implicit–explicit backward difference formulae for quasi-linear parabolic equations
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Numer.Math.(2015)131:713–735
DOI10.1007/s00211-015-0702-0NumerischeMathematik
Fullyimplicit,linearlyimplicitandimplicit–explicit
backwarddifferenceformulaeforquasi-linear
parabolicequations
GeorgiosAkrivis·ChristianLubich
Received:18March2014/Revised:16December2014/Publishedonline:11January2015
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015
AbstractQuasi-linearparabolicequationsarediscretisedintimebyfullyimplicit
backwarddifferenceformulae(BDF)aswellasbyimplicit–explicitandlinearly
implicitBDFmethodsuptoorderfive.Underappropriatestabilityconditionsfor
thevariousmethodsconsidered,weestablishoptimalorderapriorierrorboundsby
energyestimates,whichbecomeapplicableviatheNevanlinna-Odehmultipliertech-
nique.
MathematicsSubjectClassification65M12·65M60·65L06
Enl’honneurdeMichelCrouzeixàl’occasiondesonsoixante-dixième
anniversaire
1Introduction
Inthispaperwestudystabilityandconvergenceoftimediscretisationsofquasi-
linearparabolicequations.Thetimeintegrationmethodsconsideredarevariantsof
backwarddifferenceformulae(BDF)uptoorder5,whichincludethestandardfully
implicitBDFmethodaswellascomputationallylessexpensivelinearlyimplicitand
implicit–explicitvariants.Suchmethodshavebeenstudiedpreviouslyfornon-linear
TheworkofGeorgiosAkriviswaspartiallysupportedbyGSRT-ESET“Excellence”grant1456.
G.Akrivis
DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,
UniversityofIoannina,45110Ioannina,Greece
e-mail:akrivis@cs.uoi.gr
C.Lubich(B
)
MathematischesInstitut,UniversitätTübingen,
AufderMorgenstelle,72076Tübingen,Germany
e-mail:lubich@na.uni-tuebingen.de
123714G.Akrivis,C.Lubich
parabolicproblemswithtemporallyconstantellipticoperator[1,3,5,8]andforlinear
parabolicproblemswithtime-dependentoperators[12],usingspectralandFourier
techniques.
Ontheotherhand,energytechniquesforfirst-(implicitEuler)andsecond-order
BDFmethodshavebeenusedforparabolicproblemsin[14]and[13].Theseenergy
argumentsrelyontheA-stabilitypropertyofthemethodsintheequivalentformof
Dahlquist’sG-stability[6].TherestrictiontoA-stablemultistepmethodsintheuse
ofenergytechniqueshasbeenovercomein[11],wherethemultipliertechniquefor
A(θ)-stablemethodsisdevelopedandappliedtostiffordinarydifferentialequations.
Apartfromsomepreliminaryremarksin[11],thispowerfultechniquehasnotbeen
usedinthenumericalanalysisofparabolicproblemsuntilfairlyrecently,in[9],where
aclassoflinearproblemswithtime-dependentoperatorsisconsidered.
Forquasi-linearparabolicproblems,implicitRunge–Kuttamethodshavebeenstud-
iedin[10]usingbothenergyandFouriertechniques.
Here,wewillusetheNevanlinna-Odehmultipliertechniqueof[11],inaway
similarto[9],instudyingBDFmethodsandtheirlinearlyimplicitandimplicit–explicit
variants,uptoorder5,whentheyareappliedtoquasi-linearparabolicproblemsin
thesettingof[10].Wegiveparticularattentiontothearisingstabilityconditions.
InSect.2weformulatethegeneralproblemsettingandthenumericalmethodsto
bestudied.Weconsideranabstractsettingthatencompassesquasi-linearparabolic
partialdifferentialequationsaswellastheirfiniteelementsemi-discretisationsin
space.InSect.3wediscussexistenceofthenumericalsolutionsandtheconsistency
errorsofthevariousmethods.Section4givesthestabilityanderroranalysisofthe
fullyimplicitBDFmethodsuptoorder5,whileSects.5and6dealwiththeimplicit–
explicitandlinearlyimplicitBDFvariants,respectively.InSect.7westudythecase
ofHermitianellipticoperatorsinthequasi-linearparabolicproblem,forwhichwe
requirelessstringentstabilityconditionsthatareindependentoftheboundedness-
coercivityratiooftheoperatorsforallBDFmethodsuptoorder5.Thissubstantial
improvementinthestabilityconditionsisobtainedbyusingtime-andstate-dependent
normsintheanalysis.
2Settingandpreliminaries
2.1Abstractsetting
LetT>0,u0∈H,andconsideranabstractinitialvalueproblemforapossibly
quasi-linearparabolicequation
u
(t)+A(t,u(t))u(t)=B(t,u(t)),0
u(0)=u0,(1)
inthefollowingsetting,cf.[10]:LetHandVbeseparablecomplexHilbertspaces
withnorms|·|and·,respectively,suchthatVisdenselyandcontinuouslyembedded
inH.ThenormofthedualspaceV
isdenotedby·
.WeidentifyHanditsdual
H
,sothatV⊂H=H
⊂V
,andthedualitypairing(·,·)betweenV
andV
123Backwarddifferencemethodsforquasi-linearparabolicequations715
coincidesonH×VwiththeinnerproductofH.Weassumethat,uniformlyforall
w∈V,thesesquilinearformassociatedwiththelinearoperatorsA(t,w):V→V
satisfiesthecoercivityinequality
Re(A(t,w)υ,υ)≥κ(t)υ2
∀υ∈V,(2)
withasmoothpositivefunctionκ:[0,T]→R,andisboundedby
|(A(t,w)υ,˜υ)|≤ν(t)υ˜υ∀υ,˜υ∈V,(3)
withasmoothpositivefunctionν:[0,T]→R.
Furthermore,weassumethattheoperatorsA(t,·)satisfytherestrictedLipschitz
conditionalongtheexactsolutionu(t),
A(t,w)−A(t,˜w)
u(t)
≤λ(t)w−˜w+μ|w−˜w|∀w,˜w∈V,(4)
forallt∈[0,T],withasmoothnonnegativefunctionλ:[0,T]→R.Typicallyin