has been completed. Finally, inorder to write ( FD, mod_tx_buf, tx_len ) is invoked through the serial port to send and the transmission buffer requests Modbus frame transmission. Tx_len is a service where the service constructor return value. Request frame transmission, the program will wait from the station response. In order to avoid endless loop mechanism, through the detection from the station did not respond, the establishment of a working overtime. If the slave station and is not within the predetermined time response, program generated an error message and stop the service. If the service program at a predetermined time received the reply frame, analysed by calling the analytic function response time.5, conclusionModbus communication protocol widely used, has become the industry standard, in fact. It is a heavily used industrial equipment as the communication between them standards, including DCS, programmable controller, RTU communications, smart instrumentation and monitoring system of a new generation of industrial automation data acquisition using high performance embedded microprocessor core. Therefore, it is suitable to application programs are well meet the functional, reliability, cost, volume, power and strict requirements, in order to achieve the embedded data monitoring in industrial automation applications, system acquisition requires Modbus protocol site embedded data acquisition monitoring Linux environment platform, is this design basis. Each slave station between the communication realization. According to the Modbus embedded Linux environment services running stable, reliable test, Modbus protocol. It provides good service to the Modbus master, and in accordance with the standard Modbus protocol. In the industrial automation data acquisition and monitoring system of a new generation of application prospect is very good.In 6, thanksThis work supports a portion of the item by the Shanghai science and technology research projects ( No. 061111004), Shanghai dawn track program (06GG13) and Shanghai leading academic projects.7, reference[1] tenth wave, Fang Yan June application embedded in the serial devices interlink technology [J]. Electric power automation equipment,2007,27(8)99-101.[2] Zhang Hao, Huangwoon Hiko, Peng Daogang. Study on the early warning system of EGI based on [J] Modbus protocol. Mechatronics,2007,13(2):15 -18.[3] Li Juan, Zhang Bo, Qiu dongyuan. Multi machine communication with Modbus RTU is headquartered in power quality monitoring system [J]. Electric power automation equipment,2007,27, (1):93 -96.[4] Yue Yang, Zhang Chunguang, Yuan Aijin. Design and implementation of embedded man-machine interface based on Modbus research [J]. Industrial control computer,2006,19(1):8 -10.[5] Min Huasong, Liu Guanglin. Embedded state monitoring and fault diagnosis system of high speed rotating machinery research [J]. Information and control,2006,35(3):309 -313.[6] Bao Kejin, Wu jian-yong. On the power of implementation with embedded Web server system [J] remote monitoring. Computer engineering and design,2007,28(13):3178 -3180.。

机械工程专业外文文献及翻译文献一（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的某个具体问题。

通过实验方法和数学模型的分析，作者得出了一些有意义的结论。

本文介绍了作者的研究方法和结果，并讨论了其在机械工程领域的应用前景。

翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献二（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献探讨了机械工程领域中的另一个重要问题。

通过实证分析和理论推导，作者提出了解决方案，并对其进行了验证。

本文阐述了作者的方法和实验结果，并探讨了其在实践中的应用潜力。

翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
文献三（外文标题）
摘要：
该文献研究了机械工程领域中的另一个新颖课题。

作者通过数
值模拟和实验验证，得出了一些有趣的发现。

本文介绍了作者的研
究过程和结果，并讨论了其对机械工程领域的影响。

翻译：
（将文献的主要内容用简洁准确的语言翻译成中文）
总结
本文档介绍了三篇机械工程专业的外文文献，包括摘要和翻译。

这些文献都对机械工程领域中的不同问题进行了研究，并提出了相
关的解决方案和发现。

希望这些文献能为机械工程专业的学生和研
究人员提供有价值的参考和启发。

论文翻译设计题目: 统计力学坐标膜致密的自我避免学生姓名：***学号：********专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化10-4班指导老师：**时间：2013年06月13日统计力学集体坐标阶段中膜致密的自我避免D.R. DanielsÃ英国华威大学物理系收于2004年7月23于2005年1月30日前可用在线摘要我们一个提出范围涵盖很广的统计的技术理论,密集的填充有限度的过滤膜的自我回避继而接近均匀分布的阶段。

我们也给出一个理论的关于小角度的分散光谱会类似这样聚集的预期，此外这还表明这可以有效地筛选出过滤膜密集的相位。

这是一个定量的关于什么时候这个工作中残留的可以应用的可以被表达的理论的方法概括的讨论。

在这个工作中得到的结果很可能与物质的或者是生物的过滤膜可能的新奇的稠密的阶段相关联。

关键词:统计力学;膜;自我回避介绍自我回避系统过滤膜是两个空间在三维空间混合的有联系的啮合嵌入，就是这样过滤膜很自然的在红细胞的细胞支架中出现。

碳纤维氧化涂层聚合覆盖或者是单层出现以及交联的DNA网络这描绘过滤膜表现的统计力学更多的是人们众所周知的一个二维普遍化的单向度聚合物情况. 了解自我避免限度式过滤膜的性能。

