现代美国俚语初探

谈俚语的特点及美国盛行俚语的原因摘要：本文详细介绍了俚语的定义、特点及美国盛行俚语的原因；同时也提出了我们必须对俚语的使用持正确的态度。

关键词：俚语盛行原因俚语 )是一个很难下定义的术语。

《简明牛津词典》（第六版 1976年）中有两个定义。

第一个定义是“在非正式用法中常用的、但通常被认为不属于标准英语部分的，经常故意用来收到形象、生动或新颖、不落俗套效果的词或短语，或者这些词或短语的某些特定意义。

”《简明牛津词典》俚语的第二个定义是：“某一阶级或某一职业所特有的，或者用来表示专门意义的词等”。

俚语是整个语言的一个重要组成部分。

.所列俚语有十万条之多，估计俚语占日常使用的英语词汇总数的五分之一，这足以看出俚语在美国应用是很广的。

然而，俚语又是人们反应最不一致的一类语言。

有人认为俚语丰富了语言，有人又把俚语的使用视为对语言的污染而加以岐视……，俚语究竟有何特点？如何正确使用俚语？为什么美国盛行俚语？对于一个学习英语的人来说掌握这些是非常必要的。

所以本文主要谈的是俚语的特点及美国盛行俚语的原因。

一、俚语的特点作为一种超非正式语，它的最显著的特点在于它的非正式性。

它在语体正式程度上可以大大低于正规语或普通体语言，例如：在谈到电视时n一词是普通体，属语言的共用核心部分，它的缩短形式为l y，在《简明牛津词典》为l，属非正式口语体。

有的语言学者认为，受过充分教育的人在口头使用l ly一词时常常要伴以一笑，仿佛给这个词加上了一对有形的引号。

如果有人在某种情况下还嫌l y太正式，他可用一些更为正式的俚语词汇，如： --e r等；如果电视机出了故障，则可以说 。

这些关于电视的俚语也说明俚语具有新鲜性和形象性这一重要特点。

俚语的使用增加了语言表达的丰富性，使人们能够根据不同场合，运用各种不同语体色彩的语汇表达同一事物或概念。

例如：对于“小题大做” e s)这一概念，人们可以用一句谚语“ i lls, 也可以用口语体表达方法e r of it. 这两种说法都属于标准语的范畴。

[美国俚语大全]美国英语俚语大全(免费) 篇一: 美国英语俚语大全American English slangs美国俚语美国口语俚语1.clock in 打卡Don’t forget to clock in,otherwise you won’t get paid. 别忘了打卡，否则领不到钱。

e on to 对...轻薄；吃豆腐Tanya slapped Bill after he came on to her. Tanya在Bill对她轻薄之后打了他一巴掌。

e easily 易如反掌Languages come easily to some people. 语言学习对有些人来说易如反掌。

4.don’t have a cow别大惊小怪Don’t have a cow! I’ll pay for the damages. 别大惊小怪的！我会赔偿损失的。

5.push around 欺骗Don’t try to push me around! 别想耍我！美国口语俚语1.keep one’s shirt on保持冷静Keep your shirt on. He didn’t mean to offend you. That’s just the way he talks. 保持冷静。

那只是他说话的惯常方式，他并非有意要冒犯你。

2.cool it冷静一点Cool it. Y ou are making me mad. 冷静一点。

你快把我逼疯了。

3.joy ride兜风Let’s go for a joy ride. 让我们去兜兜风。

4.rap说唱乐Do you like rap music? I have trouble understanding the words. 你喜欢说唱音乐吗？我听不太懂其中的歌词。

5.red-letter day大日子This is a red-letter day for Susan. She made her first sale to a very important client. 今天是susan的大日子。

听不懂美国人说话？那只是你不懂slang（完整版）来源：张旻昊sneaks的日志抵美已经将近半年了，但是还是很多时候他们在我面前说话还是bla,bla,bla,bla....... 于是我和我的美国朋友有了一次深刻的交流，终于完成了俚语葵花宝典当然你不用自宫了，但是这些都是常用的美国俚语，希望对大家有所帮助。

