国际法院

实习报告：国际法院实习经历一、实习背景与目的在过去的一年里，我有幸获得了在国际法院实习的机会。

国际法院（International Court of Justice，简称ICJ）是联合国六大主要机构之一，是世界上最高级别的司法机构，负责解决国家之间的法律争端。

我于20xx年6月至20xx年8月在国际法院实习，旨在深入了解国际法、锻炼法律实践能力，并为今后的职业生涯奠定基础。

二、实习内容与过程在实习期间，我参与了国际法院的日常工作，主要包括以下几个方面：1. 案件研究：协助法官研究涉及国际法的案例，整理相关法律资料，为案件审理提供参考。

2. 法律调研：针对法官提出的议题，进行法律调研，撰写调研报告，为法官决策提供依据。

3. 庭审协助：参与庭审过程，记录庭审情况，整理庭审报告，以便法官了解案件进展。

4. 文件翻译：负责将英文法律文件翻译成中文，以便法官和工作人员了解案件相关内容。

5. 日常行政工作：协助处理司法所的日常行政事务，如资料整理、文件归档等。

实习过程中，我深刻感受到了国际法院的严谨和专业。

法官和工作人员都非常热情，他们耐心地指导我，让我在实习过程中受益匪浅。

通过参与案件研究、法律调研等工作，我对国际法有了更为深入的了解，法律实践能力也得到了很大提升。

三、实习收获与反思1. 专业素养：在国际法院实习期间，我学到了许多国际法的专业知识，对国际法有了更为全面的认识。

同时，通过与法官和工作人员的交流，我对国际法院的职能和运作机制有了更深入的了解。

2. 实践能力：在实习过程中，我参与了多个案件的研究和处理，锻炼了法律实践能力。

同时，通过翻译英文法律文件，提高了自己的英语水平。

3. 团队协作：在国际法院，我学会了如何与团队成员有效沟通，共同完成工作任务。

这种团队协作能力在我今后的职业生涯中具有重要意义。

4. 职业规划：实习经历让我更加明确了自己的职业发展方向，为我今后的就业和职业生涯奠定了基础。

反思实习过程，我认为自己在某些方面仍有待提高。

浅析国际法院的诉讼管辖权作者：李淑梅来源：《青年与社会》2013年第10期【摘要】诉讼管辖权是国际法院的两大管辖权之一，通过根据《国际法院规约》的规定探究国际法院的诉讼管辖权的权限、发现国际法院诉讼管辖权存在的不足，并结合以上不足和针对国际法院的诉讼管辖权困境给出笔者加强国际法院诉讼管辖权的建议。

【关键词】国际法院；诉讼；管辖权海牙国际法庭，其正式名称为国际法院。

国际法院是唯一具有一般管辖权的普遍性国际法院，也是当今最重要的国际争端解决机构。

国际法院作为联合国的主要司法机关，取得了显著的成就，但是它所受理的案件数量有限，国家政府对国际法院利用不充分，其作用没有能得到充分的发挥。

一、国际法院诉讼管辖权联合国国际法院是根据《国际法院规约》（规约是《联合国宪章》的一部分）成立的，诉讼管辖权是国际法院的两大管辖权之一。

国际法院在行使诉讼管辖权时，涉及到“对人管辖”和“对事管辖”两个方面：第一，对人管辖。

根据法院规约，有三类国家可以作为国际法院的诉讼当事国：（一）联合国的会员国；（二）非联合国的会员国但为《国际法院规约》的当事国；（三）既非联合国的会员国也非《国际法院规约》的当事国。

