国际金融概论(第三版)第4章课后习题及参考答案

国际经济学（第三版）案例参考答案冯德连主编绪论案例参考答案 (2)第一章案例参考答案 (2)第二章案例参考答案 (3)第三章案例参考答案 (4)第四章案例参考答案 (4)第五章案例参考答案 (4)第六章案例参考答案 (4)第七章案例参考答案 (5)第八章案例参考答案 (5)第九章案例参考答案 (5)第十章案例参考答案 (7)第十一章案例参考答案 (8)第十二章案例参考答案 (8)第十三章案例参考答案 (9)第十四章案例参考答案 (11)第十五章案例参考答案 (11)第十六章案例参考答案 (14)第十七章案例参考答案 (15)第十八章案例参考答案 (15)绪论案例参考答案1．答案：主要包括七大主题：贸易所得、贸易模式、贸易保护、国际收支平衡、汇率决定、国际间政策协调，以及国际资本市场。

该教材提出了其他作者没能系统论述的新观点：汇率决定的资产市场分析方法；规模报酬递增与市场结构；政治学与贸易政策理论；国际宏观经济政策协调；世界资本市场与发展中国家；国际要素流动。

2．答案：答案是肯定的，但是历史表明政治力量可以超越技术进步的作用。

（参阅[美]克鲁格曼、奥伯斯法尔德著的《国际经济学：理论与政策》（第八版），中国人民大学2010年版，第18-19页）。

引力模型：在其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的贸易规模与两国的GDP 成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。

公式为：ij j i ij D Y Y a T ⨯⨯= ij T 是i 国与j 国间的国际贸易额，i Y 是i 国的GDP ，j Y 是j 国的GDP ，ij D 是两国间的距离。

第一章案例参考答案1．答案：（1）发展中国家的经济地位决定贸易的规模经济收益主要流向发达国家。

（2）市场经济体制和多边贸易体制在全球的发展，对谋求贸易利益的政策实施空间造成约束。

（3）技术上的差异使得欠发达国家处于国际分工体系的下端。

2．答案：上世纪50年代初，普雷维什（Prebisch ）和辛格（Singe ）的研究形成了著名的普雷维什-辛格假说，即初级产品相对于工业制成品的贸易条件存在持续下降的趋势，国际贸易产生的贸易所得的分配因此是向主要出口工业制成品的发达国家倾斜的,而出口初级产品为主的发展中国家则处于不利的地位。

《国际金融》习题及参考答案一、选择题1. 国际金融市场的核心是（）A. 国际货币市场B. 国际资本市场C. 国际外汇市场D. 国际黄金市场答案：C2. 以下哪种汇率制度属于固定汇率制度？（）A. 浮动汇率制度B. 币值盯住制度C. 管理浮动汇率制度D. 自由浮动汇率制度答案：B3. 以下哪个国家采用了独立货币政策？（）A. 美国B. 欧元区C. 日本D. 英国答案：A4. 国际收支平衡表中，经常账户包括以下哪项？（）A. 货物贸易B. 服务贸易C. 收益D. 以上都对答案：D二、判断题1. 国际货币基金组织（IMF）的主要任务是促进国际货币合作和平衡国际收支。

