Part 1 General words
岩土工程Geotechnical engineering 基础工程Foundation engineering 土soil ,earth`
土力学soil mechanics
周期荷载cyclic loading
卸载，再加载reloading
粘弹性地基viscoelastic foundation 粘滞阻尼viscous damping
剪切模量shear modulus
土动力学soil dynamics
应力路径stress path
砌块block
底板标高floor elevation
顶板标高roof elevation
绝对标高absolute elevation
相对标高relative elevation
钢结构steel structure
抗拉强度tensile strength
伸长率elongation
屈服强度yield strength
有色金属non-ferrous metals
喷射混凝土shotcrete 勘察survey；investigation
工程地质engineering geology
风化花岗岩 decomposed granite
Part 2 Types of soil
残积土residual soil
地下水groundwater
地下水位groundwater level /groundwater table
粘土矿物clay minerals
次生矿物secondary minerals
滑坡landslide
钻孔柱状图bore hole columnar section 工程地质勘察engineering geologic investigation
漂石boulder
卵石cobble
砂石gravel
砾砂gravelly sand
粗砂coarse sand
中砂medium sand
细砂fine sand
粉土silty sand
粘性土clayey soil
粘土clay
粉质粘土silty clay
砂质粉土sandy silt
粘质粉土clayey silt
饱和土saturated soil
非饱和土unsaturated soil
填土filled soil
Part 3 Permeability and seepage
达西定律Darcy’s law
管涌piping
流土flowing soil
砂沸sand boiling
流网flow net
渗流seepage
渗漏leakage
渗透压力seepage (force) pressure
渗透性permeability
水力梯度hydraulic gradient
渗透系数coefficient of permeability Part 4 Deformation and stress of foundation
软土soft soil
打入桩（负）摩阻力(negative) skin friction of driven pile
有效应力effective stress 总应力total stress
十字板抗剪强度field vane shear strength
低活性low activity
灵敏度sensitivity
三轴试验triaxial test
基础设计foundation design
再压缩recompaction
承载力bearing capacity
土体soil mass
接触压力contact pressure
集中荷载concentrated load
半无限弹性体 a semi-infinite elastic solid
均质homogeneous
各向同性isotropic
条基strip footing
方形独立基础square spread footing 下卧层（土）underlying soil (stratum ,strata)
恒载/静载dead load
持续荷载sustained load
活载live load
短期瞬时荷载short –term transient
load
长期荷载long-term transient load
折算荷载reduced load
沉降settlement
变形deformation
套管casing
堤（防）dike=dyke
粘粒粒组clay fraction
物理性质physical properties
路基subgrade
级配良好土well-graded soil
级配不良土poorly-graded soil
筛子sieve
摩尔-库仑破坏条件Mohr-Coulomb failure condition
有限元法FEM=finite element method 极限平衡法limit equilibrium method 孔隙水压力pore water pressure
先期固结压力preconsolidation pressure
压缩模量modulus of compressibility 压缩系数coefficent of compressibility 压缩指数compression index
回弹指数swelling index 自重应力geostatic stress
附加应力additional stress
最终沉降final settlement
滑移线slip line
Part 5 Excavation and dewatering of foundation
开挖excavation
降水dewatering
基坑失稳failure of foundation
基坑围护bracing of foundation pit （基坑）底隆起bottom heave=basal heave
挡土墙retaining wall
孔压分布pore-pressure distribution
降低地下水位法dewatering method 井点系统well point system
深井点deep well point
真空井点vacuum well point
支撑围护braced cuts
支撑开挖braced excavation
支撑挡板braced sheeting
Part 6 Deep foundation
桩基础pile foundation
灌注桩cast –in-place pile
沉管灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile
钻孔桩bored pile
机控异型灌注桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile
嵌岩灌注桩piles set into rock
夯扩桩rammed bulb pile
钻孔墩基础belled pier foundation
钻孔扩底墩drilled-pier foundation
预制混凝土桩precast concrete pile
钢桩steel pile
钢管桩steel pipe pile
钢板桩steel sheet pile
预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pile
预应力混凝土管桩prestressed concrete pipe pile