首先我们从A开始AaceHe's an ace reportervery goodactionDo you know where the action is in this town?excitementairheadMy sister's boyfriend is a real airheadstupid personall wetYour ideas about politics are all wet.completely wrongall-nighterI almost fell asleep during the test after an all-nighter.after studying all nightammoThe gun was useless after the killer ran out of ammo.ammunitionantifreezeI really need some antifreeze in me on cold days like this.liquorarmpitThis town is really an armpit.undersirable placeawesomeWhat an awesome sunset.meaningBbadWow, that was really a bad movie.intensebarfHe barfed all over the seat of the airplane. vomitedbashedThe boat was bashed beyond recognition. crushedbeatAfter working all day I am really beat. exhaustedbeemerHe just bought a new beemer to drive to work in. BMW carbenchHe was benched during the basketball playoffs. taken out of the gamebentIt's OK. Don't get so bent.angrybent out of shapeDon't get so bent out of shape.become upsetbig gunThe president brought two big guns to the meeting. powerful peoplebig mouthShut up! You really have a big mouth.talk too muchbig stinkThe citizens made a big stink about the new nuclear power station. big issuebladeHe carried a ten inch blade with him.knifeblimpI always seem to have a blimp sitting next to me when I travel. very fat personblowI'm going to blow out of here now.leaveHe blew all his money gambling.lostblow a fuseHey, don't blow a fuse.loose your temperblow one's coolCalm down. Don't blow your cool.become angryblown awayI was blown away by his donation of a million dollars.greatly impressedbombThe movie was a bomb.badbombedThe driver of the car was bombed.intoxicatedbonkersI think I am going bonkers.crazyboo-booIf you make another boo-boo like that, you won't have a job. mistakeboozeI promised to bring two bottles of booze to the party.alcoholbreadI need some bread to pay for my car.moneybreakA lucky break helped him get the job.opportunitybreak it upBreak it up, or I will call the police.stopbring-downThe news of the airplane crash was a bring-down. depressingbuckDo you have a buck I can borrow?dollarbummedI was really bummed after I heard the news.depressedbummerMy trip to New York was a bummer.bad experiencebustThe whole idea was a bust.failurebuy itIf you don't slow down, you're going to buy it in a car accident. dieCcallThe weatherman made a good call about when the storm would come. predictioncanDo you know where the can is?bathroomcarbMy motorcycle's carb is out of adjustment.carburetorcatch some raysI'm going to lie on the beach and catch some rays.get some sunshinecatch some Z'sI need to catch some Z's before I go on my trip.get some sleepcheesyThat is really a cheesy looking outfit.cheapchickenDon't be a chicken.cowardchintzyThat really was a chintzy present you got him.cheapchow downI need to find a place to chow down.eat a lotclipWatch out or they will clip you at that bar.cheatclunkerI can't go on a date in that clunker.cold fishMy date for the dance was a cold fish.dullcollarI knew they would collar the robber sooner or later. arrestcome up for airHe has to come up for air or he will die from exhaustion. take a breakconDon't try to con me.deceivecoolThis is a really cool place to work.goodcool downThings should cool down in a day or two.calm downcopHow did you get the road sign? I copped it.stoleThe cop showed me his badge.plicemancouch potatoHe is a couch potato.lazy personcrack open a bottleLet's crack open a bottle for his birthday.opencramI need more time to cram for the test.study hardOur team creamed them badly.beatcroakI feel like I am going to croak.diecruiseThe skier was cruising down the hillgoing very fastcuffsHe put the cuffs on the killer.handcuffscushyHe has a really cushy job.easycutCould you cut my whiskey with a little water? dilutecut outIt is late. I have to cut out.leaveDdamageLets get the bill and find out the damage. costdeadThis disco is really dead tonight.quietdeckHe was decked in the fight.knocked downdeep pocketsHer boyfriend has deep pockets.is a good source of monediceySince the weather is a little dicey, I won't go today. chancydirtyI hear that it's a dirty movie.an obsceneditchI'll ditch my younger brother with my grandmother. leavedo a snow job onDon't try to do a snow job on me.deceivedopeHe is such a dope.stupid personThere are a lot of dope dealers around here.drugdorkHe is such a dork.strange persondoughI need some dough before I can go Christmas shopping. moneydownLet's go to a bar and down a few beers.drink quicklydragDoing homework on the weekend is a drag.boringdynamiteThis drink is really dynamite.powerful; greatEearfulMy grandmother gave me an earful about the neighborhood.a lot of gossipeasy markThe Japanese are an easy mark because they usually carry cash. likely victimseatThe problem is really eating away at me.botheringexcellentThat's excellent man.fineFface-offThe two sides were headed for a nasty face-off. confrontationfar-outThis music is really far-out.greatfixThe addict needs another fix.dose of drugsflakyHe is too flaky to do the work.unreliableflashbackAt the wedding he had a flashback of his old girlfriend. rememeberedflickI haven't seen a flick in a long time.movieflip outHe flipped out when he heard that his mother had been killed. lost controlflip sideWhat kind of music do you have on the flip side of the tape? other sidefoxHis older sister is a fox.very attractivefoxyShe is a foxy lady.sexyfreebieThe