Culturable Psychrotrophic Bacterial Communities in Raw Milk and Their Proteolytic and Lipolytic
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APPLIEDANDENVIRONMENTALMICROBIOLOGY,Nov.2007,p.7162–7168Vol.73,No.220099-2240/07/$08.00ϩ0doi:10.1128/AEM.00866-07Copyright©2007,AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology.AllRightsReserved.
CulturablePsychrotrophicBacterialCommunitiesinRawMilkandTheirProteolyticandLipolyticTraitsᰔ†
ElionoraHantsis-Zacharov1andMalkaHalpern1,2*
DepartmentofEvolutionaryandEnvironmentalBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,MountCarmel,Haifa31905,Israel,1andDepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,Oranim,Tivon36006,Israel2
Received17April2007/Accepted10August2007
Duringcoldstorageaftermilkcollection,psychrotrophicbacterialpopulationsdominatethemicroflora,andtheirextracellularenzymes,mainlyproteasesandlipases,contributetothespoilageofdairyproducts.Thediversity,dynamics,andenzymatictraitsofculturablepsychrotrophsinrawmilkfromfourfarmswereinvestigatedovera10-monthperiod.About20%oftheisolateswerefoundtobenovelspecies,indicatingthatthereisstillmuchtobelearnedaboutculturablepsychrotrophsinrawmilk.Thepsychrotrophicisolateswereidentifiedandclassifiedinsevenclasses.Threeclasseswerepredominant,withhighspeciesrichness(18to21speciesperclass)indifferentseasonsoftheyear:Gammaproteobacteriainspringandwinter,Bacilliinsummer,andActinobacteriainautumn.ThefourminorclasseswereAlphaproteobacteria,Betaproteobacteria,Flavobacteria,andSphingobacteria.Thedominantclasseswerefoundinallfourdairies,althougheverydairyhaditsownunique“bacterialprofile.”Mostbutnotallbacterialisolateshadeitherlipolyticorbothlipolyticandproteolyticactivities.Onlyafewisolatesshowedproteolyticactivityalone.Thedominantgenera,PseudomonasandAcinetobacter(Gammaproteobacteria),showedmainlylipolyticactivity,Microbacterium(Actinobacteria)washighlylipolyticandproteolytic,andthelacticacidbacteria(LactococcusandLeuconostoc)displayedveryminorenzymaticability.Hence,thecompositionofpsychrotrophicbacterialflorainrawmilkhasanimportantroleinthedeterminationofmilkquality.Monitoringthedominantpsychrotrophicspeciesresponsiblefortheproductionofheat-stableproteolyticandlipolyticenzymesoffersasensitiveandefficienttoolformaintainingbettermilkqualityinthemilkindustry.
Milkingproceduremaybecontaminatedfromtheteatsur-
face,theudder,milkingequipment,andthemilkingparlor
environment.Psychrotrophicbacteriaaredefinedasthosethat
growat7°C,althoughtheiroptimalgrowthtemperatureis
higher.Duringcoldstorageaftermilkcollectiontheydominate
theflora,andtheirextracellularenzymes,mainlyproteasesand
lipases,contributetothespoilageofdairyproducts.Theex-
tracellularenzymescanresistpasteurization(72°Cfor15s)
andevenultrahightemperatureprocessing(UHT;138°Cfor
2sor149°Cfor10s)(3,19,21,35).Thelipases,byhydrolyzing
triglycerides,causeflavordefectsassociatedwithfatbreak-
downincream,butter,cheese,andUHTproducts(4).Pro-
teasesareassociatedwithbitternessinmilk,gelationofUHT
sterilizedmilk,andreducedyieldsofsoftcheese.Mostpro-
teasescandegradecaseinsandareremarkablyheatstable(3,
23).Insum,psychrotrophsplayaleadingroleinspoilageof
refrigeratedmilkandmilkproducts.
Thenumbersofpsychrotrophsthatdevelopaftermilkcol-
lectiondependonthestoragetemperatureandtime.Under
sanitaryconditions,Ͻ10%ofthetotalmicrofloraispsychro-
trophsincontrasttoϾ75%underunsanitaryconditions(3).
Psychrotrophicbacteriafromnumerousgenerahavebeeniso-latedfrommilk,bothgramnegative(Pseudomonas,Aeromo-
nas,Serratia,Acinetobacter,Alcaligenes,Achromobacter,Entero-
bacter,andFlavobacterium)andgrampositive(Bacillus,
Clostridium,Corynebacterium,Microbacterium,Micrococcus
Streptococcus,Staphylococcus,andLactobacillus)(3,31,26).
Ofthese,Pseudomonasisthemostfrequentlyreportedpsychro-
trophinrawmilk(4,7,9,29,32,35).
Infoodfermentation,microbialcommunitiesaregenerally
believedtoharboralargefractionofculturablespecies(24).
Althoughconventionalculturemethodsarestillcommonly
usedtoensurethemicrobiologicalqualityofmilk,veryfew
studieshavebeendonetoidentifyculturablemicrobialcom-
munitiesinmilkbymeansofmolecularidentificationtools.
Delbesetal.(6),usingthe16SrRNAgene,showedthatcul-
turablebacterialcommunitiesinrawmilkwerehighlydiversi-
fied.However,theseresearchersanalyzedonlyonemilk
sampleinthewinterperiod.
InIsrael,itisestimatedbythemilkindustriesthatpsychro-
trophscancauseabout10%loseinmilkfatsandproteins.The
aimofthepresentstudywastomonitortheseasonaldynamics
ofculturablepsychrotrophiccommunitiesinrawmilkfrom
fourfarmsinIsrael,tostudypsychrotrophicbacterialdiversity
withmoleculartools,andtoevaluatethebacteriallipolytic-
proteolytictraitsthatmayinfluencemilkandmilkproducts’
shelflife.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
Samplingsites.Fourfarms(D,F,G,andH)innorthernIsraelwereselectedforrawmilksampling.Onesampleperfarmwastakeneachmonth,betweenApril2004andJanuary2005(exceptforJune,October,andDecember2004).All*Correspondingauthor.Mailingaddress:DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScienceandScienceEducation,UniversityofHaifa,Oranim,Tivon36006,Israel.Phone:97249838978.Fax:97249838911.E-mail:mhalpern@research.haifa.ac.il.†Supplementalmaterialforthisarticlemaybefoundathttp://aem.asm.org/.ᰔPublishedaheadofprinton21September2007.