沉井（箱) caisson foundation
地下连续墙diaphragm
摩擦桩friction pile
端承桩end-bearing pile
波动方程分析wave equation analysis 承台pile cap
单桩承载力bearing capacity of single pile
单桩横向载荷试验lateral pile load test 单桩横向极限承载力ultimate lateral resistance of single pile
单桩竖向静荷载试验static load test of pile
单桩竖向容许承载力vertical allowable load capacity
低桩承台low pile cap
高桩承台high-rise pile cap
单桩抗拔极限承载力vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile
静压桩silent piling
抗拔桩uplift pile
抗滑桩anti-slide pile
群桩pile groups
群桩效率系数（η）efficiency factor of pile groups
群桩效应efficiency of pile groups
桩基动测dynamic pile testing
最后贯入度final set
桩动荷载试验dynamic load test of pile 桩的完整性试验pile integrity test
桩头pile head=butt
桩端（头）pile tip=pile point=pile toe
桩距pile spacing
桩位布置图pile plan
桩的布置arrangement of piles =pile layout
群桩作用group action
桩端阻end bearing=tip resistance
桩侧阻skin(side) friction=shaft resistance
桩垫pile cushion
打桩（振动）pile driving(by vibration) 拔桩试验pile pulling test
桩靴pile shoe
打桩噪音pile noise
打桩机pile rig
Part 7 Ground treatment
建筑地基处理技术规范technical code for ground treatment of building
垫层法cushion method
预压法preloading method
强夯法dynamic compaction method 强夯置换法dynamic compaction replacement method
振冲法vibroflotation method
砂石桩sand-gravel pile /pile-stone column 水泥粉煤灰碎石桩cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)
水泥土搅拌桩cement mixing pile
水泥桩cement column
石灰桩lime pile /lime column
高压喷射注浆法jet grouting method 夯实水泥土桩rammed-cement-soil pile
灰土挤密桩lime-soil compaction pile /lime-soil compacted column
化学加固法chemical stabilization method
表层压实法surface compaction method
超载预压法surcharge preloading method
真空预压法vacuum preloading method
袋装砂井法sand wick method
土工织物geofabric /geotextile
复合地基composite foundation
加筋法reinforcement method
降低地下水固结法dewatering consolidation method
冷热处理法freezing and heating method
膨胀土地基处理expansive ground
treatment
山区地基处理ground treatment in mountain area
湿陷性黄土地基处理collapsible loess treatment
人工地基artificial foundation
天然地基natural foundation
褥垫pillow
软土地基soft clay ground
砂井sand drain
树根桩root pile
塑料排水带plastic drain
碎石桩stone column/gravel pile
（复合地基）置换率
(composite foundation) replacement ratio
Part 8固结consolidation
太沙基固结理论Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory
巴隆固结理论Barraon’s consolidation theory
比奥固结理论Biot’s consolidation theory
超固结比over consolidation ration (OCR)
超固结土overconsolidation soil
超孔压力excess pore water pressure 多维固结multi-dimensional consolidation
一维固结one-dimensional consolidation
主固结primary consolidation
次固结secondary consolidation
固结度degree of consolidation
固结试验consolidation test
固结曲线consolidation curve
时间因子time factor Tv
固结系数coefficient of consolidation 前期固结压力preconsolidation pressure
有效应力原理principle of effective stress
K0固结consolidation under K0 condition
Part 9 抗剪强度shear strength
不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strength
残余强度residual strength
长期强度long-term strength
峰值强度peak strength
剪胀dilatation
抗剪强度有效应力法effective stress
approach of shear strength
抗剪强度总应力法total stress approach of shear strength
莫尔－库仑理论Mohr-Coulomb theory
内摩擦角angle of internal friction
粘聚力cohesion
破坏准则failure criterion
十字板抗剪强度vane strength
无侧限抗压强度unconfined compression strength
