隐马尔科夫模型和词性标注刘挺 哈工大信息检索研究室 2004年春大纲• 隐马尔科夫模型– 隐马尔科夫模型概述 – 任务1：计算观察序列的概率 – 任务2：计算能够解释观察序列的最大可能 的状态序列 – 任务3：根据观察序列寻找最佳参数模型• 词性标注隐马尔科夫模型概述马尔科夫链• 状态序列: X1, X2, X3, …– 常常是“时序”的• 从Xt-1到Xt的转换只依赖于Xt-1X1 X2 X3 X4转移概率 Transition Probabilities• 假设一个状态Xt有N个可能的值– Xt=s1, Xt=s2,….., Xt=sN.• 转移概率的数量为：N2– P(Xt=si|Xt-1=sj), 1≤ i, j ≤N• 转移概率可以表示为N×N的矩阵或者有 向图MM• Bigram MM(一阶MM)MM• Trigram MM(二阶MM)有限状态自动机• 状态：输入输出字母表中的符号 • 弧：状态的转移 • 仍然是VMM (Visible MM)HMM• HMM，从状态产生输出HMM• HMM，不同状态可能产生相同输出HMM• HMM，从弧产生输出HMM• HMM，输出带有概率HMM• HMM，两个状态间有多条弧，具有不 同的概率隐马尔可夫模型 Hidden Markov Model• 估算隐藏于表面事件背后的事件的概率– 观察到一个人每天带雨伞的情况，反过来 推测天气情况Hidden Markov Model• HMM是一个五元组(S, S0,Y, Ps, PY ).– – – – S : {s1…sT }是状态集，S0是初始状态 Y : {y1…yV }是输出字母表 PS(sj|si):转移(transition)概率的分布，也表示为aij PY(yk|si,sj): 发射(emission)概率的分布，也表示为bijk• 给定一个HMM和一个输出序列Y={y1,y2,…,yk)– 任务1：计算观察序列的概率 – 任务2：计算能够解释观察序列的最大可能的状态序列 – 任务3：根据观察序列寻找最佳参数模型任务1：计算观察序列的概率计算观察序列的概率• 前提：HMM模型的参数已经训练完毕 • 想知道：根据该模型输出某一个观察序 列的概率是多少 • 应用：基于类的语言模型，将词进行归 类，变计算词与词之间的转移概率为类 与类之间的转移概率，由于类的数量比 词少得多，因此一定程度避免了数据稀 疏问题Trellis or Lattice(栅格)发射概率为1的情况• Y=“toe” • P(Y)=0.6×0.88×1+0.4×0.1×1=0.568算法描述• 从初始状态开始扩展 • 在时间点t扩展得到的状态必须能够产生于观 察序列在t时刻相同的输出– 比如在t=1时，观察序列输出‘t’，因此只有状态A 和C得到了扩展• 在t+1时刻，只能对在t时刻保留下来的状态节 点进行扩展– 比如在t=2时，只能对t=1时刻的A和C两个状态进 行扩展• 每条路径上的概率做累乘，不同路径的概率 做累加 • 直到观察序列全部考察完毕，算法结束发射概率不为1的情况• 0.236608就是在上述模型下“toe”出现的 概率Trigram的情况• 以Bigram为状态基于类的Trigram模型• N-gram class LM– p(wi|wi-2,wi-1) →p(wi|ci)p(ci|ci-2,ci-1) – C:Consonant(辅音)，V:Vowel(元音)Class Trigram的Trellis• 输出Y=“toy”重叠(overlapping) 的Class Trigram• “r”有时是元音，有时是辅音，因此p(r|C) 和p(r|V)都不为零重叠的类Trigram的Trellis讨论• 我们既可以从左向右计算，也可以从右 向左计算，甚至可以从中间向两头计算 • Trellis的计算对于Forward-Backward（也 称为Baum-Welch)参数估计很有用任务2：计算能够解释观察序列的最大可能的状态序列Viterbi算法• 用于搜索能够生成观察序列的最大概率 的状态序列 • Sbest=argmaxSP(S|Y) =argmaxSP(S,Y)/P(Y) =argmaxS∏i=1…kp(yi|si,si-1)p(si|si-1) • Viterbi能够找到最佳解，其思想精髓在 于将全局最佳解的计算过程分解为阶段 最佳解的计算示意• 从D2返回Stage 1的最佳状态为C1– 因为p(A1-D2)=0.6×0.5=0.3 – 而p(C1-D2)=0.4×0.8=0.32• 尽管搜索还没有完全结束，但是D2已经 找到了最佳返回节点Viterbi示例• argmaxXYZP(XYZ|rry)Viterbi计算Viterbi算法• 三重循环– 第一重：遍历每一个观察值 – 第二重：遍历当前观察值所对应的每一个状态 – 第三重：遍历能够到达当前观察值当前状态的上一时刻的每 一个状态• 计算– 假设上一时刻为t，t时刻的的状态为i，t+1时刻的状态为j， t+1时刻的观察值为k，则计算：• δj(t+1)=max1≤i≤Nδi(t)aijbijk • ψj(t+1)=argmax1≤i≤Nδi(t)aijbijk • t+1时刻状态j的返回指针指向t时刻的状态ψj(t+1)• 输出– 三重循环都结束后，在最后时刻找到δ值最大的状态，并从 该状态开始，根据返回指针查找各时刻的处于最佳路径上的 状态，并反序输出。
收稿日期：２０２１０８１４；修回日期：２０２１１００８ 基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（６１６７２２６３）作者简介：谢旭康（１９９８），男，湖南邵阳人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为语音识别、机器学习等；陈戈（１９９６），女，河南信阳人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为语音识别、语音增强等；孙俊（１９７１），男（通信作者），江苏无锡人，教授，博导，博士，主要研究方向为人工智能、计算智能、机器学习、大数据分析、生物信息学等（ｊｕｎｓｕｎ＠ｊｉａｎｇｎａｎ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ）；陈祺东（１９９２），男，浙江湖州人，博士，主要研究方向为演化计算、机器学习等．
ＴＣＮＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒＣＴＣ的端到端语音识别谢旭康，陈 戈，孙 俊，陈祺东（江南大学人工智能与计算机学院，江苏无锡２１４１２２）