（）答案：正确2. 浮动汇率制度下，汇率完全由市场供求关系决定，不受政府干预。

（）答案：错误3. 国际金融市场一体化有利于全球资源的优化配置，提高金融市场的效率。

（）答案：正确4. 汇率上升，本币贬值，有利于出口，不利于进口。

（）答案：正确三、简答题1. 简述国际金融市场的功能。

答：国际金融市场的功能主要包括以下几点：（1）资金融通功能：国际金融市场为全球各国政府、企业及金融机构提供资金筹集和投资渠道。

（2）风险转移功能：国际金融市场通过金融衍生品等工具，为参与者提供风险转移和避险手段。

（3）价格发现功能：国际金融市场为各类金融产品提供价格发现机制，有助于市场参与者做出合理的投资决策。

（4）促进国际贸易和投资：国际金融市场为国际贸易和投资提供金融支持，降低交易成本，提高交易效率。

2. 简述固定汇率制度和浮动汇率制度的优缺点。

答：固定汇率制度优点：（1）降低汇率波动风险，有利于国际贸易和投资。

（2）有利于国内经济政策的稳定。

缺点：（1）可能导致资源配置扭曲。

（2）容易产生货币危机。

浮动汇率制度优点：（1）自动调节国际收支。

（2）减少政府干预，提高市场效率。

缺点：（1）汇率波动可能导致国际贸易和投资风险增加。

（2）可能引发货币危机。

四、计算题1. 假设我国某年国际收支平衡表如下：经常账户：出口100亿美元，进口80亿美元；资本账户：净流出10亿美元。

第4章汇率政策4.1 复习笔记汇率政策是最重要的经济政策之一，它对实现宏观经济外部均衡、促进宏观经济内外部均衡发挥着不可替代的作用。

一、汇率政策及其传导机制1．汇率政策的基本内涵汇率政策是指政府在一定时期内，为实现宏观经济政策目标而对汇率变动施加影响的制度性安排与具体措施。

汇率政策主要涉及汇率制度选择、汇率水平管理、政府对外汇市场干预，以及汇率政策与其它经济政策配合等内容。

（1）制定汇率政策的重要意义①克服外汇市场的内在缺陷。

由于交易壁垒、信息不对称、市场垄断或过度竞争等问题存在，外汇市场交易带有较大的盲目性，市场调节机制也存在时滞和低效率的缺陷。

政府理性地制定和实施汇率政策，保持汇率的相对合理与稳定，防止国际收支出现恶性或根本性失衡。

②维护社会经济的安全与稳定。

政府可制定和实施汇率政策，对影响社会经济安全与稳定的现象或行为进行“纠偏”，促进社会经济的稳定运行。

③社会经济稳定的需要；④维护国家经济利益；⑤捍卫和提升国家的经济利益。

通过制定和实施汇率政策，可以在扩大对外经济开放的同时，防止外来经济力量，特别是国际游资对本国市场的冲击，发挥“金融防火墙”的作用；也可以调整进出口比价，增强本国商品和劳务在国际市场的竞争力；还可以抵消外国不公平贸易政策的消极影响，或是作为报复手段，对抗外国的不公平贸易。

（2）汇率政策的特征汇率政策具有国家性、强制性和宏观性的特征。

（3）汇率政策的目标汇率政策的总体目标是调节国际收支状况，促进宏观经济内外部均衡，实现国民经济持续增长。

①货币政策的自主权。

各国中央银行不再因为在固定汇率制度下为保持汇率稳定而被动干预货币市场，使货币政策能够自主调节内部和外部平衡，实现政府预期的经济目标。

②维护本币的价值稳定。

通过外汇管制，限制商品进口和资本输入，可将国际通货膨胀拒之门外，使国内物价水平得以保持稳定。

③调节国际收支状况。

④提高产品国际竞争力。

顺差国政府往往利用外汇管制限制长、短期资本流入，减轻本国货币蒙受的压力，以保持其商品的国际竞争能力和国际市场份额。

杨长江《国际金融学》（第3版）配套题库【名校考研真题（视频讲解）＋课后习题＋章节题库＋模拟试题】目录第一部分名校考研真题[视频讲解]一、单选题二、多选题三、判断题四、概念题五、简答题六、计算题七、论述题第二部分课后习题第一章开放经济下的国民收入账户与国际收支账户第二章开放经济下的国际金融活动第三章开放经济下的商品市场货币市场与经常账户第四章国际资金流动下的经济运行第五章汇率决定理论（上）第六章汇率决定理论（中）第七章汇率决定理论（下）第八章开放经济下的政策目标与工具第九章开放经济下的财政、货币政策第十章开放经济下的汇率政策第十一章开放经济下的直接管制政策第十二章开放经济下的其他政策第十三章政策的国际协调第十四章国际协调的制度安排：国际货币体系第十五章国际协调的区域实践：欧洲货币一体化第三部分章节题库第一章开放经济下的国民收入账户与国际收支账户第二章开放经济下的国际金融活动第三章开放经济下的商品市场货币市场与经常账户第四章国际资金流动下的经济运行第五章汇率决定理论（上）第六章汇率决定理论（中）第七章汇率决定理论（下）第八章开放经济下的政策目标与工具第九章开放经济下的财政、货币政策第十章开放经济下的汇率政策第十一章开放经济下的直接管制政策第十二章开放经济下的其他政策第十三章政策的国际协调第十四章国际协调的制度安排：国际货币体系第十五章国际协调的区域实践：欧洲货币一体化第四部分模拟试题杨长江《国际金融学》配套模拟试题及详解（一）杨长江《国际金融学》配套模拟试题及详解（二）内容简介本书是杨长江《国际金融学》（第3版）教材的配套题库，主要包括以下内容：第一部分为名校考研真题【视频讲解】。