pillow was a freebiea free thingGget into somethingI got into gardening in high school.became seriously inteseted inget itI listened to the joke twice, but I still don't get it. understandget with itIf you don't get with it, we will never finish this work.hurry upgigI have a gig on Saturday night from 7:00 to 10:00.jobglitchThis computer program has a glitch.defectglitzyThis is a pretty glitzy hotel to be staying in. fashionablegoLet me have a go at solving the problem.trygo bananasI am going to go bananas if I don't have a vacation soon. go crazygo downWhat is going down?happeninggoofI am really a goof at times.foolgoof upI really goofed up when I painted my room green. make a serious mistakegoofyYou are always acting goofy these days.sillygourdUse your gourd to figure out what is happening.headgrandHis salary is twenty grand.thousand dollarsgrassLots of students smoke grass in the dormitory. marijiuanagravyThis job is pure gravy.easy moneyThis music is groovy.pleasantgrossPicking your nose is really a gross habit.disgustinggross-outThe party was a gross-out.disgusting timegrubWhere is the best place to get some grub around here?foodgrubbyThose clothes are too grubby to wear to the party.unclear and untidygrungyThat is a really grungy jacket.dirtygutHe got shot in the gut.stomachgutsIt takes a lot of guts to give the boss your true opinion. courageHhairyThat was a hairy plane trip. I am glad the storm is over. dangeroushammerPut the hammer to the floor or we will be late for the wedding. acceleratorhang it upI have decided to hang up my teaching job.hang looseJust hang loose for another few days.relaxhang toughWe need to hang tough on our decision.stick withhardwareThe police were surprised by all the hardware the gang members had. weaponshave a buzz onI had a buzz on after the third martini.was slightly intoxicatedhave good vibesI have good vibes about our new secretary.feel good abouthave it all togetherRecently I don't have it all together.feel mentally all thereheaveI heaved up on the floor.vomitedhighThe teenagers look high to me.intoxicated on drugs or alcoholhip-shooterHe is such a hip-shooter.always talking without thinkinghistoryI don't have any idea where my old boyfriend is. He's history. something in the pasthitYour proposal was a hit with the boss.hole upI had to hole up for three days because the police were looking for me.hidehonchoThe honcho says that we are going to have to give up two days of our vacation. bosshookerHer clothes make her look like a hooker.prostitutehotThe police stopped them because they thought the car was hot.stolenhuffyI will do it soon so please don't get huffy.angryhungryIf you are not hungry, you won't get ahead in the business.eager to make moneyhustleIf you don't hustle, we will be late again.hurry uphypedThe fans were all hyped up for the football game.excitedhyperDon't get hyper about what she told you. You know it isn't true.over excitedIinThe tie you are wearing is really in.fashionableThey are really in deep with each other.deeply involvedin the bagEverything is in the bag. There is nothing to worry about. settledintenseThis is a very intense situation we are discussing. seriousJjamI am glad you got yourself out of that jam.troublejerk someone aroundRecently it seems like everyone is jerking me around. wasting my time and cause my troublejockMy roommate is a jock for the basketball team.an athletejohnThe john really smells.bathroomjointWhere is the closest joint to here.cheap barHe is good at rolling joints.marijuana cigerattesjunkieSam is a junkie.drug addictjust off the boatHe acts like he is just off the boat.naiveKkeep one's coolHe kept his cool when his house burned down. remain calmkeggerI hear there is a kegger at John's house tonight. beer partykickI get a kick out of watching him paint.enjoyklutzHe is a real klutz.stupid and clumsy personknockDon't knock it if you can't do it any better. criticizeknocked upMy dog gets knocked up once a year.pregnantknockoutWho was that knockout I saw you with last Friday? stunning personknuckle sandwichShut up or I'll give you a knuckle sandwich. punch in the mouthkookWatch out for all the kooks in this neighborhood. strange personLlaid-backYou need to be more laid-back.calm and relaxedlameThat is really a lame excuse.an inadequatelineI have heard that line a million times.storyloserJohn is a loser.annoying and uselesslove handlesI exercise every day, but I can't get rid of these love handles.rolls of fat around my stomachMmake wavesTry not to make waves around the office.cause troublemaxed outI am maxed out at my work and need to rest.exhuastedmeanHe plays a mean violin.performs well onmegaI have mega amounts of tomatoes in my garden this summer.largemegabucksHe made megabucks when he sold his company.a lot of moneymellowYou need to mellow out and enjoy life.calm downand relaxmeltdownThere has been a meltdown in the relationship between my parents and me.mickey mouseThe homework the teacher gave us was mickey mouse. nonsense and a waste of timemove on someoneI am going to try to move on Sarah next Saturday.pick up seducemushThat is total mush and you know it.nonsenseNnarkWatch out for the narks in the airport.drug policeneatThat was a neat idea that you had.goodnegativeThere are too many negatives about the company merger. bad thingsnickThe police nicked the shoplifter as he was leaving the store. arrestednipHe took a nip out of the bottle.a quick drinkno sweatIt's no