摘 要：基于Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒ的端到端语音识别系统获得广泛的普及，但Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒ中的多头自注意力机制对输入序列的位置信息不敏感，同时它灵活的对齐方式在面对带噪语音时泛化性能较差。针对以上问题，首先提出使用时序卷积神经网络（ＴＣＮ）来加强神经网络模型对位置信息的捕捉，其次在上述基础上融合连接时序分类（ＣＴＣ），提出ＴＣＮＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒＣＴＣ模型。在不使用任何语言模型的情况下，在中文普通话开源语音数据库ＡＩＳＨＥＬＬ１上的实验结果表明，ＴＣＮＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒＣＴＣ相较于Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒ字错误率相对降低了１０．９１％，模型最终字错误率降低至５．３１％，验证了提出的模型具有一定的先进性。关键词：端到端语音识别；Ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒ；时序卷积神经网络；连接时序分类中图分类号：ＴＮ９１２３４ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１００１３６９５（２０２２）０３００９０６９９０５ｄｏｉ：１０．１９７３４／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１３６９５．２０２１．０８．０３２３
ＴＣＮＴｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｒＣＴＣｆｏｒｅｎｄｔｏｅｎｄｓｐｅｅｃｈｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎＸｉｅＸｕｋａｎｇ，ＣｈｅｎＧｅ，ＳｕｎＪｕｎ，ＣｈｅｎＱｉｄｏｎｇ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌＩｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ＆ＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，ＪｉａｎｇｎａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＷｕｘｉＪｉａｎｇｓｕ２１４１２２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
第一章测试1【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofaperfectcompetitivemarket?A.Itishighlyregulated.B.Price,cost,andqualityinformationareequallydistributed.C.Anearlyinfinitesetofsupplierscompeteagainstoneanother.D.Customershaveaccesstoallrelevantinformationworldwide.2【单选题】(2分)Allofthefollowingwerevisionsofe-commerceexpressedduringtheearlyyearsofe-commerc eexcept:A.disintermediation.B.anearlyperfectinformationmarketspace.C.friction-freecommerce.D.fastfolloweradvantage.3【多选题】(2分)TheReinventionperiodischaracterizedby_________.A.viralmarketingB.disintermediationC.user-generatedcontentD.localeconomy4【单选题】(2分)Theearlyyearsofe-commerceareconsidered:A.aneconomist'sdreamcometrue,whereforabrieftime,consumershadaccesstoallrelevantmarketinformationa ndtransactioncostsplummeted.B. astunningtechnologicalsuccessastheInternetandtheWebincreasedfromafewthousandtobillionsofe-comm ercetransactionsperyear.C.adramaticbusinesssuccessas85%ofdot-comsformedsince1995becameflourishingbusinesses.D. themostpromisingtimeinhistoryforthesuccessfulimplementationoffirstmoveradvantages.5【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingreferstoanydisparityinrelevantmarketinformationamongpartiesinatr ansaction?A.imperfectcompetitionB.dynamicpricingC.informationasymmetryD.unfaircompetitiveadvantage6【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthetraditionaltradeoffbetweentherichnessan dreachofamarketingmessagepriortothedevelopmentoftheWeb?A.Thesmallertheaudiencereached,thelessrichthemessage.B.Marketingmessageshadlittlerichness.C.Richnesswasunrelatedtoreach.D.Thelargertheaudiencereached,thelessrichthemessage.7【单选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingisnotauniquefeatureofe-commercetechnology?A.socialtechnologyB.informationasymmetryC.interactivityD.richness8【单选题】(2分)E-commerceisavailablejustabouteverywhereandanytime.Thisisknownas:A.ubiquity.B.reach.C.richness.D.informationdensity.9【判断题】(2分) Interactivitythatenablesproductcustomizationaltersindustrystructurebydecreasingthethr eatofsubstitutes.A.对B.错10【判断题】(2分) Costtransparencyreferstotheeasewithwhichconsumerscanfindoutthevarietyofpricesina marketA.对B.