本部分按选择题、判断题、概念题、简答题、计算题、论述题等题型，对近年来众多名校考研涉及到杨长江《国际金融学》的真题进行详细解析。

方便考生熟悉考点，掌握答题方法。

部分考研真题提供高清视频讲解，圣才名师从考查知识点、试题难度、相关考点等方面进行全方位的讲解。

第一章外汇与外汇汇率1.外汇：外汇是以外币表示的，用于清偿国际债权债务的一种支付手段。

2.远期汇率：远期汇率也称期汇汇率，是交易双方达成外汇买卖协议，约定在未来某一时间进行外汇实际交割所使用的汇率。

3.铸币平价：金本位制度下，两种货币的含金量之比。

4.外汇倾销：在有通货膨胀的国家中，货币当局通过促使本币对外贬值，且货币对外贬值的程度大于对内贬值的程度，借以用低于原来在国际市场上的销售价格倾销商品，从而达到提高商品海外竞争力、扩大出口、增加外汇收入和最终改善贸易差额的目的。

5.纸币对内贬值的计算公式：纸币对内贬值=1-货币购买力=1-（100/物价指数）6.J曲线效应：汇率变动导致进出口贸易的变化在理论上和实践中都可以得到证实。

但在现实中，货币贬值导致贸易差额的最终改善需要一个“收效期”，收效快慢取决于供求反应程度高低，并且在汇率变化的收效期内会出现短期的国际收支恶化现象。

课后习题1.如果你以电话向中国银行询问英镑/美元（英镑兑美元，斜线“/”表示“兑”）的汇价。

中国银行答道：“1.6900/10”。

请问：（1）中国银行以什么汇价向你买进美元？（2）你以什么汇价向中国银行买进英镑？（3）如果你向中国银行卖出英镑，汇率是多少？答：（1）买入价 1.6910（2）卖出价 1.6910（3）买入价 1.69002.某银行询问美元兑新加坡元的汇价，你答道：“1.6403/1.6410”。

请问，如果银行想把美元卖给你，汇率是多少？答：1.69033.某银行询问美元兑港元汇价，你答复到：“1美元=7.8000/10港元”，请问：（1）银行要向你买进美元，汇价是多少？（2）你要买进美元，应按什么汇率计算？（3）你要买进港元，又是什么汇率？答：（1）7.8010（2）7.8000（3）7.80104.如果你是ABC银行交易员，客户向你询问澳元/美元汇价，你答复：“0.7685/90”。

请问：（1）如果客户想把澳元卖给你，汇率是多少？（2）如果客户要买进澳元，汇率又是多少？答：（1）0.7685（2）0.76905.如果你向中国银行询问美元/欧元的报价，回答是：“1.2940/1.2960”，请问：（1）中国银行以什么汇率向你买入美元，卖出欧元？（2）如果你要买进美元，中国银行给你什么汇率？（3）如果你要买进欧元，汇率又是多少？答：（1）买入价 1.2940（2）1.2960（3）1.29406.如果你是银行，客户向你询问美元兑瑞士法郎汇价，你答复到：“1.14100/10”。

国际金融学（第三版）课后思考题及答案课后思考题第一章开放经济下的国民收入账户与收支账户从国民收入账户角度看，开放经济与封闭经济有哪些区别？封闭条件下，国民收入包括私人消费、私人储蓄、政府税收。