sweat to have the report in to you by Monday.no problemnukeI'll nuke our dinner in a few minutes.heat up in the microwaveDoes that attack plane have any nukes?nutI think that he is a nut.crazy personYou are completely nuts if you think I will go with you. crazyPpadHave you found a pad yet?a place to livepain in the neckMy wife's best friend is a pain in the neck.annoyingpaper-pusherMy office is filled with paper-pushers.bureaucratic office workparty animalYou're too old to be a party animal.love partiesparty-heartyWe need to party-hearty because we just got a raise in salary. celebratepawGet your paws off of my body.handspeanutsI am not going to work for peanuts.practically no moneypickledHe gets pickled after only one beer.intoxicatedpiece of cakeWorking on a computer for me is a piece of cake.easy to dopigHe is a pig at parties.eats too muchpig outLet's go to the restaurant and pig out.eat a lot or overeatpit stopLet's make a pit stop at the next rest area.stop and go to the bathroomplasteredHe drinks too much and is always plastered on the weekend. intoxicatedpooped outHe pooped out after we started to do the hard work.quitpopShut up or I will pop you.hitpop for somethingIt is my turn to pop for the doughnuts.buyproHe is really a pro at his work.professionalprodCan you give me a gentle prod next week so I won't forget? remindpsyched upThe players are really psyched up for the game on Friday. mentally readypsychoShe is a psycho. She should be in a hospital.pukeI feel like I am going to puke.vomitpush offI am going to push off now.leaveput the moves onYou should give up trying to put the moves on her. She is married. seduceput-onIt was an elaborate put-on which I almost believed.deceptionQquarterbackWho is going to quarterback the meeting?leadquick buckI need to make a quick buck.some easy moneyRrackI have to hit the rack by ten or I'll be tired in the morning.bedrack outI am going to rack out for two hours.sleepracketThere sure was a lot of racket outside last night.noiseragI can't believe we still get this same old rag.rapWe need to sit down and rap about a few things.talk aboutratholeWhen are you going to be able to move out of that rathole? run down palcerawThe raw office workers were not getting much done.newream someone outThe boss really reamed him out for his bad report.got angry with himred hotYour idea is really red hot.importantrepoHey, don't repo my car. I will pay next week.repossessrinky-dinkThe circus was really rinky-dink.inferiorriotThe comedy program was a real riot.funnyroad hogThat driver is a road hog.takes up too much of the roadrocksWould you like your whiskey on the rocks?with icerough timeWe have had a rough time this winter.rugIs that a rug on his head?wigrug ratMy sister has three rug rats.childrenruleMy wife rules the house.dominatesrun off at the mouthHe is always running off at the mouth.talking too muchrun out of gasThe politician ran out of gas during the campaign.lost interst or momentumSsackWhen did you hit the sack last night?go to bedscamDon't lose your money in some kind of scam.swindlescarfSince he hadn't eaten in a week, he scarfed down everything on his plate. ate quicklyschmuckWhat a stupid schmuck.jerkscrew aroundIf you screw around all day at this work, you will have to come back again. waste timeIf you screw up one more time, I will fire you.make a mistakesharpHe is very sharp with numbersintelligentshotI'll give the puzzle another shot.tryshot downEveryone shot down my idea at first, but later agreed that it was a good idea. disagreed withslammerThe police threw them both in the slammer.jailsmashedTry not to get smashed at the beer party.intoxicatedsmoke eaterMy father is a smoke eater.firemansplitIt is time to split and go see the movie.leavespookThe cows were spooked by the howling of the wolves.frightenedspudDo you want rice or spuds for dinner?potatoessquareMy father looks square in his jacket.old-fashionedDon't get so steamed up over the issue.angrystinkThis whole operation stinks.is repulsivestraightI want you to give me a straight answer.honeststressedI am really stressed by all the recent world events.upsetsuckerDon't be a sucker.be deceivedTtake a hikeI am tired of all your complaining. Take a hike.leavetakenHe was taken for all his money at the casino.cheated out oftaking care of businessI have been taking care of business.doing what i have to dothreadsThose look like expensive threads he is wearing. clothestool aroundI don't want to tool around all night. It is time to go home. drive aroundtotaledMy car was totaled in the accident with the garbage truck.complemently wreckedUupHe has been up ever since he met his new girlfriend.happy and cheerfulup for grabsThis is a sale. Everything is up for grabs.availableVveg outI want to veg out in front of the television this evening.relax and do nothingvibesHe really gives off good vibes.feelingwwadYou don't want to carry a wad like that with you in the big city. bundle of moneywasteAfter you waste him, throw the body in the river.killwheelsIf you let me borrow your wheels, I'll go out and buy a pizza. carwhizHe is a whiz at the computer.talented personwiredI am really wired after drinking five cups of coffee.altertwussyDon't be such a wussy all the time. Say what you are thinking.weak personYyukkyThis food tastes yukkybadZzappedI am too zapped to help you right now.exhuastedzipHe knew zip about running the company.nothing终于完成了，这些天累的半死半活的整理，然后天天还有人说一些乱七八糟的，感到心寒。