错11【多选题】(2分)Theuniquefeaturesofe-commercetechnologyinclude:A.UbiquityB.SpecificstandardsC.GlobalReachD.Richness12【多选题】(2分)Thegrowthofsociale-commerceisdrivenby_________.A.sharingofproducts,services,andcontentonsocialaccountsB.networknotificationC.integratedsocialcommercetoolsD.socialsign-on13【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisaleadingplatformforsociale-commerce?A.AmazonB.WikipediaC.FacebookD.eBay14【单选题】(2分)Whichtypeofe-commercegeneratedthelargestrevenue？A.M-commerceB.B2CC.B2BD.C2C15【多选题】(2分)Economistsearlyvisionsaboute-commerceinclude_________A.ConsumersarenotpricesensitiveB.InformationasymmetrywouldbegreatlyreducedC.anearlyperfectcompetitiveD.disintermediation第二章测试1【判断题】(2分)Ane-commercebusinessmodelaimstouseandleveragetheuniquequalitiesoftheInternet,th eWeb,andthemobileplatform.A.对B.错2【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleoftheaffiliaterevenuemodel?A.JDB.QQmusicC.eBayD.Amazon3【单选题】(2分) Assumeyouareanalyzingthemarketopportunityofadistancelearningcompany,Learnmore. com,thatcreateseducationcoursesdeliveredovertheInternetfortheFortune1000corporate market.Assumethattheoverallsizeofthedistancelearningmarketis$25billion.Theoverallm arketcanbebrokendownintothreemajormarketsegments:Corporate,College,andElement ary/HighSchool,eachofwhichaccountsforathirdofthemarket.WithintheCorporatemarket,t herearetwomarketniches:Fortune1000,whichaccountsfor60%ofthemarket,andallothers, whichtogetheraccountfor40%'srealisticmarketoppor tunity,approximately?A.$5billionB.$6.6billionC.$165billionD.$25billion4【单选题】(2分) AllofthefollowingcanbeconsideredadirectorindirectcompetitorofAmazonexcept:A.Priceline.B.eBay.C.Apple'siTunesStore.D.Walmart.5【单选题】(2分) Allofthefollowingmayleadtoacompetitiveadvantageexcept:A.fewerproducts.B.lessexpensivesuppliers.C.betteremployees.D.superiorproducts.6【判断题】(2分) Thesinglemostimportantelementofabusinessmodelisthemanagementteamresponsiblefo rmakingthemodelwork.A.错B.对7【判断题】(2分)Cooperationwithkeyopinionleaders(KOL)hasbecomethemostpopularmarketingstrategyf orsocialmediaplatformsandadvertisersinChina.A.错B.对8【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofacompanyusingthecontentprovidermodel?A.DellB.eBayC.NetflixD.Priceline9【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisnotavariationofthee-tailerbusinessmodel?A.bricks-and-clicksB.virtualmerchantC.manufacturer-directD.marketcreator10【多选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingbelongtomajortypesofe-tailers?A.virtualmerchantB.bricks-and-clicksC.CommunityprovidersD.manufacturer-direct11【多选题】(2分)Serviceproviderstrade_________forrevenue.A.CapabilitiesB.KnowledgeC.ExpertiseD.Products12【判断题】(2分)On-demandservicecompaniesarecharacterizedbythefreesharingofresourcesbetweenth ecompanyandconsumers.A.错B.对13【单选题】(2分)A______isadigitalnetworkdesignedtocoordinatetheflowofcommunicationsamongfirmse ngagedinbusinesstogether.A.industryconsortiaB.privateindustrialnetworkC.exchangeD.e-distributor14【多选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingcompaniesareexamplesofindustryconsortia?A.GraingerB.BoschC.AribaD.Schaeffler15【多选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingaretrueforWalmart’snetwork?A.monitorthesalesoftheirgoodsB.monitortheactualinventoryleveloftheirgoodsC.ItisoneofthelargestprivateindustrialnetworksintheworldD.Noneoftheabove第三章测试1【判断题】(2分) AroughlyequalpercentageofmenandwomenusetheInternettoday.A.对B.