因此剩下来就研究理论上的以及实验上的两者的一个有效地区域。

为了进一步说明我们引用了被给出的广泛认同的评论的读物,例如《推荐》期刊。

在很多的理论上的工作在很好的溶解条件下单一的隔绝的范围薄膜的案例已经被提出。

目前的研究文献提出这样一个在预定的低温的阶段和高温的褶皱的情况阶段范围薄膜被崩溃的跃迁所扭曲的的特征。

这个低温的相位被称为平相拥有很大的持久性长度。

它拥有很大的持久性长度以及在嵌入的体积空间中有一个自发的方向。

这个高温的褶皱的相位特征在于一个有限的持久性长度以及在嵌入的空间体积内没有自发的方向。

然而, 所有先前的理论上的关于自我避免式的交互单个的孤立的限度过滤膜的推理已经被证实非常的复杂。

在文献中这个分析的工作在相关的关键的范例以及全局的阶段图解中的一系列的结果也没确切表明。

Influence of Hot Press Forming Techniques on Properties ofVehicle High Strength Steels( Scho ol of Automotive Engineering , State KeP LaboratorP of Structural AnalPsis for Industrial Equipment,Dalian UniversitP of TechnologP , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China)Abstract:Based on the combination of materials science and mechanicalengineering ,hotpress forming process of the vehicle high strength steels was analPzed. The hot forming processinclud -ed: heating alloP srapidlP to austenite micr ostructures, stamping and cooling timelP,maintaining pressur eand quenching . The results showed that most of austenite micr ostructure w as changed into uniform mar tensite bP the hot press form ing while the samples were heatedat 900 。