当经济的开放性仅限于商品的跨国流动时，国民收入还需包括贸易账户余额。

当经济的开放性发展到资本、劳动力的国际流动时，国民收入被加以区分。

1.国内生产总值，是以一国领土为标准，指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务的总值2.国民生产总值，是以一国国民为标准，指的是在一定时期内一国居民生产的产品与服务总值。

国民生产总值等于国内生产总值加上本国从外国取得的净要素收入。

如何完整理解经常账户的宏观经济含义？贸易账户余额与经要素收入之和被称为经常账户余额，它在开放经济中居于重要的地位。

对经常账户可以从不同角度展开分析：从进出口的角度看，经常账户反映了一国的国际竞争力水平。

从国内吸收的角度看，经常账户反映了以国国民收入与国内吸收之间的关系。

从国际投资头寸的角度看，经常账户带来了一国国际投资头寸的变化，同时它又受到国际投资头寸状况的影响。

从储蓄与投资的角度看，经常账户反应了一国储蓄与投资之间的差额，当私人的投资与储蓄比较稳定时，经常账户反映了政府的财政收支行为。

3 对一国经济的开放性进行衡量的基本原理是什么？衡量经济开放性的工具是国际收支。

国际收支是指一国居民与外国居民在一定时期内各项交易的货币价值总和。

国际收支是一个流量概念，它反映的内容是交易，其范围限于居民与非居民之间的交易。

4 国际收支账户各个组成部分之间存在什么关系？国际收支账户的账户设置包括经常账户、资本与金融账户、错误与遗漏账户。

经常账户记录的是世纪资源的国际流动，它包括货物、服务、收入和经常转移。

资本与金融账户是记录资产所有权国际流动行为的账户，其中资本账户包括转移及非生产、非金融资产的收买和放弃；金融账户包括直接投资、证券投资、其他投资、官方储备。

经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间的关系：经常账户余额与贸易账户余额之间的差别体现在收入账户余额的大小上。