作为诉讼当事国，这三类国家的地位是相同的。

国际组织、法人或个人都不能成为国际法院的诉讼当事国。

第二，对事管辖。

国际法院的对事管辖权可由以下方式建立：第一种是自愿管辖。

对于任何争端，当事国都可以在争端发生后，达成协议，将争端提交国际法院。

法院根据当事国各方的同意进行管辖。

第二种是协定管辖。

在现行条约或协定中，规定各方同意将有关的争端提交国际法院解决。

第三种是任择强制管辖。

二、国际法院诉讼管辖权存在不足（一）诉讼主体过于狭窄政府间组织和非政府组织还有个人均被排除在诉讼程序之外，不能成为诉讼案件的当事方，这限制了诉讼主体的范围。

也就是说，国际法院只能解决国家之间的争端，另外一些国际法主体之间的争端则不能通过国际法院加以解决。

因此，一些发生在非国家主体之间争端只能通过其他途径加以解决，在一定程度上限制了国际法院主体，限制了国际法院的案源，在一定程度抑制了国际法院作用的发挥。

论国际法院对和平解决国际争端的作用摘要：国际争端是国际社会存在的一种客观现象，它随着国家的产生、国家之间交往的开始和发展而出现。

而中华人民共和国自成立以来，一贯奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，主张以和平方法解决国际争端，并在与其他国家的关系中，始终主张和坚持以和平方法处理一切历史遗留问题和现实问题，为这些问题或争端的最终解决做出了自己的不懈努力和贡献。

本文通过对国际法院发展的介绍对其在和平解决国际争端所发挥的作用进行了论述。

关键词：国际争端和平解决国际法院联合国宪章所谓国际争端，是指国际法主体之间，主要是国家之间，关于法律上或事实上的主张不一致，或者是政治利益和特定权利上的矛盾对立。

国际争端的主体主要是国家，彼此地位平等；国际争端产生的原因错综复杂，国际争端的解决也受到国际关系力量对比的制约，解决不好就会导致严重的后果，甚至发生战争。

近年来，和平解决国际争端的问题越来越受到国际社会的重视。

而作为联合国主要司法机关的国际法院，也进入了一个历史上相对活跃的时期。

国际法院是根据《联合国宪章》的规定而设立的联合国主要司法机关。

《国际法院规约》是《联合国宪章》不可分割的一部分，联合国会员国是《国际法院规约》的当然当事国。

根据《联合国宪章》和《国际法院规约》的有关规定，联合国大会和安全理事会于1946年分别选举了法院的15名法官。

同年4月3日，国际法院在荷兰海牙召开第一次会议，宣布国际法院正式成立。

从那时起至1999年7月1日，国际法院共收案110件，其中诉讼案件88件，已作出判决的68件。

咨询案件22件。

而就在近期，国际法院就阿根廷诉乌拉圭污染两国界河案作出终审判决，驳回了阿方要求乌方拆除污染河水的造纸厂并赔偿损失的请求，同时指出两国有义务就界河的环境监测进行合作。

至此，两国间长达四年的国际官司画上句号。

阿、乌两国总统均表示尊重法院的判决，并将尽快协商落实判决。

可见，虽然设于荷兰海牙的国际法院不为公众熟知，但在和平解决国际争端方面的作用却不可小觑。

国际法院规约发布日期：1945-6-26执行日期：1945-6-26第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关，其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。

第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。

此项法官应不论国籍，就品格高尚并在各本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。

第三条一、法院以法官15人组织之，其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。

二、就充任法院法官而言，一人而可视为一个国家以上之国民者，应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治权利之国家或会员国之国民。

第四条一、法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。

二、在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国，其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出；此项各国团体之委派，准用1907年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。

三、凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家，其参加选举法院法官时，参加条件，如无特别协定，应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。

第五条一、联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前，用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员，及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体，于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。

二、每一团体所提人数不得超过四人，其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。

在任何情形下，每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。

第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前，宜咨询本国最高法院、大学法学院、法律学校、专研法律之国家研究院、及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。

第七条一、秘书长应依字母次序，编就上项所提人员之名单。

除第十二条第二项规定外，仅此项人员有被选权。

二、秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。

第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。

第九条每次选举时，选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格，并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。

国际法院的诉讼管辖权浅析【摘要】国际法院是联合国的主要司法机关，但尚未发挥其应有的作用。

本文在《国际法院规约》的范田内，从国际法院管辖权的角度，探讨了加强国际法院作用的现实途径：有所侧重地利用其诉讼管辖；充分利用具有多种优势的特别分庭；而咨询管辖则为国际组织提供了预防与解决争端的新途径。

