英语5大基本句型_整理版
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1 英语五个基本句式及句子成分
(basic sentence patterns and different components )
前言:这份资料是老师非常认真整理出来的,请大家,特别是基础比较差的同学一定要从头至尾认认真真看几遍,慢慢消化当中的知识点,对你们学好英语一定会有很大的帮助的!!
So why not have a try?
一、Different components: (各种成分)
英语的句子成分跟中文的句子成分很像的,主要包括下面这些:
1. 主语 subject (简写S)
2.谓语 predicate 分为:intransitive verb (vi)/ transitive verb (vt)
3. 宾语 object (分为:direct object / indirect object ) (简写O)
4. 宾补 object complement (简写OC)
5. 状语 adverbial 6. 表语 predicative 7. 定语 attributive
## :No matter how long the sentence is, it consists of some of these components.
不管多长的句子,都是由这些成分当中的一些所构成的。
1、 主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词(numeral),动词不定式,动名词,从句等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America. (名词作主语)
He made a speech. (代词作主语)
Two and two is four. (数词作主语)
To be a teacher is my dream. (不定式作主语)
Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story. (动名词作主语)
That he is admitted to a key university is known to us all. (从句作主语,也就是我们说的主语从句)
中文里“某人做某事”做主语时,常用以下句式:
to do sth To be a teacher is my dream.
doing sth Teaching is his job.
That/when从句 That he hopes to be a teacher is known to us all.
Sb’s doing sth His being a teacher makes him proud.
It …… for sb to do sth It is important for us to study English well.
It is no use / good doing sth It is no use crying.
It …… 从句。 It is known to us that he wants to be a teacher.
2. 谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。
1)谓语可以是不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,这就形成主谓结构,
We come. (vi) Many changes took place in my home town. (不及物动词短语) 2 注(以下这些词是不及物动词:表发生、出现的,如:take place, appear, happen,
break out; 表来、去,如:come, go 等)
2) 谓语可以是及物动词(vt.)后面跟宾语,形成主谓宾/ 主谓双宾结构
3. 宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。
I will do it tomorrow. (代词作宾语)
The boy needs a pen. (名词作宾语)
I like swimming. (动名词作主语)
I like to swim this afternoon. (不定式作宾语)
I don’t doubt that he will succeed one day. (从句作宾语,也就是宾语从句)
注意点
☆ 特殊的同源宾语现象:
作宾语的名词,跟前面谓语动词属于同一词源,通常只带一个宾语。
He died a heroic death.
他英勇地死去。
She smiled a nice smile. 她甜甜地笑了笑。
His son dreamt a terrible dream.
我儿子做了一个可怕的梦。
They lived a happy life in these days. 这些天他们过得很高兴。
二、英语五大基本句型
(remember: 再复杂的句子都是在这些基本句型中扩大的)
基本概念:与汉语相似,英语句子是由主语(subject), 谓语动词(predicate),宾语(object), 表语(predicative),状语(adverbial),宾语补足语(object complement)等成分组成,按照这些成分的组合方式英语句子可分为五种基本句型。
句型一:主语+ 谓语(这个句型里的谓语是vi)
不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意念, 不需要宾语及补语,
但有时可有副词,
介词短语等状语修饰语。
e.g. 1) The rain stopped 2) Time flies.
. 主语 谓语 主语 谓语
★ 句型一的扩展: 主语+不及物动词+状语(这状语可以是adv / prep phr / to
do )
1) S+Vi + adverb (副词)
Birds sing beautifully.
主语
谓语 状语
2) S+Vi + prep phrase (介词短语)
The sun rises in the east. 3 主语 谓语 状语
3) S+Vi+ to do (不定式)
They stopped to take a short rest . (stop作vi)
主语 谓语 目的状语
特别提醒
动词stop 可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。作不及物动词时,
通常后接动词不定式,表示停下来的目的是做另一件事。作及物动词时,通常后接动名词,表示停止做这件事。
e.g. They stopped taking a rest . (stop作vt)
主语 谓语 宾语
★ There +不及物动词+主语(也属于句型一)
e.g. There is some milk in the bottle .
There comes the bus .
句型二 : S (主)+ V(谓)(lv)( 系动词)+ P(表)
1. 什么是表语?
表语:说明主语的状态、性质、等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。
2. 哪些动词是系动词?
除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,
1)表感官的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2) 表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。
3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。
4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occur等
5)其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。
3. 按照表语的不同,可以将这个句型再分细一点,可以分成下面几种:
1) S + Lv + N/Pron(名词/代词)
My sister is
a nurse .
主语 系 表语
2) S + Lv + Adj(形容词)
I feel
quite hungry .
主语 系 表语
3) S + Lv + Adv (副词)
Class is over.
主语 系 表语
4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase
The ball
is
under the desk .
主语 系 表语
5) S + Lv + Participle(分词)
The film is interesting.
主语 系 表语 4 注意区分 The boys are playing basketball.
主语 谓语 宾语 这个句子属于什么结构啊?
下列常见“it…”句式也是属于第二基本句型。
1. It + be + adj / n + to do
Eg: It is nice to see you again.
It is your duty to take care of your mother.
2. It +be + adj+ for + sb + to do
Eg: It is easy for us to learn to speak English.
句型三:主语(S)+谓语(vt)+宾语(O)
这种句型根据宾语的不同又可以分成以下几种:
1) S + Vt + O
I like music.
主 谓 宾
My mother is doing housework.
主
谓 宾
2) S + Vt + to do
I want to help him.
主 谓 宾
3) S + Vt + doing
I
enjoy living here.
主 谓 宾
** 关于2) 和3)句式,要记住哪些动词后面跟不定式作宾语,哪些动词后面跟动名词作宾语,这些都是要靠自己多记,多背的!!
4) S + Vt + Wh-Word(where/why/when) +to do
I don't know what to do.
主 谓 宾
5) S + Vt + That-clause
I don't think (that) he is right.
主 谓 宾
句型四:主语(S)+及物动词(Vt)+间接宾语(I.O)+直接宾语 (D.O)