You are given the following information about a country’s international transactions during a year: a.Calculate the values of the country’s goods and services balance,current account balance,and official settlements balance?a.Merchandise trade balance: $330 - 198 = $132Goods and services balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 = $124Current account balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 = $119Official settlements balance: $330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 + 102 - 202 + 4 = $23b.What are the value of the change in official reserve assets(net)?Is the country increasing or decreasing its net holdings of official reserve assets?b.Change in official reserve assets (net) = - official settlements balance = -$23The country is increasing its net holdings of official reserve assets.What are the major types of transactions or activities that result in supply of foreign currency in the spct foreign exchange market?Exports of merchandise and services result in supply of foreign currency in the foreignexchange market. Domestic sellers often want to be paid using domestic currency, whilethe foreign buyers want to pay in their currency. In the process of paying for these exports,foreign currency is exchanged for domestic currency, creating supply of foreign currency.International capital inflows result in a supply of foreign currency in the foreign exchangemarket. In making investments in domestic financial assets, foreign investors often startwith foreign currency and must exchange it for domestic currency before they can buy thedomestic assets. The exchange creates a supply of foreign currency. Sales of foreignfinancial assets that the country's residents had previously acquired, and borrowing fromforeigners by this country's residents are other forms of capital inflow that can createsupply of foreign currency.You have access to the following three spot exchange rates:＄0.01/YEN＄0.20/KRONE25YEN/KRONEYou strat with dollars and want to end up with dollarsa.hoe would you engage in arbitrage to profit from these three rates?what is the profit for each dollar used initially?a.The cross rate between the yen and the krone is too high (the yen value of the krone is toohigh) relative to the dollar-foreign currency exchange rates. Thus, in a profitabletriangular arbitrage, you want to sell kroner at the high cross rate. The arbitrage will be:Use dollars to buy kroner at $0.20/krone, use these kroner to buy yen at 25 yen/krone, anduse the yen to buy dollars at $0.01/yen. For each dollar that you sell initially, you canobtain 5 kroner, these 5 kroner can obtain 125 yen, and the 125 yen can obtain $1.25. Thearbitrage profit for each dollar is therefore 25 cents.b.As a result of this arbitrage,what is the pressure on the cross-rate between yen and krone?what must the value of the cross-rate be to eliminate the opportunity for triangular arbitrage?b.Selling kroner to buy yen puts downward pressure on the cross rate (the yen price ofkrone). The value of the cross rate must fall to 20 (=0.20/0.01) yen/krone to eliminate theopportunity for triangular arbitrage, assuming that the dollar exchange rates areunchanged.Explain the nature of the exchange rate risk for each of the following,from the perspective of the U.S frim or person.in your answer,include whether each is a long or short position in foreign currency.a.a small U.S firm sold experimental computer computer compoments to a Japanese firm,and it will receive payment of 1 million yen in 60 days.a.The U.S. firm has an asset position in yen—it has a long position in yen. To hedge itsexposure to exchange rate risk, the firm should enter into a forward exchange contractnow in which the firm commits to sell yen and receive dollars at the current forward rate.The contract amounts are to sell 1 million yen and receive $9,000, both in 60 days.The current spot exchange rate is ＄1.20/euro.the current 90-day forward exchange rate is＄1.18/euro.you expect the spot rate to be ＄1.22/euro in 90 days.how would you speculate using a forward contract?if many people speculate in this way,what pressure is placed on the walue of the current forward exchange rate?Relative to your expected spot value of the euro in 90 days ($1.22/euro), the currentforward rate of the euro ($1.18/euro) is low—the forward value of the euro is relativelylow. Using the principle of "buy low, sell high," you can speculate by entering into aforward contract now to buy euros at $1.18/euro. If you are correct in your expectation,then in 90 days you will be able to immediately resell those euros for $1.22/euro,pocketing a profit of $0.04 for each euro that you bought forward. If many peoplespeculate in this way, then massive purchases now of euros forward (increasing thedemand for euros forward) will tend to drive up the forward value of the euro, toward acurrent forward rate of $1.22/euro.The following rates are available in the markets:Current spot exchange rate:＄0.500/SFrCurrent 30-day forward exchange rate:＄0.505/SFrAnnualized interest rate on 30-day dollar-denominated bonds:12%(1.0% for 30 days)Annualized interest rate on 30-day Swiss franc-denominated bonds:6%(0.5% for 30 days)a.Is the swiss franc at a forward premium or discount?a.The Swiss franc is at a forward premium. Its current forward value ($0.505/SFr) is greaterthan its current spot value ($0.500/SFr).b.should a U.S-based investor make a covered investment in swiss franc-denominated 30-day bonds,rather than investing 30-day dollar-denominated bonds?Explain.b.The covered interest differential "in favor of Switzerland" is ((1 + 0.005) (0.505) / 0.500)- (1 + 0.01) = 0.005. (Note that the interest rate used must match the time period of theinvestment.) There is a covered interest differential of 0.5% for 30 days (6 percent at anannual rate). The U.S. investor can make a higher return, covered against exchange raterisk, by investing in SFr-denominated bonds, so presumably the investor should make thiscovered investment. Although the interest rate on SFr-denominated bonds is lower thanthe interest rate on dollar-denominated bonds, the forward premium on the franc is largerthan this difference, so that the covered investment is a good idea.c.Because of covered interest arbitrage,what pressures are placed on the various rates?if the only rate that actually changes is forward exchange rate,to what value will it bu driven?c.The lack of demand for dollar-denominated bonds (or the supply of these bonds asinvestors sell them in order to shift into SFr-denominated bonds) puts downward pressureon the prices of U.S. bonds—upward pressure on U.S. interest rates. The extra demandfor the franc in the spot exchange market (as investors buy SFr in order to buySFr-denominated bonds) puts upward pressure on the spot exchange rate. The extrademand for SFr-denominated bonds puts upward pressure on the prices of Swissbonds—downward pressure on Swiss interest rates. The extra supply of francs in theforward market (as U.S. investors cover their SFr investments back into dollars) putsdownward pressure on the forward exchange rate. If the only rate that changes is theforward exchange rate, this rate must fall to about $0.5025/SFr. With this forward rate andthe other initial rates, the covered interest differential is close to zero.Why is testing whether uncovered interest parity holds for actual