【关键词】国际法院；诉讼管辖权；作用中图分类号：D99 文献标识码A：文章编号：1006-0278（2014）04-131-01一、国际法院的成立与发展第一次世界大战后，国际联盟创立了“常设国际法院”，此后在1922年至1940年，该法院就国家间的29个案件作出了判决，并发表了27项咨询意见，几乎都得到了执行。

常设国际法院的司法权威得到了普遍认可，但该法院的活动又因第二次世界大战而被迫中止。

二战后的1945年联合国成立，国际法院随之诞生，作为联合国的主要司法机关，国际法院的只能有两项：一是解决国际争端：即通过行使诉讼管辖权，处理关于国家之间争端的案件。

因此，国际法院不能受理一个国家与一个国际组织间或两个国际组织间的争端，也不能处理书记官出收到的私营实体或个人提出的书面或口头请示书。

二是发表咨询意见，即通过行使咨询管辖权为联合国大会和安理会等国际机构提供法律咨询意见。

从国际法院的管辖权范围来看，它是具有明确权限的民事法院，没有刑事管辖权，无法审判个人刑事犯罪。

国际法院不是国家司法机构可以上诉的最高法院，不是个人提出最终申诉的法院，也不是任何国际法庭的上诉法院，但在其具有管辖权的案件中，国际法院具有最终仲裁裁决的权力。

另一方面，国际法也进入了蓬勃发展的新时期。

在这一时期，国际法的基本框架已经建立。

在立法形式上，条约已经成为主要形式。

国际法的普及推广，也使国际法院的地位得以进一步提升。

二、国际法院的诉讼管辖权国际法院的管辖权包括：各方当事国提交的一切案件及《联合国宪章》或现行条约及协约中所特定的一切案件；法院对于任何法律问题如经任何团体由《联合国宪章》授权而请求或依照《联合国宪章》而请求时，得发表咨询意见。

国际法院关于《防止及惩治种族灭绝罪公约》保留问题的咨询意见（1951/5/28）国际法院基于联合国安理会的请求，对于《防止及惩治种族灭绝罪公约》的保留中涉及的以下问题提出咨询意见：意见涉及的范围包括一国在签署或者加入的同时，对于《防止及惩治种族灭绝罪公约》给予保留时产生的以下问题：问题一：保留国在其保留的内容被其他一个或者多个缔约国反对时，是否还能被视为条约的成员国？问题二：如果第一个问题的答案是肯定的。

那么保留国与下列国家关于保留的效力问题应当怎样处理？a反对此保留的国家。

b接受此保留的国家。

问题三：在下列情况中，保留国的保留会产生怎样的法律效果？a一个尚已签署但尚未批准该条约的国家提出了对保留国保留的反对。

b一个有权签署或加入，但尚未签署或者加入的国家对保留国保留的反对。

以下国家或国际组织向国际法院提交了相关书面陈述：美洲国家组织、苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟、约旦王国、美利坚合众国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国……同时，国际法院还听取了联合国秘书长代表、以色列政府代表、联合王国政府代表、法国政府代表关于此问题的口头陈述。

国际法院终于以7比5的投票结果给出了以下意见：问题一：如果一国关于条约的保留不违反条约的基本宗旨、目的或原则，并且不被全部成员国反对，那么即使其保留招到一些国家的反对，也不妨碍保留国成为条约的成员国。