C and quenched. The optimal tensile strength and Pield streng th were up to 1530 MPa and 1000 MPa, respectivelP, and the shape deformation reached about 23% . And springback defect did not happ -en in the samples. KeP words: high streng th steel; lightw eight ; hot forming ; martensiteAs an effective economical energP measure, the lightw eight dev elo pment dir ection of automo -bile has become one of the most important research subjects in the automotive industrP. There are three major waPs to achieve automobile light weight : optimizing vehicle frames and struc- tures; making vehicle bodPor f rame of new and alternativ ematerials to reduce the vehicle mass ( The high and ultra high strength steel can be used as alternative materials because of its thinner thickness) ; adopting advanced manufacturing techniques for the sake of automobile light wei- ght , such as thickness-gradient high strength steel (HSS) or metal based compound plates bP con -tinuous pressing or hot press forming [ 1] . Although HSS has been applied in some domestic top grade vehicles, the keP producing technologies have alwaPs been dominated bP foreign compan- ies, such as Acelor CompanP, so as to raise the product cost obviouslP. BP domestic self-designed hot press forming techniques and water-cooling mould, the automo bile HSS can be produced to subst itute foreign vehicle parts.In general, with the enhancement of steel blank，s mechanical strength, its formabilitP is worsened dramaticallP. It is difficult to applP the traditional cold stamping technolog P into the f ield of pressing HSS. Thus, the hot stamping technologP of martensit icsteel blank is applied as a new technologP , which combines metal thermoplast ic forming metho d and water-cooling mould quenching principle. In this paper, boro n steel blank was formed and water-cooling mould was quenched simultane ouslP during the process of hot stamping . Comparedwith original automobile pearlite steel[ 2] , the automobile HSS obtained bP advanced hot press forming technique can reduce about 30% of the total vehicle mass and achieve compleP g eomet ries, high securitP and mechanical st reng th. The r easo n is that austenite microst ructure with optimal plast icitP and ductilitP can be obtained bP hot press forming at high temperature[ 3- 5] , and the HSS with both ePcellent mechanical properties and light weight will be obtainedafter being formed and quenched[ 6- 8] . The application of hot-formed thinner HSS plates will becoman important measure to realize vehicle light weight.1 EPperimental SetupIn order to form HSS at high temperature, and to avoid cracks and springback, thesam -ples need rapid heating and transform completelP into stabl eaustenite microst ructure. And then, samples are pressed and cooled in self-made water-cooling mould.Forthe obtained HS -S sample, its shape-freezing character or no spring back defect is anobvious advantage, and most of microst ructure in the sample is martensite. The thicknessof sample is 1.6 mm, and the main elements of HSS in this ePperiment are show n inTable 1.Table 1 Main elements of material in the ePperimen22MnB5 C Mn Cr Si B P S Al Minimum 0.220 1.200 0.110 0.002 0.002 - - 0.0200.250 1.400 0.200 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.005 0.050 MaPimumActual eP perimental procedure included: 1) set different heat t reatment temperatures in ther ange of750 to 1 000℃; 2) put the sample into the heat treated furnace to beheated for 4 min at a certain temperature; 3) remove it bP mechanical hand and put it intothe hot forming moulds to be pressed quicklP ;4) simultaneouslP, it was water-cooled atabout 30℃/s in the mound. The mechanical properties of sample were analPzed bP tensiletest sPstem and the microstructure appear ance was analPzed bP metal lographic analPsis device.The shape and size of test sample are show n in Fig. 1.Fig 1 The shape and size of specimen2 Results and DiscussionMechanical propert ies of HSS ( boron steels)with different thicknesses ( 1.0mm,1.6mm,2.0mm,2.5 mm,3.0 mm and4.0 mm, respectivelP) were checked (GBT16865-1997 was consulted, and samples were selected along 0℃, 45℃and 90℃ rolling direction respec -tivelP ) . The unidirectional tensile tests (based on the metal tensile testing standard of GBT228-20KK ) were finished. Compared with USIBOR1500, the valuesof basic mechanical properties for HSS w ith dif ferent thicknesses in the ePperiment areshown in Fig 2.Fig 2 shows that after water-cooling quenching , the tensile strength and Pieldstrength of samples ( ePcept the one w ith thickness of 4.0 mm )reached 1 500 MPa and 1000 MPa, respect ivelP. The values of the strength were twice bet ter than those of samples before quenching , and nearlP the same to those of the plates of thickness 1.75mm from Acelor CompanP ( USIBOR1500 shown in Fig 1) .Fig2 Tensile and Pield strength of high strength steels with different thicknesses before and after quench –ingGenerallP , hot press forming of samples is operated above transition temperature of martensite micro structure. The heating temperature in this ePperiment was in the range of 750 to 1000 ℃because it took 3 s or so for the samples to be delivered in the air. And then, based on analPzing tensile strengths Rm of samples after hot-forming at different temperatur -es and quenching , the optimal temperature can be found. It is shown in Fig3.Fig3 Curve of tensile strength vs preheating temperature From Fig 3, it is obvious that the value of tensile strength Rm onlP reaches 900 MPa at 750℃; the optimal value is 1530 MPa at 900℃, and the value will fall as temperature is set above 900℃. Based on analP zing microstructure and Fe-Fe3 C phase diagram, samples laP in the transition region of ferrite austenite microstr ucture coePistence at 750℃. At this moment , austenite has appeared in microstructure of samples, and it can be transformed into martensite microstructure through water-cooling. So the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and Pield strength, will be improved. That is to saP ,tensile strength of samples is a little hig her than that of original ones ( Rm is 600 MPa or so) . The content of austenite becomes larger as temperature israised,and the tensile str ength will be improved graduallP .As far as 22MnB5 steel isconcerned, the austenitizing temperature is about 880℃. As Fig3 shows, if samples are heated rapidlP to 900℃and air cooled for 3, austenite microstr uctures are obtained completelP . Then samples are hot formed and water-cooling quenched, the fraction of martensite microstructure in samples is more than 95% , so the curve shows a peak. How ever, as temperature ePceeds 900℃, because superheat degree is too large, microg rains grow so large that the tensile strength will decrease. Thus high tem- perature austenite microstructure (obtained as samples w ere heated rapidlP) and grain refinement are the main factors to determine the mechanical properties of high strength steel -s. In this paper, different from that in the lab,the interact ion mechanisms of molding and w ater-cooling sPstem on samples produced in the production line can objectivelP show the manufacturing properties and microst ructure character of products in mass.A s far as the samples are concerned, A is the initial and untreated sample;B is the sample which was heated at 900℃for 4 min;C is the sample after heat treatment and water-coo ling quenching. The deformation of A, B and C are 32% , 24% and 6% or so, respectivelP . GenerallP , A is composed of main pearlite and a small amount of ferrite, thetoughness of which is better than martensite, so its deformation is relativelP better. B is com -posed with the high-temperature transitional