错2【多选题】(2分)Consumerbehavioristhestudyofhowindividuals,groups,andorganizations_______goods, services,ideas,orexperiencestosatisfytheirneedsandwants.A.BuyB.UseC.SelectD.Disposeof3【判断题】(2分)ChineseSingles’DayshoppingfestivalisasuccessfulapplicationofFOMO.A.错B.对4【多选题】(2分)Aconsumer’sbuyingbehaviorisinfluencedbyindependentdemographicvariableswhichincl ude__________.A.CulturalfactorsB.MarketingcampaignsC.SocialfactorsD.Psychologicalfactors5【单选题】(2分)______occurswhenacompetitorclicksonsearchengineresultsandads,forcingtheadvertis ertopayfortheclickeventhoughtheclickisnotjustified.A.BiddingprocessB.LinkfarmC.AdBlockingD.Clickfraud6【多选题】(2分)Howcanabusinessoptimizeitswebsite?A.updatecontentfrequentlyB.makeahighbidintheSEMauctionC.designthesitetobeeasilyrecognizedandreadbythesearchengineD.CarefullychoosekeywordsusedontheWebpages7【多选题】(2分)Both________and_________arethemainthingsthatdetermineyourperformanceintheauc tion.A.TopicofyourwebsiteB.ThemaximumCPCC.QualityscoreD.Brand8【判断题】(2分)Organicsearchresultsdependsonabiasedalgorithm.A.对B.错9【判断题】(2分)AmazonAssociatesProgramisaprivateindustrialnetworks.A.错B.对10【判断题】(2分)Contextadvertisingisbasedonapay-per-clickbasis.A.错B.对11【单选题】(2分) Advertisingnetworksallowadvertiserstargetspecificcustomersbasedontheprofileoftheau dienceviewingthecontent.Thisiscalled__________.A.contextadvertisingB.personalizedadvertisingC.viraladvertisingD.seachengineoptimization12【单选题】(2分) WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofadvertisingnetworks’functions?A.Designadvertisement.B.Handlethemoneyinvolved.C.Createanetworkofbothpublishersandadvertisersandplacerelevant/personalizedadsonpublishers.D.Collectandsharedatawithbusinesses.13【判断题】(2分) RichMediaAdsarealsotheleasteffectiveandthelowestcostformofonlinemarketing.A.对B.错14【判断题】(2分) RichMediaAdsarefarmoreeffectivethansimplebannerads.A.对B.错15【判断题】(2分)Comparedwithotheradformats,sponsorshipsarenotinanovertlycommercialmanner.A.错B.对第四章测试1【多选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingaresocialmarketingplayers?A.TikTok(抖音)B.TaobaoC.PinterestD.RED（小红书）2【判断题】(2分) Socialmarketingstrengthensthebrandanddrivessalesbyhavingconversationwithcustome rs.A.对B.错3【多选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingistheonlineversionofword-of-mouthadvertising?A.LocalmarketingB.SearchenginemarketingC.MobilemarketingD.Viralmarketing4【多选题】(2分)Themovie NeZha appliedthefollowingviralmarketingstrategies:______.A.ManystarsalsoforwardedpostsaboutthemovieandevencosplayedNeZha.B.therearenumerousmomentsinthemoviethatweredeeplyresonant.C.GoodqualityofthemovieledtopositivecommentsonDoubanD.createdpostsonWeibowithkeyswordssuchas“国漫崛起”，“东方神话IP”whicharousedaudience’spatriotics entiment.5【单选题】(2分)________referstoamoreorlessstablegroupoffanswhoareengagedandcommunicatingwit honeanotheroverasubstantialperiodoftime.A.fanacquisitionB.communityC.amplificationD.barndstrength6【多选题】(2分) Marketershaveanumberoftacticstobuildcommunities,includingA.insideinformationonnewproductsB.freegiftsforbringinginnewmembers.C.pricediscountforloyaltyD.guidanceandrecommendationsforcustomers7【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisthemostpopularuseformobiledevices?A.performingtasks,suchasfinancesB.shoppingC.socializingD.entertainment8【单选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingisthesecond-mostpopularmobilemarketingformat?A.mobilemessagingB.displayadvertisingC.searchengineadvertisingD.videoadvertising9【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingaccountsforthemostmobileadspending?A.SMStextmessagesB.searchengineadvertisingC.displayadsD.videoads10【判断题】(2分) Chinesepeopleprimarilyusemobiledevicesforshoppingorbuying.A.