有效应力破坏包线effective stress failure envelope
Part 10 Constitutive model
弹性模型Elastic model
非线性弹性模型Nonlinear elastic model
弹塑性模型Elastoplastic model
粘弹性模型Viscoelastic model
边界面模型Boundary surface model 邓肯－张模型Duncan-Chang model 刚塑性模型Rigid plastic model
帽模型Cap model
加工软化Work softening
加工硬化Work hardening
剑桥模型Cambridge model 理想弹塑性模型Ideal elastoplastic model
莫尔－库仑屈服准则Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion
屈服面Yield surface
弹性半空间地基模型Elastic half-space foundation model
弹性模量Elastic modulus
Part 11 Bearing capacity of foundation soil
冲切破坏Punching shear failure
整体剪切破坏General shear failure
局部剪切破坏Local shear failure
极限平衡状态State of limit equilibrium
地基稳定性Stability of soil/rock foundation
地基极限承载力Ultimate bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation
地基容许承载力Allowable bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation
Part 12 earth pressure and slope stability analysis
主动土压力Active earth pressure
被动土压力Passive earth pressure
静止土压力Earth pressure at rest
休止角Angle of repose
边坡稳定安全系数Safety factor of
slope
条分法Slices method
Part 13 retaining wall
挡土墙稳定性Stability of retaining wall
基础墙Foundation wall
扶壁式挡土墙Counter retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙Cantilever retaining wall
悬臂式板桩墙Cantilever sheet pile wall
重力式挡土墙Gravity retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙Anchored plate retaining wall
锚定板板桩墙Anchored sheet pile wall
Part 14 Soil test
高压固结试验High pressure consolidation test
K0固结试验Consolidation under K0 condition
变水头渗透试验Falling head permeability test
不固结不排水三轴试验Unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test 固结不排水/排水三轴试验Consolidated undrained/drained triaxial test
击实试验Compaction test 固结快剪试验Consolidated quick direct shear test
快剪试验Quick direct shear test
土工模型试验Geotechnical model test 离心模型试验Centrifugal model test 直剪仪Direct shear apparatus
Part 15 In situ test
标准贯入试验Standard penetration test (SPT)
表面波试验Surface wave test(SWT) 动力触探试验Dynamic penetration test(DPT)
静力触探试验Static cone penetration test
跨孔试验Cross-hole test
螺旋板载荷试验Screw plate test
旁压试验Pressuremeter test
轻便触探试验Light sounding test
深层沉降观测Deep settlement measurement
现场渗透试验Field permeability test 原位空隙水压量测In-situ pore water pressure measurement
原位（土、岩石）试验In-situ soil/rock test
直剪试验Direct shear test
直接单剪试验Direct simple shear test 动三轴试验Dynamic triaxial test
自（共）振柱试验Free(resonance) vibration column test
隧道Tunnel
水平隧道Horizontal gallery
明挖法Cut and cover
沉管法Immersed tube
入口隧道或引道隧道Access tunnel 竖shaft
斜井Inclined shaft
洞室cavern
天然洞室Natural cavern
人工洞室Artificial cavern
地下综合建筑Underground complex 尺寸Size,dimension
特小断面Mini section
小断面Small section
中断面Medium section
特大断面Very large section
短Short length
中长Medium length
长大Long length 特长大Very long length
断面形状Section shape
圆形Circular shape
马蹄形Horseshoe shape
矩形Rectangular shape
卵形Egg shape
箱形Box shape
内部净空断面形状Inside shape
开挖断面形状Outside or excavation shape
埋深Tunnel depth
明挖回填Cut and cover
浅埋Shallow depth
中埋Medium depth
深埋Deep depth
特深埋Very deep depth
用途Purpose or use
调查investigation
地质调查Ground investigation
导洞Pilot tunnel
调查孔或坑道Pilot bore
铁路rail
干线Main line
地铁metro
公路road
人行道pedestrian
车站Station
上水道Water supply
水利发电Hydraulic power