否则，保留国不被认为是缔约国。

问题二：如果某缔约国认为保留国的保留违反了条约的基本宗旨、目的或原则，那么该缔约国可以事实上认为保留国不是条约的成员国。

如果某缔约国认为保留国的保留不违反条约的基本宗旨、目的或原则，那么该缔约国可以事实上认为保留国是条约的成员国。

问题三：一个尚已签署但尚未批准该条约的国家提出的对保留国保留的反对只在其批准之后才产生效力。

一个有权签署或加入，但尚未签署或者加入的国家对保留国保留的反对不产生法律效力。

本咨询意见同时附有其他五位法官的两种反对意见。

在本意见中，国际法院首先反驳了一些国家提出的关于国际法院无权受理此案的观点。

S TATUTE OF THE C OURTThe Statute of the International Court of Justice is annexed to the Charter of the United Nations, of which it forms an integral part. The main object of the Statute is to organize the composition and the functioning of the Court.The Statute can be amended only in the same way as the Charter, i.e., by a two-thirds majority vote in the General Assembly and ratification by two-thirds of the States (Art 69).Should the ICJ consider it desirable for its Statute to be amended, it must submit a proposal to this effect to the General Assembly by means of a written communication addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations (Art 70). However, there has hitherto been no amendment of the Statute of the Court.STATUTEOF THEINTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICETABLE OF CONTENTS:Chapter I: Organization of the Court (Articles 2 - 33)Chapter II: Competence of the Court (Articles 34 - 38)Chapter III: Procedure (Articles 39 - 64)Chapter IV: Advisory Opinions (Articles 65 - 68)Chapter V: Amendment (Articles 69 & 70)Article 1The International Court of Justice established by the Charter of the United Nations as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations shall be constituted and shall function in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.CHAPTER I - ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTArticle 2The Court shall be composed of a body of independent judges, elected regardless of their nationality from among persons of high moral character, who possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or are jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law.Article 31. The Court shall consist of fifteen members, no two of whom may be nationals of the same state.2. A person who for the purposes of membership in the Court could be regarded as a national of more than one state shall be deemed to be a national of the one in which he ordinarily exercises civil and political rights.Article 41. The members of the Court shall be elected by the General Assembly and by the Security Council from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, in accordance with the following provisions.2. In the case of Members of the United Nations not represented in the Permanent Court of Arbitration, candidates shall be nominated by national groups appointed for this purpose by their governments under the same conditions as those prescribed for members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration by Article 44 of the Convention of The Hague of 1907 for the pacific settlement of international disputes.3. The conditions under which a state which is a party to the present Statute but is not a Member of the United Nations may participate in electing the members of the Court shall, in the absence of a special agreement, be laid down by the General Assembly upon recommendation of the Security Council.Article 51. At least three months before the date of the election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a written request to the members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration belonging to the states which are parties to the present Statute, and to the members of the national groups appointed under Article 4, paragraph 2, inviting them to undertake, within a given time, by national groups, the nomination of persons in a position to accept the duties of a member of the Court.2. No group may nominate more than four persons, not more than two of whom shall be of their own nationality. In no case may the number of candidates nominated by a group be more than double the number of seats to be filled.Article 6Before making these nominations, each national group is recommended to consult its highest court of justice, its legal faculties and schools of law, and its national academies and national sections of international academies devoted to the study of law.Article 71. The Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated. Save as provided in Article 12, paragraph 2, these shall be the only persons eligible.2. The Secretary-General shall submit this list to the General Assembly and to the Security Council.Article 8The General Assembly and the Security Council shall proceed independently of one another to elect the members of the Court.Article 9At every election, the electors shall bear in mind not only that the persons to be elected should individually possess the qualifications required, but also that in the body as a whole the representation of the main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world should be assured.Article 101. Those candidates who obtain an absolute majority of votes in the General Assembly and in the Security Council shall be considered as elected.2. Any vote of the Security Council, whether for the election of judges or for the appointment of members of the conference envisaged in Article 12, shall be taken without any distinction between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council.3. In the event of more than one national of the same state obtaining an absolute majority of the votes both of the General Assembly and of the Security Council, the eldest of these only shall be considered as elected.Article 11If, after the first meeting held for the purpose of the election, one or more seats remain to be filled, a second and, if necessary, a third meeting shall take place.Article 121. If, after the third meeting, one or more seats still remain unfilled, a joint conference consisting of six members, three appointed by the General Assembly and three by the Security Council, may be formed at any time at the request of either the General Assembly or the Security Council, for the purpose of choosing by the vote of an absolute majority one name for each seat still vacant, to submit to the General Assembly and the Security Council for their respective acceptance.2. If the joint conference is unanimously agreed upon any person who fulfills the required conditions, he may be included in its list, even though he was not included in the list of nominations referred to in Article 7.3. If the joint conference is satisfied that it will not be successful in procuring an election, those members of the Court who have already been elected shall, within a period to be fixed by the Security Council, proceed to fill the vacant seats by selection