对B.错11【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisthemostpopularmobilemarketingformat?A.displayadvertisingB.searchengineadvertisingC.videoadvertisingD.mobilemessaging12【判断题】(2分) Displayadvertisinghasthelargestsizeofmobilemarketingexpenditures.A.对B.错13【单选题】(2分)Friend-finderservices答案thequestionof__________.A.Whereareyou?Where’sthecrowd?B.Whereismychild?C.What'sthebestrestaurantintheneighborhood?D.HowamIdoinginjogging?14【判断题】(2分) Localmarketingisbasedonthemarketingtheory—demographicsegmentation.A.错B.对15【多选题】(2分) TheGPSreceiversinthesmartphonesalongwithothertechniques,meantthatauser’slocatio ncouldbefairlywellknownby_________.A.MarketersB.serviceprovidersC.telecomcarriersD.cellphonemanufacturers第五章测试1【单选题】(2分) Virtualmerchantsfacepotentiallylargecostsforallofthefollowingexcept:A.buildingandmaintainingawebsite.B.buildinganorderfulfillmentinfrastructure.C.developingabrandname.D.buildingandmaintainingphysicalstores.2【判断题】(2分)Manufacturer-directfirmsaresingle-channelmanufacturers.A.对B.错3【多选题】(2分)Manufacturer-directmodelhasfollowingadvantages___________.A.createchannelconflictsB. eliminatetheneedtosupportawholesaleandretailsalesnetwork,C.givethefirmcompletecontroloveritscustomerdatabase.D.simplifythecompany’soperations4【多选题】(2分)__________haveanetworkofphysicalstoresastheirprimaryretailchannel,butalsohaveonli neofferings.A.virtualmerchantsB.bricks-and-clickscompaniesC.manufacture-directcompaniesD.omini-channelmerchants5【多选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingaretrueforbigdataandpowerfulanalyticsprograms?A.recommendproductsbeforetheyaskB.IntendtomakeconsumersallintobigspendersC.makepossiblepredictivemarketingD.tosendpersonalizedmessagestocustomers6【判断题】(2分) StitchFixonlyreliesonbigdatatoclothingitemsandaccessoriesforcusomers.A.错B.对7【判断题】(2分) MassiveandwellservedSMEmarketisonedrivingforceofFintechinChina.A.对B.错8【判断题】(2分)Antchecklater(花呗)givescreditratingstousersbyleveragingusers’merchantdataontheplat form.A.错B.对9【判断题】(2分)Payment/remittanceshasthelargestsizeofFintechservices.A.错B.对10【判断题】(2分)Antchecklater(花呗)isavirtualcreditcardtypeofproductthatfacilitatescreditpayments.A.对B.错11【单选题】(2分)Purchaseofalltravelelementsare_________offeredbyonlinetravelsites.A.commerceB.customerserviceC.contentD.community12【多选题】(2分)Consumers’travelrequirementsinclude_________.A.paymentB.comparisonshoppingC.researchingD.planningE.reserving13【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisnotamajortrendintheonlinerecruitmentservicesindustry?A.socialrecruitingB.MillennialsandGenXprimarilyusemobiledevicestosearchforjobsC.disintermediationD.useofbigdatatechnologiesinthehiringprocess14【判断题】(2分)“Passivetalent”referstopeoplewhoarenotactivelylookingforanewjob.A.错B.对15【判断题】(2分) Sharingeconomybusinessmodelhasnonegativeoutcomes.A.对B.