美国日常常用俚语英语俚语是英语中的一种常见语言，通常用于非正式场合。

在外国学英语最有趣的事情是你能听到很多俚语。

下面是小编为大家整理的美国日常常用俚语，希望对您有所帮助。

欢迎大家阅读参考学习!各国常常用到的俚语1.He's the idol of girls. 他是个大众情人。

2.There you go again. 你又来那一套了。

3.I'm not as picky as you. 我没有像你那样挑剔。

4.He holds a top job. 他位居要职。

5.That's more like it. 那还差不多。

6.I'll show you the way. 我为你带路。

7.That's more than I can say. 我无可奉告。

8.You can't get it cheap! 这个价钱最便宜不过了!9.Let down your hair! 坦白地说吧!10.I need a steady job. 我需要一个固定的差事。

11.Let your hair dry! 你别神气!12.Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。

13.We must keep in mind our final objective and our 我们必须牢记我们的最后目标和任务。

14.Fish in troubled waters. 趁火打劫(混水摸鱼) 。

15.I don't know what you are talking about. 我不知道你在胡说些什么。

16.Now I'm safe and sound. 现在我安全无忧了。

17.We talked our hearts out. 我们互吐心声。

18.Don't make a federal case out of this matter. 不要把此事虚张声势出去。

关于美国俚语的社会语言学研究前言美国俚语是美国语言中最为活跃的因素,从社会语言学的角度出发,对美国俚语进行分析,能够将美国俚语和社会社会语言学的发展态势连结起来,从而深入认识不断变化的美国文化。