from among those candidates who have obtained votes either in the General Assembly or in the Security Council.4. In the event of an equality of votes among the judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.Article 131. The members of the Court shall be elected for nine years and may be re-elected; provided, however, that of the judges elected at the first election, the terms of five judges shall expire at the end of three years and the terms of five more judges shall expire at the end of six years.2. The judges whose terms are to expire at the end of the above-mentioned initial periods of three and six years shall be chosen by lot to be drawn by the Secretary-General immediately after the first election has been completed.3. The members of the Court shall continue to discharge their duties until their places have been filled. Though replaced, they shall finish any cases which they may have begun.4. In the case of the resignation of a member of the Court, the resignation shall be addressed to the President of the Court for transmission to the Secretary-General. This last notification makes the place vacant.Article 14Vacancies shall be filled by the same method as that laid down for the first election, subject to the following provision: the Secretary-General shall, within one month of the occurrence of the vacancy, proceed to issue the invitations provided for in Article 5, and the date of the election shall be fixed by the Security Council.Article 15A member of the Court elected to replace a member whose term of office has not expired shall hold office for the remainder of his predecessor's term.Article 161. No member of the Court may exercise any political or administrative function, or engage in any other occupation of a professional nature.2. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 171. No member of the Court may act as agent, counsel, or advocate in any case.2. No member may participate in the decision of any case in which he has previously taken part as agent, counsel, or advocate for one of the parties, or as a member of a national or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in any other capacity.3. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 181. No member of the Court can be dismissed unless, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, he has ceased to fulfill the required conditions.2. Formal notification thereof shall be made to the Secretary-General by the Registrar.3. This notification makes the place vacant.Article 19The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.Article 20Every member of the Court shall, before taking up his duties, make a solemn declaration in open court that he will exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously.Article 211. The Court shall elect its President and Vice-President for three years; they may bere-elected.2. The Court shall appoint its Registrar and may provide for the appointment of such other officers as may be necessary.Article 221. The seat of the Court shall be established at The Hague. This, however, shall not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever the Court considers it desirable.2. The President and the Registrar shall reside at the seat of the Court.Article 231. The Court shall remain permanently in session, except during the judicial vacations, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court.2. Members of the Court are entitled to periodic leave, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court, having in mind the distance between The Hague and the home of each judge.3. Members of the Court shall be bound, unless they are on leave or prevented from attending by illness or other serious reasons duly explained to the President, to hold themselves permanently at the disposal of the Court.Article 241. If, for some special reason, a member of the Court considers that he should not take part in the decision of a particular case, he shall so inform the President.2. If the President considers that for some special reason one of the members of the Court should not sit in a particular case, he shall give him notice accordingly.3. If in any such case the member Court and the President disagree, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 251. The full Court shall sit except when it is expressly provided otherwise in the present Statute.2. Subject to the condition that the number of judges available to constitute the Court is not thereby reduced below eleven, the Rules of the Court may provide for allowing one or more judges, according to circumstances and in rotation, to be dispensed from sitting.3. A quorum of nine judges shall suffice to constitute the Court.Article 261. The Court may from time to time form one or more chambers, composed of three or more judges as the Court may determine, for dealing with particular categories of cases; for example, labour cases and cases relating to transit and communications.2. The Court may at any time form a chamber for dealing with a particular case. The number of judges to constitute such a chamber shall be determined by the Court with the approval of the parties.3. Cases shall be heard and determined by the chambers provided for in this article if the parties so request.Article 27A judgment given by any of the chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 shall be considered as rendered by the Court.Article 28The chambers provided for in Articles 26 and 29 may, with the consent of the parties, sit and exercise their functions elsewhere than at The Hague.Article 29With a view to the speedy dispatch of business, the Court shall form annually a chamber composed of five judges which, at the request of the parties, may hear and determine cases by summary procedure. In addition, two judges shall be selected for the purpose of replacing judges who find it impossible to sit.Article 301. The Court shall frame rules for carrying out its functions. In particular, it shall lay down rules of procedure.2. The Rules of the Court may provide for assessors to sit with the Court or with any of its chambers, without the right to vote.Article 311. Judges of the nationality of each of the parties shall retain their right to sit in the case before the Court.2. If the Court includes upon the Bench a judge of the nationality of one of the parties, any other party may choose a person to sit as judge. Such person shall be chosen preferably from among those persons who have been nominated as candidates as provided in Articles 4 and 5.3. If the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of the parties, each of these parties may proceed to choose a judge