有压与无压隧洞Pressure or non pressure tunnels
分水渠River diversion
洪水Storm water
排水Drainage
水渠Aqueduct
冷气cooling air
冷却水排水Cooling water outfall
航道navigation
下水道Sewerage
地域暖气District heating
电缆cable
热水Hot water
电力－通信Power-telecommunication 通风Ventilation
煤气Gas
工厂factory 发电所Generating station
储藏storage
流体和固体储藏Fluids and solids storage
停车parking
办公室，商店Office, shop
军事Military
人防Defence，protection
多目的，多功能Multi service
采矿Mining
地下建筑物各部分名称Parts of cross section
仰拱Invert arch
底板floor
拱部或拱顶部roof
拱顶crown
拱脚Springer
拱肩shoulders
刹尖key
边墙wall
墙脚feet
腿部leg
膝部knee
开挖面或掌子面face
形状shape
衬砌lining
曲隅部bend
交叉部crossing
正面部Face, front
入口部access
洞门portal
接头部junction
分岔部bifurcation
开口部Opening window
加宽部enlargement
避难洞Recess
筛子sieve
围岩Surrounding rock
地质学geology
水文地质学hydrogeology
岩石力学Rock mechanics
土力学Soil mechanics
地震活动Seismicity
钻孔或钻探boring
地质物理调查Geophysical investigation
室内试验Laboratory test
现场试验In situ test
事前调查Probing ahead
地质勘探Geologic exploration 围岩的性质Nature of ground 硬岩Hard rock
完整岩石Sound rock
风化岩Weathered rock
破碎岩Fissured rock
软弱围岩Soft ground
塑性围岩Plastic ground
流动围岩Running ground
减压区Decompressed zone
混合围岩Mixed ground
卵石boulder
夹层seam
层理bedding
节理Joint
不透水围岩Impervious ground 透水围岩Pervious ground
蠕变creep
风化，蚀变alteration
透水性permeability
地下水Ground water
湿度moisture
岩溶karst
断层fault
围岩的物理力学性质Ground character
密度density
比重Specific gravity
磨损度abrasivity
溶解度solubility
可钻性Drillability
抗压强度Compressive strength
抗拉强度Tensile strength
抗剪强度Shear strength
内摩擦力Internal friction
粘结力cohesion
剪胀swelling
收缩shrinkage
地压Ground pressure
弹性系数Modulus of elasticity
冲击阻力Impact resistance
孔隙率Porosity ratio 硬度hardness
设计Design
分析Analysis
计算calculation
经济比较Economic study 标准化Standardization
计划Plan, planing program 设计数据Design data
垂直荷载Vertical load
水平荷载Horizontal load 浮力Uplift
汽车专业英语期末试卷 (100分） 一选择题（10分） 1 It does not only have economic effects but also provide C job opportunities A numerous B difficult to count C countless D a lot of 2 the electrical system contains battery light generator, engine ignition .lighting circuit, and various B that control their use A the socket B switches C the charger D battery 3 suspension is the term given to the system of springs . Shock absorbers and B that connects a vehicle to its wheels . A contact B linkages C meet D thing of 4 A solid axle designs utilize springs to soften their inherent harsh ride characteristics , they still bump along like a brick out house. A even though B even if C although D since
5 the frame A two straight pressed steel members, five cross members , the front axle , the rear axle and four wheels A consists of B be made up of C include D reason 二把下面的表达式转化为中文或英文（20分） 1 邮车 mail van 6 sedan 轿车 2 赛车 racing car 7 bumper 保险杠 3 救护车 ambulance 8 lamp 灯 4 越野车 off -road vehicles 9 tire 轮胎 5 洒水车 sprinkler 10 hood 发动机罩 三把下面的简写正确搭配（10分） FWD electrical suspension control system TD Four -wheel drive AT anti -lock brake system ABS turbo diesel ESCS automatic transmission 四写出下面单词的全称及意思 (10分） 1 SUV 运动型多功能用车 sports utility vehicle
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