1 俚语的界定俚语是相当特殊的一种语言形式,其本身并不能归入错误用语当中,又不同于口语,传统意义上的俚语是指构意粗糙流通面极窄的地方语言,也有人认为俚语是介于口语和行话之间的语言,总之俚语的特性就在于它的不稳定性和不确定性,但是其在美国社会、经济、文化生活中却十分的流行,不但在美国人的日常交流中十分常见,即使是在畅销的美国文学著作中俚语也是比较常见的,由此可见俚语在美国的存在和应用是极为广泛的。

俚语的来源和存在的形式是极为多样的,所以对美国俚语的规范定义一直是一个困难的工作,在英语大百科全书上对俚语有如下的解释：俚语是一种非正式语言,其本质特点可以体现在语音、重读和语调上,但是更多的特质是体现在词汇形式和语义上的。

2 美国俚语的语言特点精力旺盛、开朗活泼、勇于创新,这些是美国人民常常引以为豪的民族特征,美国人民的这些特征在美国俚语中体现的可谓淋漓尽致,很多美国俚语其对词汇形式和语义内容的改变目的、改变方式和改变后的表现形式,都极具创意非常易于与人交流。

2.1 美国俚语的形态特征2.1.1 单音节词作为俚语其本身体现出的使用需求,就是要简洁明了,能够用相对简单的表现形式表达出较深刻的语义,在这种俚语发展模式的推动下,美国俚语呈现出一种偏好短词的现象,如果你对美国俚语进行总结就会发现其中,有大量的短词甚至单音节词。

如Uncle Sam（The United States of America）2.1.2 首字母缩略词利用短语或者单词中的首字母构建俚语,是美国俚语创新最简便的方式,同时这一方式创造的俚语却不仅仅有这一方面的特点,而是呈现出美国俚语普遍性的特点,例如snafu（situation normal all fucked up）好心办成坏事,就是一个很好的例子,这一词不仅创造的方式简单,而且还将美国俚语特有的幽默彰显出来,让这样一个尴尬的事情,在说出来时很自然、诙谐。

浅析美国俚语作者：王金凤来源：《青年文学家》2011年第22期摘要：语言是人类最重要的交际工具，人们借助语言保存和传递人类文明的成果。

俚语是亚文化的语言载体。

在英语中占有一定的重要地位，是在日常生活中被总结出来的一种简洁，诙谐，富有韵味等特点的非规范性语言。

在美国它受到很多人的偏爱，在它的使用中我们也可以看到创造者和使用者的价值观，信仰等。

本文将从俚语的起源，形成原因，语言特征，和美国文化之间的关系等方面探讨美国俚语。

关键词：俚语；起源；语言特征；社会功能[中图分类号]：H310.1[文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2011)-22-0130-02俚语的使用地域性比较强，历时性却很短。

刚开始的时候，俚语被看成是低俗的语言，难登大雅之堂，但是后来地位逐渐转变，在韦氏大词典中被定义为色彩丰富且具有滑稽特点的语言。

了解俚语的起源、发展、特征和社会功能将使我们更好地了解美国文化，更好地与美国人交流。

美国俚语的定义：《韦伯斯特第三版新国际词典》给俚语下了如下概述：1、俚语是吸毒者、囚犯、黑人、流浪汉等使用的语言，他们之所以使用这种语言是因为他们不想让人知道他们所说的内容的真实含义，现在被称为暗语。

2、俚语是高度口语化的极为不规范的语体，由新语和特定的修辞构成，是有幽默风趣，生动形象，言简意赅，色彩丰富等特点。

3、俚语是指从事同一行业或有着同一种生活方式的人们所使用的语言，是一种语法不规范的用语，但却又不同于土话的口语体。

一、起源俚语源于各种亚文化群的专用语，美国社会的亚文化为美国俚语的产生提供了肥沃的土壤。

俚语最初的创造者是一些罪犯、赌徒、黑人等下层人士及流动工人、士兵、水手、移民和少数民族等，他们在社会上的特殊地位和身份使他们不愿意别人听懂自己说的话的含义，所以他们的方言、行话、粗俗语等逐渐形成了这种特定的非规范性语言。

如“grass”（草）在犯人的黑话中指“informer”(告密者)；其次，亚文化与主流文化的交融促进了群体内向外扩散的趋势，使它们在亚文化群体外的社会公众得以广泛传播，也进一步被大众文化所接受并流行起来。