microstructure of austenite, whose toughness is also better than martensite, and deformation is larger than the latter. C is composed of over 95% martensite and little austensite. Owing to its higher strength, toughness and plasticitP of martensite are lower, that is to saP , deformation of C is the lowest In Fig 4, when the sample was heated for 4 min and stretched at 900℃, stress-strain curve and testforce displacement curve were obtained respect ivelP.From Fig4 ( a) , after being heated up to 900℃,the microst ructure of sample has been completelP turned into austenite. T he value in the elastic deformation stage of curvew ill tend towards the Pield point , following the aPial test force graduallP being increased. That is to saP, the obvious plastic deformation of sample will beg in after the Pield point .When it is continuouslP stretched till the peak point of curve, the necking of sample will occur. Passing the peak, the st ress-strain relat ionship will become more compleP . From Fig 4 ( b) , after the corresponding peak, the test force will be reduced, along with the decreasing cross-sectional area of sample till the f racture. It can be seen that the appropriate toughness and plastic deformation proper ties of austenitizing sampleat 900℃will help HSS be hot- formed to complicate vehicle parts. It is an effective measure to form HSS with room-temperature martensite microstructure character, and itis a theoretical basis to design the hot-forming process for HSS in the article.The vehicle hot forming parts and the original cold forming parts are practicallP contrasted. There areobvious differences both in the springback defect and in the formabilitP, as shown in Fig5.From Fig5, it shows that the hot-forming parts havehig her accuracP, almost no shape distortion, and no springback defect . But the cold-forming parts will ePhibit deformation defects, crimping,large spring back and twisted grooves obviouslP,which can destroP the Pield of products seriouslPw hich can destroP the Pield of products seriouslP .Therefore, instead of tradit ional cold forming , the vehicle-high strength steels which are produced bP hot forming have become an inevitable trend. In addition, the compositions of samples are shown inTable 1, based on not onlP the contribution for formabilitP and microst ructure, but also the cost .For ePample, component boron as a component of sample can reduce the energP-gradient on the grain boundarP because it is easilP adsorbed on grain boundarP to fill the defect of lower energP. Whileaustenitizing temperature is decreased bP water-cooling sPstem,ḁ-phase ferrite is easilP to be nucleated on the grain boundaries. But the nucleation and growth of ferrite and bainite willbecome slower because of the low erenergP gradient on the grain boundaries, and are beneficial to make austenite stable; if the co ntent of boronor processing parameters are unsuitable, component boron would be precipitated to super saturation on the grain boundaries and become the new nucleus of precipitating phase which makes ener gP gradient larger, causing the harden abilitP of samples to fall.( a) Stressst rain curve; ( b) Test force displacement curveFig 4 Curves of stress-strain and test force displacement for stretching test In the production line, the precipitation and growth of miPed phase will be prohibited effectivelP bP controlling temperature and heating rate. The sample is heatedto 900℃and held for 4 min. The microstructure appearance of sample after quenching at cooling rate of no less than 30℃/ s is show n in Fig 6.Fig5 Picture of hot forming and cold forming vehicle partsIn Fig6 ( a) , the main micro structur e of initial sample, w hich has not been hot formed and water-cooling quenched, is composed offerrite, pearlite and a small amountof carbide. Its tensile strength Rm and Pield strength are onlP 653MPa and 500MPa, respectivelP . Fig6 ( b) shows that most microstructure of sample after quenching is strip-shapemartensite, the content of which is over 95% , and there are no cracks and other stress defects. The reason is that the sample was evenlP heated and water-cooled during the whole process; based on “C”curve, even and close-row lath martensite microsructure obtained is also due to the optimal water-cooling rate, so the content of residual phase is verP little; in addition, the complete close-row microstructure shows that residual stress ( including thermal stress and phase transformation stress, etc. )has been released completelP, and there is no microgap in the micrograins so as to benef it sample for higher securitP and better mechanical propert ies.T he domestic research of vehicle HSS is mostlP limited to do in the lab, but advanced automated manufacturing technologies are difficult to be realized in the lab. Inthis paper ,the properties’targets of HSS produced bP practical production line are satisfactorP, and the technical process also meets the demands of mass production(a) Original HSS microstructure before hot forming and quenching; (b) Obtained HSS microstructure after hot formingand quenching.Fig6 Microstructure appearance of HSS sample bef ore and after hot forming and quenching3 Conclusions1) In the production line, as HSS is heated rapidlP to 900℃and held for 4 min, the tensile strength can reach the optimal value of 1530 MPa.If temperature is too low , austenite transformation will be incomplete; on the contrarP , if temperature is too high, micrograin will grow too large. Both of them will reduce the tensile strength.2) T hanks to the appropriate toughness and plastic deformation properties of austenitizing HSS at high temperature, 22MnB5 steels ( HSS) can be favorablP hot formed into compleP and accurate automotive parts.3) T he optimal water-cooling rate during quenching can make HSS achieve the ideal microstructure of more than 95% martensite and a verP small amount of residual austenite, and help stress-relieving procedure accomplish effectivelP. It is also the guarantee for HSS parts to possess high strength and no defects, such as cracks and crimping.References:[ 1] Schieβl G, Pos schn T , Heller T , etal. Manufacturing a Roof Frame From Ultra High Strength Steel Materials bP Hot Stamping [ C] IDDRG In ternational Deep Drawing Research Group 20KK Conference. Sindelfingen: [ s. n. ] , 20KK: 158.[ 2] TANG ZhiPong, J IANG Haitao, TANG Di, etal. StudP on the Continuous Cooling Transformati on of Austenite of 27MnC rB5 Steels [ J ] . Hot Working TechnologP, 20KK, 36( 20) : 41.[ 3] FAN Junf eng, CHEN Ming. A StudP on the Road of V ehicle Lightw eight in Chin a [ J] .Casting20KK, 55( 10) : 995 ( in Chinese) .[ 4] CHEN He-qin g, PENG C hengPun, WEI Liangqing. High Strength Steels and Applicati on of Them to Vehicle Manufacturing [ J ] . Mould and Die Project, 20KK ( 8) : 88 ( in Chinese) .[ 5] LIN Jianping, WANG LiPing, TIAN Haob in, etal. Research and Devel opment of the Hot Press Form -ing of Ultra High Strength Steel [ J] . Metal Casting Forgin g Welding TechnologP, 20KK, 37( 21) : 140 ( in Chinese) .[ 6] PING Zhongwen, BAO Jun, PANG PuPing, etal. Hot Press Forming EPperiment al Research on the Quenchenable Boron St eel [ J] . Materials Science and TechnologP, 20KK, 16( 2) : 172.[ 7] Marion Merklein , Jrg en Lecher, Vera Gödel, et al. Mech anical Properties and Plastic AnisotropP of the Quenchenable High Strength Steel 22MnB5 at Elevated Temperatures [ J ] . KeP Engineering Materials, 20KK, 344: 79.[ 8] Geigera M, Merkleinb M, H off C. Basic Investigations on the Hot Stamping Steel 22MnB5 [ J] . Advanced Materials Research, 20KK, 6( 8) : 795.热压成形技术对汽车高强度钢性能影响常英，孟召唤，梁颖，李晓东，马宁，胡平（学院汽车工程国家重点实验室，工业装备结构分析，大连理工大学，辽宁，大连，116024）摘要：基于材料科学和机械工程的结合上，车高强度钢热冲压成型过程进行了分析。

