implicit–explicit backward difference formulae for quasi-linear parabolic equations

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Numer.Math.(2015)131:713–735

DOI10.1007/s00211-015-0702-0NumerischeMathematik

Fullyimplicit,linearlyimplicitandimplicit–explicit

backwarddifferenceformulaeforquasi-linear

parabolicequations

GeorgiosAkrivis·ChristianLubich

Received:18March2014/Revised:16December2014/Publishedonline:11January2015

©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015

AbstractQuasi-linearparabolicequationsarediscretisedintimebyfullyimplicit

backwarddifferenceformulae(BDF)aswellasbyimplicit–explicitandlinearly

implicitBDFmethodsuptoorderfive.Underappropriatestabilityconditionsfor

thevariousmethodsconsidered,weestablishoptimalorderapriorierrorboundsby

energyestimates,whichbecomeapplicableviatheNevanlinna-Odehmultipliertech-

nique.

MathematicsSubjectClassification65M12·65M60·65L06

Enl’honneurdeMichelCrouzeixàl’occasiondesonsoixante-dixième

anniversaire

1Introduction

Inthispaperwestudystabilityandconvergenceoftimediscretisationsofquasi-

linearparabolicequations.Thetimeintegrationmethodsconsideredarevariantsof

backwarddifferenceformulae(BDF)uptoorder5,whichincludethestandardfully

implicitBDFmethodaswellascomputationallylessexpensivelinearlyimplicitand

implicit–explicitvariants.Suchmethodshavebeenstudiedpreviouslyfornon-linear

TheworkofGeorgiosAkriviswaspartiallysupportedbyGSRT-ESET“Excellence”grant1456.

G.Akrivis

DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering,

UniversityofIoannina,45110Ioannina,Greece

e-mail:akrivis@cs.uoi.gr

C.Lubich(B

)

MathematischesInstitut,UniversitätTübingen,

AufderMorgenstelle,72076Tübingen,Germany

e-mail:lubich@na.uni-tuebingen.de

123714G.Akrivis,C.Lubich

parabolicproblemswithtemporallyconstantellipticoperator[1,3,5,8]andforlinear

parabolicproblemswithtime-dependentoperators[12],usingspectralandFourier

techniques.

Ontheotherhand,energytechniquesforfirst-(implicitEuler)andsecond-order

BDFmethodshavebeenusedforparabolicproblemsin[14]and[13].Theseenergy

argumentsrelyontheA-stabilitypropertyofthemethodsintheequivalentformof

Dahlquist’sG-stability[6].TherestrictiontoA-stablemultistepmethodsintheuse

ofenergytechniqueshasbeenovercomein[11],wherethemultipliertechniquefor

A(θ)-stablemethodsisdevelopedandappliedtostiffordinarydifferentialequations.

Apartfromsomepreliminaryremarksin[11],thispowerfultechniquehasnotbeen

usedinthenumericalanalysisofparabolicproblemsuntilfairlyrecently,in[9],where

aclassoflinearproblemswithtime-dependentoperatorsisconsidered.

Forquasi-linearparabolicproblems,implicitRunge–Kuttamethodshavebeenstud-

iedin[10]usingbothenergyandFouriertechniques.

Here,wewillusetheNevanlinna-Odehmultipliertechniqueof[11],inaway

similarto[9],instudyingBDFmethodsandtheirlinearlyimplicitandimplicit–explicit

variants,uptoorder5,whentheyareappliedtoquasi-linearparabolicproblemsin

thesettingof[10].Wegiveparticularattentiontothearisingstabilityconditions.

InSect.2weformulatethegeneralproblemsettingandthenumericalmethodsto

bestudied.Weconsideranabstractsettingthatencompassesquasi-linearparabolic

partialdifferentialequationsaswellastheirfiniteelementsemi-discretisationsin

space.InSect.3wediscussexistenceofthenumericalsolutionsandtheconsistency

errorsofthevariousmethods.Section4givesthestabilityanderroranalysisofthe

fullyimplicitBDFmethodsuptoorder5,whileSects.5and6dealwiththeimplicit–

explicitandlinearlyimplicitBDFvariants,respectively.InSect.7westudythecase

ofHermitianellipticoperatorsinthequasi-linearparabolicproblem,forwhichwe

requirelessstringentstabilityconditionsthatareindependentoftheboundedness-

coercivityratiooftheoperatorsforallBDFmethodsuptoorder5.Thissubstantial

improvementinthestabilityconditionsisobtainedbyusingtime-andstate-dependent

normsintheanalysis.

2Settingandpreliminaries

2.1Abstractsetting

LetT>0,u0∈H,andconsideranabstractinitialvalueproblemforapossibly

quasi-linearparabolicequation

󰀁

u󰀂

(t)+A(t,u(t))u(t)=B(t,u(t)),0

u(0)=u0,(1)

inthefollowingsetting,cf.[10]:LetHandVbeseparablecomplexHilbertspaces

withnorms|·|and󰀃·󰀃,respectively,suchthatVisdenselyandcontinuouslyembedded

inH.ThenormofthedualspaceV󰀂

isdenotedby󰀃·󰀃

󰀂.WeidentifyHanditsdual

H󰀂

,sothatV⊂H=H󰀂

⊂V󰀂

,andthedualitypairing(·,·)betweenV󰀂

andV

123Backwarddifferencemethodsforquasi-linearparabolicequations715

coincidesonH×VwiththeinnerproductofH.Weassumethat,uniformlyforall

w∈V,thesesquilinearformassociatedwiththelinearoperatorsA(t,w):V→V󰀂

satisfiesthecoercivityinequality

Re(A(t,w)υ,υ)≥κ(t)󰀃υ󰀃2

∀υ∈V,(2)

withasmoothpositivefunctionκ:[0,T]→R,andisboundedby

|(A(t,w)υ,˜υ)|≤ν(t)󰀃υ󰀃󰀃˜υ󰀃∀υ,˜υ∈V,(3)

withasmoothpositivefunctionν:[0,T]→R.

Furthermore,weassumethattheoperatorsA(t,·)satisfytherestrictedLipschitz

conditionalongtheexactsolutionu(t),

󰀃󰀂

A(t,w)−A(t,˜w)󰀃

u(t)󰀃

󰀂≤λ(t)󰀃w−˜w󰀃+μ|w−˜w|∀w,˜w∈V,(4)

forallt∈[0,T],withasmoothnonnegativefunctionλ:[0,T]→R.Typicallyin