as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article.4. The provisions of this Article shall apply to the case of Articles 26 and 29. In such cases, the President shall request one or, if necessary, two of the members of the Court forming the chamber to give place to the members of the Court of the nationality of the parties concerned, and, failing such, or if they are unable to be present, to the judges specially chosen by the parties.5. Should there be several parties in the same interest, they shall, for the purpose of the preceding provisions, be reckoned as one party only. Any doubt upon this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.6. Judges chosen as laid down in paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 of this Article shall fulfill the conditions required by Articles 2, 17 (paragraph 2), 20, and 24 of the present Statute. They shall take part in the decision on terms of complete equality with their colleagues.Article 321. Each member of the Court shall receive an annual salary.2. The President shall receive a special annual allowance.3. The Vice-President shall receive a special allowance for every day on which he acts as President.4. The judges chosen under Article 31, other than members of the Court, shall receive compensation for each day on which they exercise their functions.5. These salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be fixed by the General Assembly. They may not be decreased during the term of office.6. The salary of the Registrar shall be fixed by the General Assembly on the proposal of the Court.7. Regulations made by the General Assembly shall fix the conditions under which retirement pensions may be given to members of the Court and to the Registrar, and the conditions under which members of the Court and the Registrar shall have their travelling expenses refunded.8. The above salaries, allowances, and compensation shall be free of all taxation.Article 33The expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by the General Assembly.CHAPTER II - COMPETENCE OF THE COURTArticle 341. Only states may be parties in cases before the Court.2. The Court, subject to and in conformity with its Rules, may request of public international organizations information relevant to cases before it, and shall receive such information presented by such organizations on their own initiative.3. Whenever the construction of the constituent instrument of a public international organization or of an international convention adopted thereunder is in question in a case before the Court, the Registrar shall so notify the public international organization concerned and shall communicate to it copies of all the written proceedings.Article 351. The Court shall be open to the states parties to the present Statute.2. The conditions under which the Court shall be open to other states shall, subject to the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the Court.3. When a state which is not a Member of the United Nations is a party to a case, the Court shall fix the amount which that party is to contribute towards the expenses of the Court. This provision shall not apply if such state is bearing a share of the expenses of the CourtArticle 361. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.2. The states parties to the present Statute may at any time declare that they recognize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning:a. the interpretation of a treaty;b. any question of international law;c. the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation;d. the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation.3. The declarations referred to above may be made unconditionally or on condition of reciprocity on the part of several or certain states, or for a certain time.4. Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court.5. Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in force shall be deemed, as between the partiesto the present Statute, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run and in accordance with their terms.6. In the event of a dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled by the decision of the Court.Article 37Whenever a treaty or convention in force provides for reference of a matter to a tribunal to have been instituted by the League of Nations, or to the Permanent Court of International Justice, the matter shall, as between the parties to the present Statute, be referred to the International Court of Justice.Article 381. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.CHAPTER III - PROCEDUREArticle 391. The official languages of the Court shall be French and English. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in French, the judgment shall be delivered in French. If the parties agree that the case shall be conducted in English, the judgment shall be delivered in English.2. In the absence of an agreement as to which language shall be employed, each party may, in the pleadings, use the language which it prefers; the decision of the Court shall be given in French and English. In this case the Court shall at the same time determine which of the two texts shall be considered as authoritative.3. The Court shall, at the request of any party, authorize a language other than French or English to be used by that party.Article 401. Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either by the notification of the special agreement or by a written application addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dispute and the parties shall be indicated.2. The Registrar shall forthwith communicate the application to all concerned.3. He shall also notify the Members of the United Nations through the Secretary-General, and also any other states entitled to appear before the Court.Article 411. The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it considers that circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be taken to preserve the respective rights of either party.2. Pending the final decision, notice of the measures suggested shall forthwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council.Article 421. The parties shall be represented by agents.2. They may have the assistance of counsel or advocates before the Court.3. The agents, counsel, and advocates of parties before the Court shall enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary to the independent exercise of their duties.Article 431. The procedure shall consist of two parts: written and oral.2. The written proceedings shall consist of the communication to the Court and to the parties of memorials, counter-memorials and, if