英文文献科技类原文及翻译39摘要：讨论了一种具有普遍运用前景的指纹IC卡电子门禁系统，引见了其设计方案、系统的总线结构以及单片机控制局部的软、硬件完成。

该系统将成熟的指纹生物识别技术和IC卡技术严密结合在一同，很好地处置了门禁系统中的身份认证效果和纸质门票带来的方便，具有很强的灵敏性、牢靠性和平安性，十分适宜于大型景色区等公共场所的门禁管理。

关键词：指纹门禁，智能卡，指纹识别，单片机关于一票制而需屡次进入的地铁、旅游胜地入口等场所，传统的纸质售票方式曾经越来越不适用于各部门管理的要求，停止计算机电子门票管理是社会开展的大势所趋。

其中入口处的身份认证是门禁管理的中心任务。

在现行的许多计算机系统中，用户的身份认证大都运用"用户ID+密码"的方法。

实践上，这种方法隐含着密码易遗忘、可传递、易被他人窃盗用等平安效果，同时在入口处需求密码输入不适宜人流量较大的公共场所，因此在电子门禁中需求一种更为便捷牢靠的身份认证方案。

针关于上述效果，本文讨论了一种已研制成功的基于成熟的指纹生物识别技术和IC卡技术的电子门禁系统，它具有"人卡合一"的功用，方便牢靠地停止入口身份认证，十分便于部门管理。

1 门禁系统总体方案1.1"人卡合一"的设计思绪生物识别技术是一种依据人类的生理特征(指纹、声响、面孔、虹膜等)来停止团体身份认证的辩识技术。

近年来，随着信息产业的开展，生物识别技术在国际外失掉了越来越普遍的研讨和运用。

其中指纹自动识别技术是当今开展最成熟的一种生物识别技术，指纹作为人体生物识别的一种方式，它具有以下几个清楚的优点：(1)确定性：每个指纹在人六个月的时分构成，以后终身不会改动，即使被划伤、烧伤，只需不伤及真皮，都不会改动他的指纹外形。

(2)独一性：两个完全一样的指纹出现的概率十分小，不超越600亿分之一。

(3)取样复杂：只需一个电容或光学的指纹采集器就可采集指纹图像。

High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has bee possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate pared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be pleted rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the plex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and petitiveness of products in the market.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees pared to the pany may be very good, but other than the pany's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a bination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be pared to find the business models, through a parative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the panies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models pared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to pare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for parison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a parative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether panies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A parison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of C machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve theefficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but prehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with C technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed C machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: General use of highly flexible high-speed C machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and posite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing plex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and petitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already bee every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields:(1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor;(6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry bee the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 55.2 Link and process and pound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as plicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host puter structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle plex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of plex main shaft and pound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt plex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG pany exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by C system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。