rates more difficult than testing whether covered interest parity holds?In testing covered interest parity, all of the interest rates and exchange rates that areneeded to calculate the covered interest differential are rates that can observed in the bondand foreign exchange markets. Determining whether the covered interest differential isabout zero (covered interest parity) is then straightforward (although some more subtleissues regarding timing of transactions may also need to be addressed). In order to testuncovered interest parity, we need to know not only three rates—two interest rates and thecurrent spot exchange rate—that can be observed in the market, but also one rate—theexpected future spot exchange rate—that is not observed in any market. The tester thenneeds a way to find out about investors' expectations. One way is to ask them, using asurvey, but they may not say exactly what they really think. Another way is to examinethe actual uncovered interest differential after we know what the future spot exchange rateactually turns out to be, and see whether the statistical characteristics of the actualuncovered differential are consistent with an expected uncovered differential of aboutzero (uncovered interest parity)the following rates currently exist:spot exchange rate:＄1.000/euro.Annual interest rate on 180-day euro-denominated bonds:3%Annual interest rate on 180-day U.S dollar-denominated bonds:4%Ibvestors currently expect the spot exchange rate to be about＄1.005/euro in180 days.a.show that uncovered interest parity holds(approximately)at these ratesa.The euro is expected to appreciate at an annual rate of approximately ((1.005 -1.000)/1.000)⊕(360/180)⊕100 = 1%. The expected uncovered interest differential isapproximately 3% + 1% - 4% = 0, so uncovered interest parity holds (approximately).What is likely to be the effect on the spot eschange rate if the interest rate on 180-day dollar-denominated bonds declines to 3%? If the euro interest rate and the expected future spot rate are unchanged,and if uncovered interest parity is reestablished,what will the new current spot exchange rate be?has the dollar appreciated or depreciated?b.If the interest rate on 180-day dollar-denominated bonds declines to 3%, then the spotexchange rate is likely to increase—the euro will appreciate, the dollar depreciate. At theinitial current spot exchange rate, the initial expected future spot exchange rate, and theinitial euro interest rate, the expected uncovered interest differential shifts in favor ofinvesting in euro-denominated bonds (the expected uncovered differential is now positive,3% + 1% - 3% = 1%, favoring uncovered investment in euro-denominated bonds. Theincreased demand for euros in the spot exchange market tends to appreciate the euro. Ifthe euro interest rate and the expected future spot exchange rate remain unchanged, thenthe current spot rate must change immediately to be $1.005/euro, to reestablish uncoveredinterest parity. When the current spot rate jumps to this value, the euro's exchange ratevalue is not expected to change in value subsequently during the next 180 days. Thedollar has depreciated immediately, and the uncovered differential then again is zero (3%+ 0% - 3% = 0)You observe the following current rates:Spot exchange rate:＄0.01/yenAnnual interest rate on 90-day U.S dollar-denominated bonds:4%Annual interest rate on 90-day yen-denominated bonds:4%a.if uncovered interest parity holds,what spot exchange rate do investors expect to exist in 90 days?a.For uncovered interest parity to hold, investors must expect that the rate of change in thespot exchange-rate value of the yen equals the interest rate differential, which is zero.Investors must expect that the future spot value is the same as the current spot value,$0.01/yen.b.a close U.S presidential has just been decided.the candidate whom international investors view as the stronger and more probusiness person won.because of this,investors expect the exchange rate to be＄0.0095/yen in 90 days.what will happen in the foreign exchange market?b.If investors expect that the exchange rate will be $0.0095/yen, then they expect the yen todepreciate from its initial spot value during the next 90 days. Given the other rates,investors tend to shift their investments toward dollar-denominated investments. Theextra supply of yen (and demand for dollars) in the spot exchange market results in adecrease in the current spot value of the yen (the dollar appreciates). The shift toexpecting that the yen will depreciate (the dollar appreciate) sometime during the next 90days tends to cause the yen to depreciate (the dollar to appreciate) immediately in thecurrent spot market.To aid in its efforts to get reelected,the current government of o country decides to increase the growth rate of the domestic money supply by two percentage points.the increased growth rate becomes”permanene”because once started it is difficult to reverse.a.according to the monetary approach,how will this affect the long-run trend for the exchange rate value of the country’s currency?a.Because the growth rate of the domestic money supply (M s ) is two percentage pointshigher than it was previously, the monetary approach indicates that the exchange ratevalue (e) of the foreign currency will be higher than it otherwise would be—that is, theexchange rate value of the country's currency will be lower. Specifically, the foreigncurrency will appreciate by two percentage points more per year, or depreciate by twopercentage points less. That is, the domestic currency will depreciate by two percentagepoints more per year, or appreciate by two percentage points less.b.explain why the nominal exchange rate trend is affected,referring to PPPb.The faster growth of the country's money supply eventually leads to a faster rate ofinflation of the domestic price level (P). Specifically, the inflation rate will be twopercentage points higher than it otherwise would be. According to relative PPP, a fasterrate of increase in the domestic price level (P) leads to a higher rate of appreciation of theforeign currency.A country has a marginal propensity to save of 0.15 and a marginal propensity to import of 0.4 real domestic spending now decreases by＄2 billiona.according to the spending multiplier(for a small open economy),,by how much will domestic product and income change?a.The spending multiplier in this small open economy is about 1.82 (= 1/(0.15 + 0.4)). Ifreal spending initially declines by $2 billion, then domestic product and income willdecline by about $3.64 billion (= 1.82⋅$2 billion)b.what is the change in the country’s imports?b. If domestic product and income decline by $3.64 billion, then the country's imports willdecline by about $1.46 billion (= $3.64 billion⋅0.4).c.if this country is large,what effect will this have on foreign product and income?explainc. The decrease in this country's imports reduces other countries' exports, so foreign productand income decline.d.will the change in foreign product and income tend to counteract or reinforce the change in the first country’s domestic product and income?explaind. The decline in foreign product and income reduce foreign imports, so the first country'sexports decrease. This reinforces the change (decline) in the first country's domesticproduct and income—an example of foreign-income repercussions.。