错第六章测试1【单选题】(2分)WhatdoesALaCartemean?A.payandacquireallthecontentB.payforwhatyouuseC.allyoucaneatD. basicservicesarefreebutmoreadvancedfeaturesmustbepaidfor.2【多选题】(2分) WhichoneistrueforFreemium?A.payandacquireallthecontentB.moreadvancedfeaturesmustbepaidfor.C.payforwhatyouuseD.basicservicesareprovidedfreeofcharge3【判断题】(2分)There’snothingcontradictoryaboutallthreemodels:subscription,ALaCarteandfreemium.A.对B.错4【单选题】(2分)__________referstotheconvergenceofdesign,production,anddistributionofthecontent.A.contentconvergenceB.mediaconvergenceC.technologicalconvergenceD.industrystructureconvergence5【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisnotanexampleofindustrystructureconvergence?A.Apple’sdevelopmentoftheiPadB.Amazon’screationofAmazonBooksPublishingC.AT&T’sacquisitionofTimeWarnerD.Verizon’sacquisitionofYahoo6【单选题】(2分) WhichofthefollowingtypesofonlinecontentisconsumedbythelowestpercentageofInternet users?A.e-booksB.digitalaudioC.videoD.magazines7【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingisnotanadvantagethatpuredigitalnewssiteshaveoverprintnewspape rs?A.Theycantakeadvantageofnewertechnologiesforproducingthenews.B.Theyhavealowercoststructure.C.Theyofferhigherqualityjournalism.D. Theycancreatenewworkflowsandbusinessprocessesthataremoretimelyandefficient.8【多选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingaretrueforPrint-centricperiod?A.Thetechnologyplatformwasthedesktoporlaptopplatform.B.Thetoppriorityisproducingthemostengaging,continuallyupdateddigitaleditionC.TherewerenochanceforthemtohaveanyinteractionsD.Newspapersadoptedmultimediaelementssuchasvideo,addedmoreinteractiveelementslikecrosswordpuzzl esandcontests9【判断题】(2分)“Contentisking”meansowninghigh-qualitycontentprovidesagoldenopportunitytogenerate revenue.A.对B.错10【判断题】(2分)Inthetraditionalprocess,pricesdeterminedlargelybytheauthor.A.对B.错11【多选题】(2分)Amazon’sdigitalecosystemsbroughtunprecedentedchangetoonlinebookintermsof_____ ______.A.MarketingB.ContentC.PublishingD.AuthorshipE.Readership12【单选题】(2分)________wassuedbytheJusticeDepartmentforviolatingantitrustlawsinconnectionwithe-books.A.AmazonB.Barnes&NobleC.AppleD.Google13【单选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrueaboutOTT?A.TouseOTTservices,consumersmustpurchaseabundleofchannels.B.OTTentertainmentservicesareathreattocable/satellitetelevisiondeliverysystems.C.OTTservicesincludetheabilitytodownloadcontentafterpurchaseorrental,aswellassubscriptionstreamingan d“live”TVservic es.D.OTTenablesautomaticadvertisingtransactions.14【判断题】(2分) Streaminghasreplaceddownloadingasthepreferredconsumerviewingplatformforhomeen tertainmentcontent.A.对B.错15【多选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingaretrueforOTTadvertising?A.ItallowstheadvertiserstoreachtherightaudienceattherighttimeB.Commercialsarebasedonherlocation,interestanddemographicsC.ItputsmoreattentiononthecontentD.OTTadvertisingisoftenboughtandsoldprogrammatically第七章测试1【多选题】(2分) Socialnetworksattractpeoplewithsharedinterests,suchas________.A.sportsB.vacationsC.hobbiesD.religion2【单选题】(2分)Doubanisanexampleofa(n)________socialnetwork.A.affinity-basedB.practice-basedC.generalD.interest-based3【判断题】(2分)WithAPItechnology,Facebookopensupitsplatformandgivesotherappsorwebsitestheacce sstoitsdata.A.