RESIDENTIAL DESIGNON IRREGULAR SITE CONDITIONSBySean T. FriedoDecember 6, 2010A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The State University of New York at Buffalo In partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture Department of ArchitectureACKNOWLEDGMENTSMany thanks to Dennis A. Andrejko, Gary Day and Lynda Schneekloth for their guidance and inspiration throughout the years and for helping to make this thesis a reality.Thank you to my family and friends for all their support.Special thanks to:Marie Wrynn&Michael D. RossWithout you, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.This thesis is dedicated to the memory of Deborah Rose Molnar.Table of ContentsThesis Abstract pg. vii Introduction pg. 10 Definition of an Irregular Site pg. 13 Precedent Study pg. 17 Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright pg. 17 The Boulder House by Charles Forman Johnson pg. 22 Casa Malaparte by Curzio Malaparte pg. 25 The Reeve Residence by Jim Cutler pg. 33 The Rose Residence by Engelen Moore Architects pg. 38 The Berkowitz House by Steven Holl pg. 42 Client, Program and Design Intentions pg. 48 Site Analysis pg. 52 Design pg. 61 Final Drawings Package pg. 78 Alternate Design pg. 94 Summary pg. 105 Conclusion pg. 108 Bibliography pg. 111Thesis AbstractStatement of Issue/Problem:Why are most atypical building sites, sites that are not flat and/or sites that arefilled with things such as hills, valleys, rocks, trees etc., either mechanically altered to fit the status quo or abandoned altogether? I intend to explore the issues that lead to the widespread use of regular sites, sites that are virtually flat with little or no defining characteristics, for the typical family home. When choosing a site, are the financial issues truly as significant as they appear or are there other factors at play? Statement of Significance of Issue:The typical family home need not be so “typical”; in fact, uniqueness of design can stem from the uniqueness of site. There may be reasons to ignore a site due to its complexity, but there could be many more reasons why an irregular site could lead to a much more gratifying architectural design. Residential design does not need to begin or end on a flat, featureless site.Method of Inquiry:Through this exploration I have uncovered the pros and cons of dealing with an irregular site from all aspects. After studying several relevant precedents I compiled what I have learned. Last, I chose an irregular site and developed a design for it, keeping in mind all of the issues presented to me, both positive and negative. Expected Outcome:I expect to gain a complete understanding of all the aspects of dealing with an irregular site. I also intend to produce a bound volume that will explain this in detail and will also identify what steps one would need to take to complete a successful residential design on an irregular site.不规则的场地条件下的住宅设计作者Sean T. Friedo时间2010年12月6日本论文满足纽约州立大学布法罗分校对学院研究生院的完成度的要求，达到建筑系建筑学硕士的程度。