罨；试周刊２０１４年第８７期　美国俚语翻译探究　吴启庚　（江西理工大学外语外贸学院，江西赣州　３４１０００）　摘要：本文主要研究俚语的翻译，通过对俚语特有文　化特征的描述和分析，对如何传达俚语中的指称义、言内义和　语用义进行了实例分析，最终得出了翻译的正确方法。　关键词：文化　直译　意译　美国俚语　

一、

俚语的定义　

根据辞海的词条解释，俚语是“非习惯用语，用以表达新　

鲜事物．或对旧事物赋以新的说法”。它是一种小范围内人使　用的用语。１８００年，初见于印刷品，所载为伦敦罪犯们的行话。　俚语多出自价值观念上的冲突，表示敌意或轻蔑；也可出自对　本集团内成员的讪笑。　二、俚语的文化特征　１．地域文化特征　俚语的出现与其民族的生活习惯息息相关。英国作为一　个岛国，海上贸易比较发达。中国是一个大陆国家，基本依赖　陆地生活。因此，在词汇倾向方面各有不同。如形容大手大脚　花钱，汉语用“挥金如土”，而英语则是“ｓｐｅｎｄｍｏｎｅｙｌｉｋｅｗａ．　ｔｅｒ”。又如气候和季风，中国的夏天一般极为炎热，因此有“赤　１３炎炎如火烧”、“骄阳似火”等俚语，而英国夏天温暖湿润，因　此会有莎士比亚的“ｓｈａｌｌ　Ｉ　ｃｏｍｐａｒｅ　ｙｏｕ　ｔｈｅｅ　ｔｏ　ａ　ｓｕｍｍｅｒ’Ｓ　ｄａｙ？”的用法。　２．风俗文化特征　这方面的特征数不胜数．这里以对同一动物的不同看法　为例。狗在美国文化中是人类最忠实的朋友，在美国俚语中，　与狗有关的俚语常常带有褒义色彩，如“ｙｏｕ　ａｒｅ　ａｌｕｃｋｙ　ｄｏｇ”，　“ｅｖｅｒｙ　ｄｏｇ　ｈａｓ　ｉｔｓ　ｄａｙ”．“ｏｌｄ　ｄｏｇ　ｗｉｌｌ　ｎｏｔ　ｌｅａｒｎ　ｎｅｗ　ｔｒｉｃｋｓ”。在中　国文化中．狗常常是一种卑微低下的动物，多数用语常常带有　贬义色彩。如“狗腿子”、“狗改不了吃屎”、“偷鸡摸狗”、“狗仗　人势”、“狗眼看人低”等。　３．宗教文化特征　宗教是文化的内核。很多俚语都与宗教有关。中国佛教有　上千年的历史。很多俚语、俗语都与佛教有关，如“借花献佛”、　“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”。美国多数人信基督教，很多俚语　常常与基督教经典《圣经》相关，如“Ｇｏ　ｔｏ　ｈｅｌｌ”、“ｙｏｕ　ｃａｎ　ｇｏ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｅｖｉｌ”等。　三、美国俚语翻译　１．社会符号学翻译法　奈达经过长期的《圣经》翻译实践，在翻译研究后期，经过　不断翻译实践，他认为翻译实质上是一种符号的转换活动，具　体阐述了社会符号学翻译法是《圣经》翻译取得功能对等的有　效途径。　奈达认为，翻译即翻译意义。符号学意义观适合于翻　译——意义代表一种三维关系，具备三种意义：（１）指称意义；　（２）言内意义；（３）语用意义。这三类意义作为一个整体构成　了语言的完整意义。从社会符号学观点分析词语的意义构　成．就必须将词语的言内意义、指称意义和语用意义紧密结　