第四章汇率理论与学说4.1复习笔记一、国际金本位制度下汇率的决定基础国际金本位制度下，铸币平价是决定两种货币汇率的基础。

金本位条件下的两种货币的含金量比值称作铸币平价。

在外汇市场上，汇率有时会高于、而有时又低于铸币平价。

黄金输送点是汇率上下波动的界限。

二、国际借贷（收支）论和汇兑心理论1．国际借贷论（1）国际借贷论的内容①外汇汇率由外汇的供求关系决定，而外汇的供求又是由国际借贷引起的。

商品的进出口、债券的买卖、利润与捐赠的收付、旅游支出和资本交易等都会引起国际借贷关系。

②在国际借贷关系中，只有已经进入支付阶段的借贷才会影响外汇的供求关系。

尚未进入支付阶段的借贷则只会影响未来的外汇供求。

③反映债权债务存量的国际投资状况并不影响外汇供求，反映债权债务流量的国际借贷状况才影响外汇供求。

a．当一国的流动债权（外汇收入）大于流动债务（外汇支出）时，外汇的供应大于需求，因而外汇汇率下降；b．当一国的流动债务大于流动债权时，外汇的需求大于供应，因而外汇汇率上升；c．当一国的流动借贷平衡时，外汇收支相等，于是汇率处于均衡状态，不会发生变动。