附录一:Mechanical DesignLiqingyu zhangjiaMachinery manufacturing equipment designAbstractA machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company,they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9.Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10.Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1.Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2.Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3.Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4.Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5.Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6.Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7.Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8.Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9.Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10.Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11.Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawingdimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.机械设计李庆余, 张佳.机械制造装备设计摘要机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成(de).它是一种用来转换或传递能量(de)装置,例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等.许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器(de)设计,也适用于非机器(de)设计.术语中(de)“机械装置设计” (de)含义要比“机械设计”(de)含义更为广泛一些,机械装置设计包括机械设计.在分析运动及设计结构时,要把产品外型以及以后(de)保养也要考虑在机械设计中.在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域中,所有这些都需要机械设备,比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等.关键词：设计流程；设计规则；机械设计设计流程设计开始之前就要想到机器(de)实际性,现存(de)机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善.新(de)机器必需具有以前机器所能执行(de)功能.在设计(de)初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不要受到任何约束.即使产生了许多不切实际(de)想法,也会在设计(de)早期,即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉.只有这样,才不致于阻断创新(de)思路.通常,还要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较.很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内(de)一些设想.一般(de)当外型特点和组件部分(de)尺寸特点分析得透彻时,就可以全面(de)设计和分析.接着还要客观(de)分析机器性能(de)优越性,以及它(de)安全、重量、耐用性,并且竞争力(de)成本也要考虑在分析结果之内.每一个至关重要(de)部分要优化它(de)比例和尺寸,同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调.也要选择原材料和处理原材料(de)方法.通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要(de)特性,如那些静态反应(de)能量和摩擦力(de)最佳利用,像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料(de)强度、应力和刚度等材料(de)物理特性,以及流体润滑和驱动器(de)流体力学.设计(de)过程是重复和合作(de)过程,无论是正式或非正式(de)进行,对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要.最后,以图样为设计(de)标准,并建立将来(de)模型.如果它(de)测试是符合事先要求(de),则再将对初步设计进行某些修改,使它能够在制造成本上有所降低.产品(de)设计需要不断探索和发展.许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善,然后决定使用还是放弃.虽然每个工程学问题(de)内容是独特(de),但是设计师可以按照类似(de)步骤来解决问题.产品(de)责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时,采用最好(de)程序.在材料过程中,五个最常见(de)问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面(de)最新最好(de)信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料(de)合理用途（如有可能,设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成(de)后果.在近年来(de)许多产品责任诉讼案件中,由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害(de)原告控告生产厂家,并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用(de)材料(de)数据不全或是有些数据不确定,尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职(de)人员选择材料.通过对上述五个问题(de)分析,可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在(de)结论.对这些问题(de)研究分析可以为避免这些问题(de)出现而指明方向.尽管采用最好(de)材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼,设计人员和工业界按照适当(de)程序进行材料选择,可以大大减少诉讼(de)数量.从以上(de)讨论可以看出,选择材料(de)人们应该对材料(de)性质,特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本(de)了解.在随后生产和售后服务(de)几年中,要接受新观念(de)变化,或者由试验和经验为基础,进一步分析并改进.一些设计规则在本节中,建议要运用创造性(de)态度来替代和改进.也许会创造出更实用、更经济、更耐用(de)产品.为了激发创造性思维,下列是设计和分析(de)建议规则.前六个规则对设计者来说特别适用.1.要有创造性(de)利用所需要(de)物理性质和控制过程.2.认识负载产生(de)影响及其意义.3.预测没有想到(de)负载.4.创造出对载荷更为有利(de)条件.5.提供良好(de)应力分布和最小(de)刚度条件.6.运用最简单(de)方程来优化体积和面积.7.选择组合材料.8.仔细选择所备(de)原料和不可缺少(de)组件.9.调整有效(de)设计方案,以适应生产过程和降低成本.10.规定好准确(de)位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉.机械设计包括一下内容：1.对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍.2.回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析,包括梁、振动和冲击载荷.3.回顾应力(de)基本规律和失效分析.4.介绍静态失效理论和静态载荷下机械断裂分析.5.介绍疲劳失效理论并强调在压力条件下接近高循环(de)疲劳设计,这通常用在旋转机械(de)设计中.6.深入探讨机械磨损机理、表面接触应力和表面疲劳现象.7.使用疲劳分析技术校核轴(de)设计.8.讨论润滑油膜与滚动轴承(de)理论和应用.9.深入介绍直齿圆柱齿轮(de)动力学、设计和应力分析,并简单介绍斜齿轮、锥齿轮和涡轮有关方面(de)问题.10.讨论弹簧设计、螺杆等紧固件(de)设计,包括传动螺杆和预紧固件.11.介绍盘式和鼓式离合器以及制动器(de)设计和技术说明.机械设计一台完整机器(de)设计是一个复杂(de)过程.机械设计是一项创造性(de)工作.设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性,还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚(de)基础知识.任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分(de)构成材料.许多(de)材料被今天(de)设计师所使用.对产品(de)功能,它(de)外观、材料(de)成本、制造(de)成本作出必要(de)选择是十分重要(de).对材料(de)特性必须事先作出仔细(de)评估.仔细精确(de)计算是必要(de),以确保设计(de)有效性.在任何失败(de)情况下,最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷(de)部件.计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要(de).一个小数点(de)位置放错,就可以导致一个本可以完成(de)项目失败.设计工作(de)各个方面都应该检查和复查.计算机是一种工具,它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐(de)计算,并对现有数据提供进一步(de)分析.互动系统基于计算机(de)能力,已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能.心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作(de)机器.设计人员(de)基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们.这并不是一项容易(de)工作,因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优(de)操作范围和操作过程.另一个重要问题,设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商.在开始阶段,设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商,并得到批准.这一般是通过口头讨论,草图和文字材料进行(de).如前所诉,机械设计(de)目(de)是生产能够满足人类需求(de)产品.发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处,只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益.因而,应该认识到在一个特定(de)产品进行设计之前,必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品.应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性(de)才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品(de)制造工艺学(de)一个良机.掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要.仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好(de)设计中做出所需(de)全部决定(de).另一方面,应该认真精确(de)进行所有运算.例如,即使将一个小数点(de)位置放错,也会使正确(de)设计变成错误(de).一个好(de)设计人员应该勇于提出新(de)想法,而且愿意承担一定(de)风险,当新(de)方法不适用时,就使用原来(de)方法.因此,设计人员必须要有耐心,因为所花费(de)时间和努力并不能保证带来成功.一个全新(de)设计,要求屏弃许多陈旧(de),为人们所熟知(de)方法.由于许多人墨守成规,这样做并不是一件容易(de)事.一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有(de)产品(de)方法,在此过程中应该认真选择原有(de)、经过验证(de)设计原理,将其与未经过验证(de)新观念结合起来.新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料(de)问题发生,只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后,才能体现出新产品(de)优越性.因此,一个性能优越(de)产品诞生(de)同时,也伴随着较高(de)风险.应该强调(de)是,如果设计本身不要求采用全新(de)方法,就没有必要仅仅为了变革(de)目(de)而采用新方法.。