Terminal Reviews to English for the Automotive Profession I. Answer the following questions.(20%) Choose 5 of 6, 4 points for each, total in 20 points. 1. What does the drive train consist of? The drive train consists of clutch, transmission, driveshafts, differentials, and the final drive (drive wheels, continuous track like with tanks or Caterpillar tractors, propeller, etc.). In a wider sense, the drive train includes all of its components used to transform stored (chemical, solar, nuclear, kinetic, potential, etc) energy into kinetic energy for propulsion purposes. 2. How to install the drive gear? First, clean the drive gear attaching bolts. Second, remove the adhesive adhered to the threaded holes of the drive gear by turning the special tool, and then clean the treaded holes by applying compressed air. Third, apply the specified adhesive to the threaded holes of the drive gear. Forth, install the drive gear onto the differential case with the mating marks properly aligned. Tighten the bolts to the specified torque in a diagonal sequence. 3. What is the process of the ABS working? The Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) uses a sensor that know when one wheel (or a pair of wheels) is skidding. The sensor sends a signal to a computer, which signals a modulator valve. The modulator connects into the hydraulic system and can momentarily release the brake pressure and prevent the wheels from locking. (The pressure release is so fast that a driver is seldom aware of it.) Pressure is then reapplied until the sensor again sensor that the wheel is about to lock up. Thus, this system keeps the wheels as colse to lock up as possible, without actually allowing the wheels to lock up and skid. This is called incipient lock up. Maximum braking occurs at that point. 4. What is the purpose of gear reduction from steering gear? The gear reduction is known as steering gear ratio. This is needed to reduce the amount of effort required to turn the steering wheel, particularly when parking. During straight-ahead driving, this also reduces the possiblility of oversteering. The ratios vary considerably, depending largely on vehicle size and weight. Larger, heavier vehicles require a graeter reduction in manual steering gears. 5. How does the starter clutch work? The purpose of the starter clutch is to engage and disengage the pinion gear from the flywheel. When the starer is cranking, the pinion gear slides on the armature shaft and engages the flywheel. 6. How to check DTC in the normal mode? First, turn ignition switch off. Second, connect terminals TE1 and E1 of data link connector 1 or 2. Third, Turn ignition switch on. Forth, read the diagnostic trouble code on malfuntion indicator lamp on the combination meter. Fifth, afer completing the check, turn ignition switch off and disconnect terminals TE1 and E1. II. Translate the following into Chinese. (20%) Choose 20 of 30, 1 points for each, total in 20 points. 1. drive train 动力传动系 2. suspension system and axle 悬挂系统和驱动桥 3. brake system 制动系统 4. steering system 转向系统