（2）国际借贷论的贡献及局限性①国际借贷论说明了汇率短期变动的原因，但不能解释在外汇供求均衡时汇率为何处于这一点位，也没有揭示长期汇率的决定因素。

②国际借贷论强调国际借贷关系对汇率的影响，但忽略了影响汇率变动的许多其他具体因素，没有说明借贷关系变化的成因，因而不能完整地描述汇率的决定过程。

2．国际收支论（1）国际收支论的内容国际收支论假定汇率完全自由浮动，汇率通过自身变动使国际收支始终处于平衡状态。

因此，该理论认为，为研究汇率的决定因素，首先需要研究哪些因素影响国际收支。

①影响国际收支的因素经常项目的影响因素包括：本国和外国国民收入（Y，Y*）、汇率（S）、两国的相对价格水平（P，P*），即CA=CA（Y，Y*，S，P，P*）。

资本项目的影响因素包括：本国及外国利率（i，i*）和预期的未来汇率水平（ES），即KA=KA（i，i*，ES）。

国际金融风险第四章答案（已整理）第四章一、选择题1、（B）主要是对资产负债表和损益表进行分析，其有助于商业银行深入了解客户的经营状况以及经营过程中存在的问题A、财务比率分析B、财务报表分析C、盈利情况分析D、现金流量分析2、个人客户信用风险主要表现为（B）A、担保风险B、违约风险C、政策风险D、贷款风险3、商业银行信用评级使用的专家系统有各种各样的架构设计，根据其基本要素，有5C s系统、5P s系统、骆驼（CAMEL）分析系统，下列属于5C s系统构成要素的是（A）A、品德、资本、还款能力、抵押、经营环境B、个人因素、资金用途因素、还款来源因素、保障因素、企业前景因素、C、资本充足率、资产质量、管理水平、盈利水平、流动性D、资本、管理水平、资金因素、企业前景因素、抵押4、下列关于信用评分模型的说法，正确的是（B）A、信用评分模型是建立在对当前市场数据模拟的基础上B、信用评分模型可以给出客户信用风险水平的分数C、信用评分模型可以及时反映企业信用状况的变化D、信用评分模型可以提供客户违约概率的准确数值5、中国银监会对原国有商业银行和股份制商业银行按照三大类七项指标进行评估，下列选项不属于三大类的是（D）A、经营绩效类指标B、资产质量类指标C、审慎经营类指标D、风险管理类指标6、2001年我国监管当局出台了贷款风险分类的指导原则，把贷款分为五类，根据风险大小由低到高排列正确的是（B）A 关注、正常、次级、可疑和损失B 正常、关注、次级、可疑和损失C 正常、关注、可疑、次级和损失D 关注、正常、可疑、次级和损失7、效率比率体现的管理层管理和控制资产的能力，又称（D）A 盈利能力比率B 效果比率C 效能比率D 营运能力比率8、在过去的很长一段时间内，国际银行业都是通过专家判断法来对客户进行信用风险评级，这类系统中的5Cs方法不考虑的因素为（C）A 债务人的资本实力B 债务人的还款能力C 信贷专家的主观估计D 贷款抵押品9、假设某企业2010年的销售成本为50万元，销售收入为100万元，年初资产总额为170万元，年底资产总额为190万元，则其总资产周转率为（B）A 20%B 26%C 53%D 56%10、从国际银行业的发展经历来看，商业银行客户信用评级大致按顺序经历了（A）A 专家判断法、信用评分法、违约概率模型分析B 信用评分法、专家判断法、违约概率模型分析C 专家评级法、违约概率模型分析、信用评分法D 信用评分法、违约概率模型分析、专家判断法11、假设某企业2010年的税后收益为50万元，支出的利息费用为20万元，其所得税税率为25%,且该年度其平均资产总额为180万元，则其资产回报率约为（A）A 28%B 36%C 39%D 40%12、下列哪个不是专家制度法的主要方法（D）A、5CB、5PC、5WD、Z值模型13、Z值评分模型的分析基础是（A）A、财务指标B、资产质量C、资信D、商业周期14、下列不基于财务指标的信用风险度量方法是（C）A、线性几率模型、B、定性响应(Qualitative response)模型C、Altman的Z值模型D、专家制度法15、下列哪种信用评分方法可以解决非线性问题（B）A、定性响应(Qualitative response)模型B、神经网络法C、C、Altman的Z值模型D、ZETA模型16、财务评估主要是借助于（A）A、现金流量表B、利润表C、资产负债表D、损益表17、初始信用评级的调整是（A）A、债务人评级B、贷款项目的评级C、抵押品评级D、质押品评级二、计算题1、某大型企业财务资料如下：总资产=350000（元）流动资产=80000（元）流动负债=75000（元）息税前利润=30000（元）留存收益=20000（元）股票总市值=100000（元）长期负债=200000（元）销售收入=600000（元）计算该企业的阿特曼Z值。