A RESEARCH ON DATA PROCESSING MODEL OF GPS DAMDEFORMATION MONITORING NETWORKAbstract: Considering the particularity of the GPS dam deformation monitoring network, a data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network, was put forward. Also, a mathematical model of using the clustering analysis method in fuzzy mathematics to test the relative stability of quasi-stable points(or datum marks) was successfully brought forward. The adjustment method during the course of data processing was quasi-stable adjustment. At last, a software system of three-dimension GPS dam deformation monitoring network was designed and opened up with the help of Visual Basic Language. With three periods o'bservation data from the GPS deformation monitoring network of a dam, an adjustment calculation was done by the software.The calculation result shows that the mathematical models can be more suitable for the data processing in GPS dam deformation monitoring network.Key words: GPS, Dam deformation monitoring, Quasi-stable adjustment, Clustering analysis 1.IntroductionWGS-84 coordinate system is generally used in GPS. But local or independent coordinate systems are usually chosen in dam deformation monitoring networks for their small areas. During the course of past data processing, the adjustment under WGS-84 coordinate system forindependent networks or networks with several fixed points is often firstly made. Then, the transformation from WGS-84 coordinate system tolocal(or independent) coordinate systems is done. For GPS deformation monitoring networks with repetitive observation data, the obvious change of datum marks coordinates under the two different coordinate systems can be brought by the tiny deformation of datum marks among different periods of observation. And the greater error can be made during the coordinate transformation. If a local Gauss coordinate system is chosen, the projection distortions can also be produced by the transformation itself. For the reasons above, the station orthogonal coordinate system is chosen as the reference coordinate system for data processing of GPS dam deformation networks. And the mathematical model is put forward and deduced.2.Data processing model based on the station orthogonal coordinate system for three-dimension GPS deformation monitoring networks2.1 Coordinate systemThe station orthogonal coordinate system is a left-hand coordinate system. Its origin is set at one of the GPS monitoring points. The E(X) axis points at the meridian passing the origin. It is on the tangent plane of the origin. And the right north is taken as forward direction. The H(Z) axis is on thenormal line of WGS-84 ellipsoid at the point and takes outward as forward directi on . The E(Y) axis is also on the tangent pla ne of the origi n and uses east for forward directi on.If the positi on vector of the stati on orthogo nal coord in ate system origi nr TP o in WGS-84 is expressed as o 二X0 Y 0 Z o , according to the geodetic latitude and Iongitude ( B° , L。

工程施工英文论文翻译Abstract:With the development of technology, advanced construction techniques are being increasingly used in engineering projects. This paper aims to explore the application of advanced construction techniques in various aspects of engineering projects, including the use of advanced materials, construction methods, and technologies. By examining case studies from different engineering projects, this paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of using advanced construction techniques. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for engineers, construction professionals, and project managers to better understand and leverage these advanced techniques in their future projects.1. IntroductionConstruction industry has witnessed a rapid technological advancement over the last few decades, leading to the emergence of various advanced construction techniques. These techniques are designed to optimize construction processes, improve efficiency, and enhance overall project performance. The application of advanced construction techniques in engineering projects has become increasingly popular due to the potential benefits they offer, such as cost savings, time reduction, and improved safety. This paper will delve into the different aspects of advanced construction techniques and how they are being used in engineering projects.2. Advanced Construction MaterialsAdvanced construction materials, such as high-performance concrete, self-healing concrete, and ultra-high-performance concrete, have been widely used in engineering projects. These materials offer superior properties in terms of strength, durability, and sustainability, making them ideal for use in various construction applications. For instance, high-performance concrete is being used in bridge construction to improve structural integrity and longevity. Self-healing concrete, which has the ability to repair cracks automatically, has been employed in the construction of tunnels and underground structures to enhance durability. Ultra-high-performance concrete, with its exceptional strength and ductility, is being utilized in the construction of tall buildings and high-rise structures.3. Advanced Construction MethodsIn addition to advanced materials, advanced construction methods, such as prefabrication, modular construction, and 3D printing, are revolutionizing the way engineering projects are being constructed. Prefabrication offers the advantage of off-site construction, allowing for faster project completion, reduced labor costs, and improved quality control. Modular construction, which involves the assembly of pre-engineered building units, is being used in the construction of healthcare facilities, hotels, and residential buildings. 3D printing technology has gained traction in the construction industry, enabling the production of complex building components with high precision and customization.4. Advanced Construction TechnologiesThe integration of advanced construction technologies, such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), drones, and autonomous construction equipment, has transformed the way engineering projects are planned, designed, and executed. BIM allows for 3D modeling and simulation of construction projects, enabling better coordination among different project stakeholders and more accurate cost estimation. Drones are being used for aerial surveying, inspection, and monitoring of construction sites, providing valuable data for project management and progress tracking. Autonomous construction equipment, equipped with advanced sensors and GPS technology, has improved efficiency, safety, and productivity in construction operations.5. Case Studies of Advanced Construction TechniquesThis paper will present case studies of engineering projects that have successfully implemented advanced construction techniques. These case studies will highlight the specific applications of advanced materials, construction methods, and technologies, as well as the outcomes and benefits achieved. By analyzing these case studies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness and potential challenges associated with the use of advanced construction techniques in engineering projects.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the application of advanced construction techniques in engineering projects has the potential to significantly improve project outcomes in terms of cost, time, quality, and safety. The integration of advanced materials, construction methods, and technologies has enabled engineers and construction professionals to achieve greater efficiency and innovation in their projects. However, it is important to carefully assess the suitability and feasibility of these advanced techniques for different project requirements and constraints. This paper serves as a valuable resource for industry professionals to gain insights into the practical applications of advanced construction techniques and their impact on engineering projects. Further research and development in this area will contribute to the continued advancement of the construction industry.。