英语原文 NUMERICAL CONTROL Numerical control(N/C)is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols, The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular work part or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. The capability to change the program is what makes N/C suitable for low-and medium-volume production. It is much easier to write programs than to make major alterations of the processing equipment. There are two basic types of numerically controlled machine tools：point—to—point and continuous—path(also called contouring).Point—to—point machines use unsynchronized motors, with the result that the position of the machining head Can be assured only upon completion of a movement, or while only one motor is running. Machines of this type are principally used for straight—line cuts or for drilling or boring. The N/C system consists of the following components：data input, the tape reader with the control unit, feedback devices, and the metal—cutting machine tool or other type of N/C equipment. Data input, also called “man—to—control link”,may be provided to the machine tool manually, or entirely by automatic means. Manual methods when used as the sole source of input data are restricted to a relatively small number of inputs. Examples of manually operated devices are keyboard dials, pushbuttons, switches, or thumbwheel selectors. These are located on a console near the machine. Dials ale analog devices usually connected to a syn-chro-type resolver or potentiometer. In most cases, pushbuttons, switches, and other similar types of selectors are digital input devices. Manual input requires that the operator set the controls for each operation. It is a slow and tedious process and is seldom justified except in elementary machining applications or in special cases. In practically all cases, information is automatically supplied to the control unit and the machine tool by cards, punched tapes, or by magnetic tape. Eight—channel punched paper tape is the most commonly used form of data input for conventional N/C systems. The coded instructions on the tape consist of sections of punched holes called blocks. Each block represents a machine function, a machining operation, or a combination of the two. The entire N/C program on a tape is made up of an accumulation of these successive data blocks. Programs resulting in long tapes all wound on reels like motion-picture film. Programs on relatively short tapes may be continuously repeated by joining the two ends of the tape to form a loop. Once installed, the tape is used again and again without further handling. In this case, the operator simply loads and
1.英语学术论文的语言风格特点就（知人方能论世） 为什么我们会读不懂SCI上面的文章呢？ 第一，由于SCI里面出现的专业词汇一般都是出现在特定领域，一类是一词对应于一意，另外一类则是一词多义。 其次，名词化结构则是另外另外一个普遍出现的现象，可以看到，复合名词，加前缀和后缀，以及省略现象可谓是漫山遍野，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，一般文章不会夹杂着太多主观看法。 最后，大量使用长句和定语从句SCI论文发表中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。广泛使用被动语态SCI论文发表中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁SCI论文发表中要求结构紧凑、行文简炼，缩写词和名词作定语的频繁使用，增大了信息密度，简化了句型。 如果我们能逆向思维，转换个角度去看文章，如果你要发表一篇SCI论文，你会怎么去构造你的行为，你如何组织你文章的逻辑，特别是用词方面，口语和一些狸语在一般
