建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译
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A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface、 The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries、 These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary、 一个热力学系统就是一个在空间或有事项得数量由一个封闭得表面范围内得区域.周围环境包括一切外部系统,系统就是从周围环境隔开得系统边界。这些边界可以就是动产或固定得,真实得或想象。 The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy、 Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system、 The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy、 Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections、 熵与能量得概念,在任何热力学系统操作。熵措施分子系统紊乱.更为复杂得系统,其熵值越大,反之,有序或纯配置就是低熵之一。能源已经产生效果得能力,并在下面得章节中所述,可以存储或短暂形式分类.
Heat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature、 Heat is positive when energy is added to the system、
Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of
systems with differing pressures (or force of any kind), always toward the lower pressure、 If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary、 Work is positive when energy is removed from the system、 热量Q与不同得温度,跨系统得边界传输能量总就是向温度较低得机制。热就是积极得,当能量被添加到系统中.
功就是指通过存在压差(任一种力)得系统边界传递能量得作用过程,总就是指向低压,如果系统中产生得总效果能被简化为一个重物得提升,那么只有功通过了边界,当能量从系统中一出时,功就是正得。 A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system、 The state of a system is defined by listing its properties、 The most mon thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ、 Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy、 Frequently, thermodynamic properties bine to form other properties、 Enthalpy h, a result of bining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv where u is the internal energy per unit mass 系统属性就是系统得任何观察到得特征.系统状态得定义就是通过列出其属性.最常见得热力学性质得温度T,压力P,与特定得体积V或密度ρ.其她热力学性质包括熵,能量储存形式,与焓。ﻫ 通常情况下,热力学性质相结合,形成其她属性。焓H,一个属性相结合得结果,被定义为:H = U + PVﻫ其中u就是每单位质量得内部能量 Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how the substance arrived at that state、 A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the properties of a system、 A process is described by specifying the initial and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process、 中得每一个给定得状态得属性只有一个定值,与任何财产总就是有相同得值给定得状态,不管如何抵达该国得物质.ﻫ 一个进程就是一个状态得改变,在系统属性得任何改变,可作为定义。一个过程就是指定得初始与最终得平衡状态,路径(如果识别),并采取跨系统得边界,在这个过程中发生得相互作用。 A cycle is a process or a series of processes wherein the initial and final states of the system are identical、 Therefore, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning、 A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical position、 It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical position is the same in all phases 一个周期进程得一个过程或一个系列,其中系统得初始与最终状态就是相同得得.
因此,在一个周期结束时,所有属性具有相同得价值,她们开始。ﻫ 纯物质均匀得与不变得化学成分。它可以存在于超过一个阶段,但在各个阶段得化学成分就是一样得 If a substance is liquid at the saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated liquid、 If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the given pressure) or a pressed liquid (the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature)、 如果一种物质在饱与温度与压力得液体,它被称为饱与液体。如果液体得温度低于现有得压力得饱与温度,它被称为就是过冷液体(温度低于给定压力得饱与温度)或压缩液体(压力大于饱与为给定得温度压力)。 If a substance exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor、 When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor、 Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains constant、 Gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly superheated vapors、