Culturable Psychrotrophic Bacterial Communities in Raw Milk and Their Proteolytic and Lipolytic

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APPLIEDANDENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGY,Nov.2007,p.7162–7168Vol.73,No.220099-2240/07/$08.00ϩ0doi:10.1128/AEM.00866-07Copyright©2007,AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology.AllRightsReserved.

CulturablePsychrotrophicBacterialCommunitiesinRawMilkandTheirProteolyticandLipolyticTraitsᰔ†

ElionoraHantsis-Zacharov1andMalkaHalpern1,2*

DepartmentofEvolutionaryandEnvironmentalBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,MountCarmel,Haifa31905,Israel,1andDepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,Oranim,Tivon36006,Israel2

Received17April2007/Accepted10August2007

Duringcoldstorageaftermilkcollection,psychrotrophicbacterialpopulationsdominatethemicroflora,andtheirextracellularenzymes,mainlyproteasesandlipases,contributetothespoilageofdairyproducts.Thediversity,dynamics,andenzymatictraitsofculturablepsychrotrophsinrawmilkfromfourfarmswereinvestigatedovera10-monthperiod.About20%oftheisolateswerefoundtobenovelspecies,indicatingthatthereisstillmuchtobelearnedaboutculturablepsychrotrophsinrawmilk.Thepsychrotrophicisolateswereidentifiedandclassifiedinsevenclasses.Threeclasseswerepredominant,withhighspeciesrichness(18to21speciesperclass)indifferentseasonsoftheyear:Gammaproteobacteriainspringandwinter,Bacilliinsummer,andActinobacteriainautumn.ThefourminorclasseswereAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Flavobacteria,andSphingobacteria.Thedominantclasseswerefoundinallfourdairies,althougheverydairyhaditsownunique“bacterialprofile.”Mostbutnotallbacterialisolateshadeitherlipolyticorbothlipolyticandproteolyticactivities.Onlyafewisolatesshowedproteolyticactivityalone.Thedominantgenera,PseudomonasandAcinetobacter(Gammaproteobacteria),showedmainlylipolyticactivity,Microbacterium(Actinobacteria)washighlylipolyticandproteolytic,andthelacticacidbacteria(LactococcusandLeuconostoc)displayedveryminorenzymaticability.Hence,thecompositionofpsychrotrophicbacterialflorainrawmilkhasanimportantroleinthedeterminationofmilkquality.Monitoringthedominantpsychrotrophicspeciesresponsiblefortheproductionofheat-stableproteolyticandlipolyticenzymesoffersasensitiveandefficienttoolformaintainingbettermilkqualityinthemilkindustry.

Milkingproceduremaybecontaminatedfromtheteatsur-

face,theudder,milkingequipment,andthemilkingparlor

environment.Psychrotrophicbacteriaaredefinedasthosethat

growat7°C,althoughtheiroptimalgrowthtemperatureis

higher.Duringcoldstorageaftermilkcollectiontheydominate

theflora,andtheirextracellularenzymes,mainlyproteasesand

lipases,contributetothespoilageofdairyproducts.Theex-

tracellularenzymescanresistpasteurization(72°Cfor15s)

andevenultrahightemperatureprocessing(UHT;138°Cfor

2sor149°Cfor10s)(3,19,21,35).Thelipases,byhydrolyzing

triglycerides,causeflavordefectsassociatedwithfatbreak-

downincream,butter,cheese,andUHTproducts(4).Pro-

teasesareassociatedwithbitternessinmilk,gelationofUHT

sterilizedmilk,andreducedyieldsofsoftcheese.Mostpro-

teasescandegradecaseinsandareremarkablyheatstable(3,

23).Insum,psychrotrophsplayaleadingroleinspoilageof

refrigeratedmilkandmilkproducts.

Thenumbersofpsychrotrophsthatdevelopaftermilkcol-

lectiondependonthestoragetemperatureandtime.Under

sanitaryconditions,Ͻ10%ofthetotalmicrofloraispsychro-

trophsincontrasttoϾ75%underunsanitaryconditions(3).

Psychrotrophicbacteriafromnumerousgenerahavebeeniso-latedfrommilk,bothgramnegative(Pseudomonas,Aeromo-

nas,Serratia,Acinetobacter,Alcaligenes,Achromobacter,Entero-

bacter,andFlavobacterium)andgrampositive(Bacillus,

Clostridium,Corynebacterium,Microbacterium,Micrococcus

Streptococcus,Staphylococcus,andLactobacillus)(3,31,26).

Ofthese,Pseudomonasisthemostfrequentlyreportedpsychro-

trophinrawmilk(4,7,9,29,32,35).

Infoodfermentation,microbialcommunitiesaregenerally

believedtoharboralargefractionofculturablespecies(24).

Althoughconventionalculturemethodsarestillcommonly

usedtoensurethemicrobiologicalqualityofmilk,veryfew

studieshavebeendonetoidentifyculturablemicrobialcom-

munitiesinmilkbymeansofmolecularidentificationtools.

Delbesetal.(6),usingthe16SrRNAgene,showedthatcul-

turablebacterialcommunitiesinrawmilkwerehighlydiversi-

fied.However,theseresearchersanalyzedonlyonemilk

sampleinthewinterperiod.

InIsrael,itisestimatedbythemilkindustriesthatpsychro-

trophscancauseabout10%loseinmilkfatsandproteins.The

aimofthepresentstudywastomonitortheseasonaldynamics

ofculturablepsychrotrophiccommunitiesinrawmilkfrom

fourfarmsinIsrael,tostudypsychrotrophicbacterialdiversity

withmoleculartools,andtoevaluatethebacteriallipolytic-

proteolytictraitsthatmayinfluencemilkandmilkproducts’

shelflife.

MATERIALSANDMETHODS

Samplingsites.Fourfarms(D,F,G,andH)innorthernIsraelwereselectedforrawmilksampling.Onesampleperfarmwastakeneachmonth,betweenApril2004andJanuary2005(exceptforJune,October,andDecember2004).All*Correspondingauthor.Mailingaddress:DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,Oranim,Tivon36006,Israel.Phone:97249838978.Fax:97249838911.E-mail:mhalpern@research.haifa.ac.il.†Supplementalmaterialforthisarticlemaybefoundathttp://aem.asm.org/.ᰔPublishedaheadofprinton21September2007.