情况不应该出现在文章中。还有些中式英语也会极大地影响我们的阅读，例如说足球比赛，可不是我们想象中的football match （之前有次演讲说，英语里面不能有2个名词的情况，在此就举了个例子bicycle man），而应该做football play亦作soccer play。 2.翻译是一门艺术，从某种意义上来讲是没有标准答案的。 这里本人想要想要阐述这样一种观点，翻译是一个不断精进的过程，翻译最初的目的即是为了实现语言之间的一个互相沟通，然而不同的人对一句话，应该会有着不同的理解。这也就有了译者极大的自由发挥性，但是译者必须准确理解原文的基础之上的。 有三个字可以高度概括翻译的精髓“信，达，雅”，想必大家都应该听过。”“信”指意义不背原文,即是译文要准确,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不要随意增减意思；同样可以举个例子？This is a pan in my hand （请问如何翻译呢？） “达”指不拘泥于原文形式,译文通顺明白;这里就涉及到一个直译和意译的关系啦，否则就会出现像bicycle
英语各类考试 三一口语（GESE）的全称为：英国伦敦三一学院英语口语等级考试（GESE-Graded Examinations in Speakers of Other Languages），它是经英国文化委员会提议，专门为非英语国家设计的纯英语口语等级考试体系。该考试共有12个级别，分成4个档次，每个档次有三个级别，其中1-6级是非常适合孩子的，这是现有英语考试中不多的适合孩子考试之一；7级以上不太适合孩子，但也可以考。 等级考试描述 英国伦敦三一学院英语口语等级考试（GESE-Graded Examinations in Speakers of Other Languages）是经英国文化委员会提议，专门为非英语国家设计的英语口语等级考试体系。目前已在世界四十多个国家和地区开展这项考试。1995年，北京高等学校教育科技发展中心开始与伦敦三一学院在教师培训和口语考试方面进行合作并取得了较好的效果。1999年，北京教育考试院与伦敦三一学院正式签署合作协议，引进该项考试。 等级考试的权威性 伦敦三一学院（TCL-Trinity College London）是经英国政府批准、为英国文化委员会承认的考试机构。伦敦三一学院在世界各地举办音乐、戏剧、英语口语等多类考试，是英国英语口语考试和授予英语教师资格证书的主要机构之一，也是英语考试服务系统的主要国际承办者之一。1995年，伦敦三一学院因其英语教育方面的成就获得英国女王嘉奖。伦敦三一口语证书是目前最火爆的口语水平测试证书，它以其权威性、实用性、系统性成为重点中学所青睐的英语口语能力证明之一。三一口语考试共分为12个级别，每三个级别为一个阶段，三一口语考试每月底进行，一个半两个月后出成绩。 内容 三一口语测试适于6-7岁以上母语为非英语的英语学习者。此项测试共分为四段12个级别。1-3级为预备段；4-6级为初级段；7-9级为中级段；10-12级为高级段。高级别的考试涵盖低于该级别的其他级别的内容。考试形式为考生与考官进行一对一的交谈。考试成绩评定：A—优秀，B—良好，C —及格，D—不及格 优势 大家为什么要考“三一口语”这一问题，首先，从发展方面来看，三一口语存在着很多的优势： 1.三一口语是国内第一个不与笔试捆绑的专项、系统的英语口语考试。 2.所有级别的考试都实行一对一的交流形式，与人机对话的考试方式相比更显人性化。 3.每个月中下旬组织一次考试，较之公共英语（每年仅三月和九月两次）机会较多。 4.三一口语考试无职业、学历、地域、年龄等限制，任何母语非英语的人员均可参加。 5.三一口语为水平考试，考试通过率高，证书颁发得快。对急于获得证书的家长是一个不错的选择。然后，再从学习成长方面来看，三一口语可能是所有认证考试中最适合学生学习的课程。三一口语的多层次、多类别、幽默风趣的学习方式更能够调动中小学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。三一口语更侧语言沟通的交流与表达，使得学生能在学习的过程中快速的提高自己的英语表达水平，非常有利于孩子以后的成长和发展。最后，从学习的困难
What is Hydraulic? A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. Hydraulic principle It consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called "hydraulic press"; the said oil-filled "hydraulic machine." Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI,Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. "By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. History of the development of hydraulic
英语专业实习报告 ????实习学校.市二中学,上海市第二中学,自己初中,高中7年的母校,可以说是再熟悉不过,看到大学里对口的学校里有这所的时候,没有丝毫犹豫地就填进了志愿里,也如愿的在母校开始了大学必经的实习阶段,也是别有一番意义的.回学校实习,亲切万分,亲爱的老师们还在,接受教育的学生们却是一张张全新的面孔,想想自己离开学校3年来的进进出出,目前的3个年级都是我毕业后考进市二的学生.学校的操场,小花园,甚至是几间教室,都是充满回忆的地方,接下来实习的日子,走过这些地方的时候,过去的记忆就不断在脑海里回旋. ????初日.我们一行8位同学到达市二后,接待我们的是现任教导主任高萍老师,她向我们简单介绍了下学校目前的状况,以及实习期间需要注意的一些事项.接下来是认识带教老师,我与其他2位同学分到高一,其余5位同学到高二.英语学科的带教老师是王雅芬老师,教学经验丰富,还担任高一的年级组长;班主任唐虹老师,自己高三时,她教过我政治,算是相当熟悉,呵呵.带教老师和班主任都向我们简单介绍了一下所带班级的基本情况.第一天只是熟悉下校园,第二天正式到班级,当时想到就要面对40多个学生,不免还是有点担心和紧张. ????身份.实习老师,是个很特别的存在.还记得第一次被班级里学生叫老师好的时候的那种错愕,渐渐适应,然后自如反应,点头示意.开始的一个礼拜,日渐习惯起学校的生活,仿佛重回高中时代一般,只是是以一种全新的角度来看待学生,以老师的身份来要求自己了,这种感觉挺奇妙的,以往觉得“高高在上”的老师,突然间成了身边的“同事”,作为实习老师,又该以怎样的态度去面对高中的学生?身份的转变,是实习阶段第一个要跨越的坎吧,正确认识自己的身份:带教老师的学生,高中学生的老师. ????高一(X)班.担任实习班主任工作的班级是高一(7)班,高一年级两个理科班之一,与我那时的理科班大为不同,现在理科班的学生不像我们那时那么沉闷,就像班主任唐老师所说,对于老师来说是喜忧参半吧,毕竟调皮的学生太多,比较不容易控制.一进教室就看到教室后的墙壁上贴满了奖状,看的出来这个班级在学校里也是相当活跃的,学校里评选的各个之星,几乎7班也每个都有份.班上同学的性格很活泼,几天相处下来,就建立起了不错的关系,谈谈班级同学,日常琐事,甚至也有同学会来找我解答问题,谈谈理想,也让自己渐渐有了的确是个老师了的觉悟. ????听课.实习的必经阶段,听课不仅能够学习带教老师的教学方法,也能熟悉自己将要教学的班级.高中阶段的英语课程与大学里大不相同,尽管自己以前高中时也上过牛津的教材,现在的教学要求又有新的变化,也因老师的不同,教学方法上有很大的差异.带教的王老师教态相当严谨,备课很充分,听第一节课的时候就觉得整节课规划的很好,让学生知道这节课要完成的内容,就算有突发状况的发生,也能自行控制好时间等等.学校规定的听课是10节左右,自己基本上能去听的课都去了,为的是想了解整个章节上课的完整过程,每个部分都有不同的上课手段和形式,都是值得学习的地方.大学里所学的英语教学法课程,提及不少教学