necessary, replies; also all papers and documents in support.3. These communications shall be made through the Registrar, in the order and within the time fixed by the Court.4. A certified copy of every document produced by one party shall be communicated to the other party.5. The oral proceedings shall consist of the hearing by the Court of witnesses, experts, agents, counsel, and advocates.Article 441. For the service of all notices upon persons other than the agents, counsel, and advocates, the Court shall apply direct to the government of the state upon whose territory the notice has to be served.2. The same provision shall apply whenever steps are to be taken to procure evidence on the spot.Article 45The hearing shall be under the control of the President or, if he is unable to preside, of the Vice-President; if neither is able to preside, the senior judge present shall preside.Article 46The hearing in Court shall be public, unless the Court shall decide otherwise, or unless the parties demand that the public be not admitted .Article 471. Minutes shall be made at each hearing and signed by the Registrar and the President.2. These minutes alone shall be authentic.Article 48The Court shall make orders for the conduct of the case, shall decide the form and time in which each party must conclude its arguments, and make all arrangements connected with the taking of evidence.Article 49The Court may, even before the hearing begins, call upon the agents to produce any document or to supply any explanations. Formal note shall be taken of any refusal.Article 50The Court may, at any time, entrust any individual, body, bureau, commission, or other organization that it may select, with the task of carrying out an enquiry or giving an expert opinion.Article 51During the hearing any relevant questions are to be put to the witnesses and experts under the conditions laid down by the Court in the rules of procedure referred to in Article 30.Article 52After the Court has received the proofs and evidence within the time specified for the purpose, it may refuse to accept any further oral or written evidence that one party may desire to present unless the other side consents.Article 531. Whenever one of the parties does not appear before the Court, or fails to defend its case, the other party may call upon the Court to decide in favour of its claim.2. The Court must, before doing so, satisfy itself, not only that it has jurisdiction in accordance with Articles 36 and 37, but also that the claim is well founded in fact and law.Article 541. When, subject to the control of the Court, the agents, counsel, and advocates have completed their presentation of the case, the President shall declare the hearing closed.2. The Court shall withdraw to consider the judgment.3. The deliberations of the Court shall take place in private and remain secret.Article 551. All questions shall be decided by a majority of the judges present.2. In the event of an equality of votes, the President or the judge who acts in his place shall have a casting vote.Article 561. The judgment shall state the reasons on which it is based.2. It shall contain the names of the judges who have taken part in the decision.Article 57If the judgment does not represent in whole or in part the unanimous opinion of the judges, any judge shall be entitled to deliver a separate opinion.Article 58The judgment shall be signed by the President and by the Registrar. It shall be read in open court, due notice having been given to the agents.Article 59The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.Article 60The judgment is final and without appeal. In the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party.Article 611. An application for revision of a judgment may be made only when it is based upon the discovery of some fact of such a nature as to be a decisive factor, which fact was, when the judgment was given, unknown to the Court and also to the party claiming revision, always provided that such ignorance was not due to negligence.2. The proceedings for revision shall be opened by a judgment of the Court expressly recording the existence of the new fact, recognizing that it has such a character as to lay the case open to revision, and declaring the application admissible on this ground.3. The Court may require previous compliance with the terms of the judgment before it admits proceedings in revision.4. The application for revision must be made at latest within six months of the discovery of the new fact.5. No application for revision may be made after the lapse of ten years from the date of the judgment.Article 62l. Should a state consider that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.2 It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.Article 631. Whenever the construction of a convention to which states other than those concerned in the case are parties is in question, the Registrar shall notify all such states forthwith.2. Every state so notified has the right to intervene in the proceedings; but if it uses this right, the construction given by the judgment will be equally binding upon it.Article 64Unless otherwise decided by the Court, each party shall bear its own costs.CHAPTER IV - ADVISORY OPINIONSArticle 651. The Court may give an advisory opinion on any legal question at the request of whatever body may be authorized by or in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations to make such a request.2. Questions upon which the advisory opinion of the Court is asked shall be laid before the Court by means of a written request containing an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required, and accompanied by all documents likely to throw light upon the question.Article 661. The Registrar shall forthwith give notice of the request for an advisory opinion to all states entitled to appear before the Court.2. The Registrar shall also, by means of a special and direct communication, notify any state entitled to appear before the Court or international organization considered by the Court, or, should it not be sitting, by the President, as likely to be able to furnish information on the question, that the Court will be prepared to receive, within a time-limit to be fixed by the President, written statements, or to hear, at a public sitting to be held for the purpose, oral statements relating to the question.3. Should any such state entitled to appear before the Court have failed to receive the special communication referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, such state may express a desire to submit a written statement or to be heard; and the Court will decide.。