美国俚语起源与发展-原创中文版第一篇：美国俚语起源与发展-原创中文版美国俚语如何进入大众文化Abstract：American slang originates from the people of lower class, but has been used by people of different states, which makes it into a popular language from the vulgar one.The essay tells the development of American slang from both the aspects of language itself and social culture.We can judge from the essay that people can not only experience the unique characteristic of slang, but also the American culture which is hidden in this language.美国俚语起源于二战期间, 那时的俚语只是某一个人团体所使用的暗语或行话.而这一语言的诞生恰恰是这一团体中类似于吸毒者,流浪汉和罪犯这样的人.比如一些吸毒者就创造了一种俚语,他们用鼻嗅糖,黑色的东西,射击场这样的词来暗指毒品.黑人甚至将俚语看作是本民族文化的一部分.他们使用像廉价酒,阔步舞,霹雳舞,爵士之类的词汇.但是现在,俚语已经成为美国人广泛使用的语言,并在日常生活中起着重要的作用.它已经从一种粗俗的语言形式转变成一种标准语体, 并经常在类似于纽约时报这样的报纸和杂志上出现.据报道,美国俚语的词汇已占到英语总体词汇的十分之一.显然,俚语已成为美国文化的一个重要组成部分.2.文章脉络20世纪之前,美国上流社会的人们对俚语持有蔑视的态度.评论家托马斯在他1829年发表的一文中评述到: 俚语是傻瓜才会使用的语言.到了1928年,俚语一词在韦伯英语词典里被定义为低级,粗俗而毫无意义的语言.然而, 20世纪时, 美国人民对俚语的态度却发生了戏剧性的转变.新一版的韦伯词典将俚语一词定义为非正式的,非标准性语言.这种语言通常是由一些生搬硬造的词汇组成, 用以体现出一种过激的, 强势的或是滑稽的语言特征.俚语作为一种起源于社会底层的语言,必然有它成为被大众文化所接受的种种原因.这些因素可以分为两类.一种是源于俚语本身,另一种是源于文化氛围.2.1 内在原因2.1.1俚语的简洁性俚语的句子简短易懂.我们都知道”flu”这个词是流感的意思，而“cab”是出租车的意思，但是我们很少知道这些语言是来自于俚语，而且它们的原型动词是“influenza”和“motor car”.俚语通过缩写，省略等方式使其比那些常规而难拼的词汇更加简短，在不混淆含义与概念的前提下使冗长的内容变得更简洁明了。

2007年第11期吉林省教育学院学报No 111,2007第23卷J O URNAL OF E D UCAT I O NAL I NST I TUTE O F JI L I N PR O V I NCE Vol 123(总155期)Tot a l No 1155收稿日期:2007—08—16作者简介:王　蕾(1978—),女,吉林公主岭人。

长春师范学院外语学院,助教。

从文化角度谈美国俚语王　蕾(长春师范学院外语学院,吉林长春130032)摘要:美国英语中有许多幽默、形象、意思又模棱两可的词,这些词被称为俚语。

俚语不会出现在正式的英语教学中,这也是英语学习者对一些简单对话产生误解的原因。

俚语是否有资格进入正式用语中一直是一个颇具争议的问题。

然而不管人们对俚语的使用存在怎样的偏见,仍然有大量的词进入俚语这个范畴,而且新词也在不断地涌出。

既然俚语既是语言学中的一个范畴,也是社会上必不可少的一种语言形式,它就值得人们对其进行仔细研究。

本文尝试对一些美国俚语词的感情色彩和文体作用进行研究。

关键词:美国俚语;感情色彩;文体作用中图分类号:H31 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671—1580(2007)11—0089—02 近年来,美国俚语在美国人的现代生活中发挥着极其重要的交际作用,它从昔日不登大雅之堂的市井杂语升为更为常见的时髦用语,我们甚至可以在《纽约时报》上发现美国俚语。

美国俚语又不同于中国的方言,它也不是新发明的词,而是一些简单的词在特定的文化背景下的变异。

俚语看似简单,但是很多时候它的意思并不是我们看到的字面意思那么简单。

如果我们要像美国本土人一样说一口地道的美式英语,或毫无障碍地和美国人交流,仅有扎实的语法功底和大量的词汇量是不够的,所以,学习一个社会团体或一个地区的俚语是十分必要的。

一、美国俚语产生的来源(一)亚文化向主流文化的渗透现代美国俚语的来源较广。

隐语、行话及黑话均产生了许许多多的精彩的俚语,如美国罪犯把监狱外的社会称为street (街道),按他们的说法,这个世界分为监狱内和监狱外两部分,而监狱外就是大街,只要他们不在押,大街便是他们活动的地方,因而street ti m e 这个俚语就被用来指假释期。