错B.对4【多选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingaretrueforgeneralcommunity?A.Facebookisworld’smostpopularonlinesocialnetworkwiththelargestnumberofmonthlyactiveusers.B.Typicalexamplesincludefacebook,QQzone,Douban.C. Thebusinessmodelofgeneralcommunitiesistypicallyadvertisingsupportedbysellinggoods.D.Thepurposeofthegeneralcommunityistoattractlargeenoughaudience.5【单选题】(2分)Awebsitedesignedaroundacommunityofmemberswhoself-identifywithademographicorg eographiccategoryisclassifiedasa(n):A.sponsoredcommunity.B.interest-basedsocialnetwork.C.practicenetwork.D.affinitycommunity.6【单选题】(2分)爸妈网is____________designedtoattractparentsbyofferingdiscussionandservicesthatf ocusonEnglisheducationforearlychildhood.A.PracticenetworkB.Interest-basedsocialnetworkC.GeneralcommunityD.Affinitycommunity7【判断题】(2分)Sponsoredcommunitiesareallnon-profitonlinecommunitiesforthepurposeofpursuingorga nizationalgoals.A.对B.错8【单选题】(2分) Whichofthefollowingistheexampleofsponsoredcommunity?A.B.水木社区C.ResearchGateD.Douban9【单选题】(2分)ResearchGateisa__________forscientistsandresearcherstosharepapers,askand答案q uestions,andfindcollaborators.A.PracticenetworkB.Interest-basedsocialnetworkC.AffinitycommunityD.Generalcommunity10【多选题】(2分)Whichofthefollowingaregoalsofsponsoredcommunities?A.TodevelopinternalsocialnetworksB.ToshareknowledgeC.TosellgoodsD.Toincreasetheinformationavailabletoitsmembers11【判断题】(2分) SocialmediainfluencerisalsocalledInternetcelebrity.A.对B.错12【多选题】(2分) Inwhatwayscaninfluencersturnthetrafficintorealcash?A.showingadvertisementsB.postingviralvideosonvideohostingcommunitiesC.directingtheirfanstoonlineshopsD.receivingvirtualgifts13【多选题】(2分) WhichofthefollowingaretrueforthesocialmediainfluencerLiJiaqi(李佳琦)?A.Themediahasdubbedhimthe"LipstickKing".B.Hehasnotcooperatedwithcelebrities.C.HeisaChinesefoodandcountry-lifeblogger.D.Hegivesasubjectivecommentontheproducts,notjustbragging.Hisfansreallyappreciatehissincerity.14【判断题】(2分)Socialnetworksalsopresentenormousrisksforindividuals,communities,firms,andevenfors ocietyasawhole.A.错B.对15【多选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingaretrueforFacebook’sCambridgeAnalyticadatascandal?A.Facebookpaidarecord-breaking5billiondollarsfine,byfarthelargestpenaltyeverimposedonacompanyforviol atingconsumers'privacyrights.B.FacebookhadeverdemandedthattheydeleteallofthedatathattheyhadobtainedinviolationofFacebook'srules.C.CambridgeAnalyticawasabletogetaccesstoinformationofasmanyas50millionpeople.D. CambridgeAnalyticaonlycollectedthepersonalinformationofpeoplewhoagreedtotakethesurvey.第八章测试1【单选题】(2分)WhatarethebenefitsforB2BE-commerceA.VisibilitycanbefullyrealizedB.IncreaseproductionflexibilityC.DecreaseproductcycletimeD.Increaseopportunitiesforcollaboratingwithsuppliersanddistributors2【多选题】(2分)WhichofthefollowingaretrueforB2BE-commerce?A.CreategreaterpricetransparencyB.LowersearchcostsforbuyersC.manyFortune1000supplychainsarerisky,vulnerable,andsociallyandenvironmentallyunsustainableD.Lowertransactioncosts3【单选题】(2分)________purchasinginvolvesthepurchaseofgoodsbasedonimmediateneedsinlargermar ketplacesthatinvolvemanysuppliers.A.VerticalB.SpotC.BulkD.Indirect4【判断题】(2分)MROgoodsarealsoknownasdirectgoods.A.错。