国际法院规约文章属性•【缔约国】•【条约领域】司法仲裁•【公布日期】1945.06.26•【条约类别】其他•【签订地点】正文国际法院规约（１９４５年６月２６日订）第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关，其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。

第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。

此项法官应不论国籍，就品格高尚并在各本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。

第三条一、法院以法官１５人组织之，其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。

二、就充任法院法官而言，一人而可视为一个国家以上之国民者，应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治权利之国家或会员国之国民。

第四条一、法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。

二、在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国，其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出；此项各国团体之委派，准用１９０７年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。

三、凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家，其参加选举法院法官时，参加条件，如无特别协定，应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。

第五条一、联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前，用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员，及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体，于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。

二、每一团体所提人数不得超过四人，其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。

在任何情形下，每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。

第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前，宜咨询本国最高法院、大学法学院、法律学校、专研法律之国家研究院、及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。

第七条一、秘书长应依字母依序，编就上项所提人员之名单。

除第十二条第二项规定外，仅此项人员有被选权。

二、秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。

第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。

浅议国际法院和前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭的司法审查权亓璇睿蔡浩哲满欣然任泽亮曲耀先李安琪蓝清蔚深圳中学高三（20）班摘要：本文从国际公法和宪法学的视角分析了《国际法院规约》、《前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭规约》和《联合国宪章》中，国际法院和前南刑庭之司法审查权的法律基础，评析了这两个法院在司法过程中对安理会决议等联合国机构决定对合《联合国宪章》性审查的应用，并讨论了国际法院司法审查权未来的可能性。

关键词：联合国宪章、国际法院、前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭、司法审查、关于洛克比空难事件引起的1971年《蒙特利尔公约》的解释和适用问题案、塔迪奇案一、何谓“司法审查”？司法审查（judicial review），通常是各国法律赋予一些国家机构的审议立法机关制定的法律以及行政机关的行政措施是否符合宪法的权力。

在许多英联邦国家的语境下，前项权力通常称为“违宪审查”（英文字汇相同）。

并且，因为英格兰并无制定的成文宪法，根据宪法惯例(constitutionalconventions)，议会主权几乎不受限制，因此“违宪审查”并不存在；因此，在英格兰和英联邦的司法语境下，“司法审查”指的是法院审查行政措施是否符合制定法律的权力。

在本文中，我们把两种情形统一称为“司法审查”，但在绝大多数情况下均指前一种情形（即“违宪审查”）。

为了维持政府三权之间的制约和分立，这项权力是必须的。

因此，绝大多数国家均将司法审查权赋予司法机关。

大部分大陆法系国家和地区，如德国、西班牙、台湾地区等均将司法审查权专门赋予特设的宪法法院。

英美法系国家和小部分大陆法系国家（特别是北欧国家），如挪威、美国，以及受美国司法体制影响较大的日本，均不设宪法法院，而将司法审查权完全赋予一般法院。

而另一些国家，如拉美国家和南非，在把司法审查权赋予宪法法院的同时，也将部分司法审查权赋予一般法院。

法国和沿用法国司法体制的意大利，则将司法审查权赋予特设的、具有准司法性质的宪法委员会。