Relativistic Pseudospin Symmetry in Nuclei
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arXiv:nucl-th/0109031v1 12 Sep 2001RELATIVISTICPSEUDOSPINSYMMETRYINNUCLEIJ.N.GINOCCHIO1ANDA.LEVIATAN21TheoreticalDivision,LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,
LosAlamos,NewMexico87545,USA2RacahInstituteofPhysics,TheHebrewUniversity,
Jerusalem91904,Israel
1.IntroductionPeterRingwasoneofthefirsttoreallygraspthesignificanceofpseu-dospinsymmetryasarelativisticsymmetry[1,2,3,4].Originally,pseu-dospindoubletswereintroducedintonuclearphysicstoaccommodateanobservedneardegeneracyofcertainnormal-parityshell-modelorbitalswithnon-relativisticquantumnumbers(nr,ℓ,j=ℓ+1/2)and(nr−1,ℓ+2,j=ℓ+3/2)wherenr,ℓ,andjarethesingle-nucleonradial,orbital,andtotalangularmomentumquantumnumbers,respectively[5,6].Thedoubletstructure,isexpressedintermsofa“pseudo”orbitalangularmo-mentum˜ℓ=ℓ+1coupledtoa“pseudo”spin,˜s=1/2.Forexample,(nrs1/2,(nr−1)d3/2)willhave˜ℓ=1,(nrp3/2,(nr−1)f5/2)willhave˜ℓ=2,etc.Sincej=˜ℓ±˜s,theenergyofthetwostatesinthedoubletisthenapproximatelyindependentoftheorientationofthepseudospin.Someex-amplesaregiveninTable1.Inthepresenceofdeformationthedoubletspersistwithasymptotic(Nilsson)quantumnumbers[N,n3,Λ,Ω=Λ+1/2]and[N,n3,Λ+2,Ω=Λ+3/2],andcanbeexpressedintermsofpseudo-orbitalandtotalangularmomentumprojections˜Λ=Λ+1,Ω=˜Λ±1/2.Thispseudospin“symmetry”hasbeenusedtoexplainfeaturesofdeformednuclei[7],includingsuperdeformation[8]andidenticalbands[9,10,11].Whilepseudospinsymmetryisexperimentallywellcorroboratedinnuclei,itsfoundationsremainedamysteryand“nodeeperunderstandingoftheoriginofthese(approximate)degeneracies”existed[12].Inthiscontribu-tionwereviewmorerecentdevelopmentsthatshowthatpseudospinsym-metryisanapproximaterelativisticsymmetryoftheDiracHamiltonianwithrealisticnuclearmeanfieldpotentials[1,2].2TABLE1.Experimental(Exp)andrelativisticmeanfield(RMF)pseudospinbindingenergysplittingsǫj′=˜ℓ+1/2−ǫj=˜ℓ−1/2forvariousdoubletsin208Pb.
˜ℓǫj′=˜ℓ+1/2−ǫ
j=˜ℓ−1/2
-(nr,ℓ,j=ℓ+1/2)(RMF)[3]
(MeV)
41.0730g7/2−1d5/24.3332-0.3281d3/2−2s1/21.247
2.PseudospinSymmetryoftheDiracHamiltonianTheDiracHamiltonian,H,withanexternalscalar,VS,andvector,VV,potentialsisinvariantunderaSU(2)algebraforVS=−VVleadingto
pseudospinsymmetryinnuclei[2].Thepseudospingenerators,ˆ˜Sµ,whichsatisfy[H,ˆ˜Sµ]=0inthesymmetrylimit,aregivenby
ˆ˜Sµ=ˆ˜sµ00ˆsµ=UpˆsµUp00ˆsµ(1)
whereˆsµ=σµ/2aretheusualspingenerators,σµthePaulimatrices,andUp=σ·p3-0.05-0.04-0.03-0.02-0.0100.010.02
051015r (Fermi)
Ψ (Fermi)-3/22s1/21d3/2
Figure1.ThelowercomponentsofDiraceigenfunctions(2s1/2,1d3/2)in208Pb[3].
2468ρ(fm)
-0.500.51.0+400-400+402-402[[[[] 1/2] 1/2] 3/2] 3/2
(Fermi)-3/2
Ψ
Figure2.ThelowercomponentsofDiraceigenfunctions[400]1/2(+solidline,−short-dashline)and[402]3/2(+dashline,−dash-dotline)atz=1fm[16].
spatialpartofthesecomponentswillbeequalforthetwostatesinthedoubletwithinanoverallphase,ascanbeseeninFig.1.ForaxiallydeformedpotentialssatisfyingVS=−VV,thereis,inad-ditiontopseudospin,aconservedU(1)generator,correspondingtothepseudo-orbitalangularmomentumprojectionalongthebody-fixedsym-
metryaxis,ˆ˜λ=ˆ˜Λ00ˆΛ,whereˆ˜Λ=UpˆΛUp.InthiscasetheDiracwave
functionsareeigenstatesofˆ˜λandbothcomponentshavethesametotal
angularmomentumprojectionΩ.Thelowercomponenthaspseudo-orbitalangularmomentumprojection˜Λwhiletheuppercomponenthas˜Λ±1forΩ=˜Λ±1/2,inagreementwiththedeformedpseudospindoubletsmentionedinSection1.Foraxiallydeformednucleitheeigenfunctionsde-pendontwospatialvariables,zandρ=
2andlowerf±(ρ,z)χ±12isthespinwavefunction.Pseudospinsymmetrypredictsthat,forthepseudospineigenfunctionwithpseudospinprojection12),thelowercomponentf−(ρ,z)[f+(ρ,z)]iszero.Inaddition,thelowercomponentf+(ρ,z)forthepseudospineigenfunctionwithpseudospinprojection1
2uptoanoverallphase.TheserelationsareillustratedinFig.2.4However,intheexactpseudospinlimit,VS=−VV,therearenoboundDiracvalencestates.Fornucleitoexistthepseudospinsymmetrymustthereforebebroken.Nevertheless,realisticmeanfieldsinvolveanattrac-tivescalarpotentialandarepulsivevectorpotentialofnearlyequalmag-nitudes,VS∼−VV,andrecentcalculationsinavarietyofnucleiconfirmtheexistenceofanapproximatepseudospinsymmetryinboththeenergyspectraandwavefunctions[3,4,16,17].InTable1pseudospin-orbitsplit-tingscalculatedintheRMF[3]arecomparedwiththemeasuredvaluesinthesphericalnucleus208Pbandareseentobelargerthanthemeasuredsplittingswhichdemonstratesthatthepseudospinsymmetryisbettercon-servedexperimentallythanmeanfieldtheorywouldsuggest.Figures1and2showthatinrealisticRMFcalculations,theexpectedrelationsbetweenthelowercomponentsofthetwostatesinthedoubletsareapproximatelysatisfiedbothforsphericalandaxiallydeformednuclei.ThebehaviorofthecorrespondinguppercomponentswhichdominatetheDiraceigenstatesisdiscussedinthenextsection.