美术专业词汇表painting 绘画 frame画框 traditional Chinese painting国画 canvas油画 block print版画 traditional Chinese realistic painting工笔画 painted egg - shell彩蛋画 painted egg彩蛋画，蛋画 studio画室 figure塑像，画像，外形，轮廓 paintbrush画笔 easel画架 stipple点刻(法), 点画(法)，画点画，点彩 mechanical drawing机械画 artist 大师, 艺术家 brush drawing 毛笔画 charcoal pencil 炭笔 pigment 颜料 painter 画家 cave painting 石洞壁画 oil painting 油画 painting in fresco 壁画 tempera painting 胶画
watercolour 水彩画(美作:watercolor) pastel drawing 蜡笔画 wash 水墨画 sanguine 红铅笔画 miniature 细密画 engraving 版画 painting, drawing 画 drawing from nature 写生画mechanical drawing 机械画 tracing 临摹 chiaroscuro 单色画 design 描绘 sketch 草稿 study 习作 triptych, triptich 三联画 portrait 画像 self-portrait 自画像 model 模特 caricature 漫画 nude 裸体画 profile 轮廓 foreshortened figure 透视画法landscape 风景画 seascape 海景画 still life 静物画 tapestry 壁毯 perspective 透视画 colouring 色彩(美作:coloring) shade 阴影 cubism 立体主义,主体派
西华大学成人高等教育课程考试试题库 课程名称：汽车专业英语适用于： 17秋中汽1、2、3、4班 一、选择题（每题2分,总分50分） 1. The heart of automobile is（）. A engine B body C chassis D electric system 2.An engine is mainly composed of two mechanisms and（）systems A one B five C four D six 3.（）holds all the main components and parts together A engine B body C chassis D clutch 4. The power train carries （）from the engine crankshaft to car wheels A power B body C engine D clutch 5.In 1886 ,Karl Benz（）the first car in the word . A find B compose C built D buy 6.Today, more and more modern car are equipped with a variety of（）devices A power B electronic B switch D transmission 7.Engine is a self-contained （）unit vehicle A power B body C engine C device 8.The engine has（）of other parts . A eighty B ninety C sixty D hundreds 9.The intake stroke begins with the piston at the（） A BDC B MB C D TDC D CMP 10.Just before the bottom of power stroke , the exhaust valve C A ups B downs C closes D open 11.The body is designed to keep passengers（）and comfortable. A look B safe B like D discuss 12.The （）provides power to move the automobile. A piston B transmission C clutch D engine 13.The transmission delivers the power to the （）. A engine B differential C chassis D generator 14.Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is （）the job a lubrication system must perform. A easy B primary C comfortable D leisurely 15.Most automobile engines operate on the （）stroke-cycle principle A one B two C three D four 16.The cooling system keeps the engine running at its most （）temperature A low B constant C high D efficient 17.The spring of radiator cap determines the （）pressure in the cooling system. A long B wide C maximum D minimum 18 .Oxygen Sensor is mounted into the （）manifold area. A exhaust B intake C valve D block 19.Oxygen sensor is employed in （）loop systems to modify the basic pulse width after the fact. A small B big C closed D opened 20.Most vehicles today use （）injector per cylinder. A one B two C three D four