现在完成时讲解(知识点及习题1 )
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1 现在完成时 一、构成: 肯定式:主语 + 助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词. 疑问式:助动词Have/Has + 主语 + 动词的过去分词? 否定式: 主语 + 助动词have/has + not + 动词的过去分词. 过去分词规则变化: a)一般情况下,直接加ed, (work---worked,water---watered, finish---finished等;) b)以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词, 把y 变成i 再加ed, (carry-- -carried study---studied等;) c)以辅+元+辅结尾且中读的动词,要双写最后一个辅音字母,再加ed。 (stop---stopped,shop---shopped) d)以不发音的e结尾的动词,只加d ( 过去分词不规则变化表:
二、用法: 用法一:表示过去(已经、曾经或从未)发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 标志词: ①already, ②never, ③ever, ④just, ⑤yet, ⑥before, ⑦once/twice/数字+ times 例: I have cleaned my room. 我已打扫了房间(房间现在是干净的,不需要打扫了) They have left. --他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里 I have never had a car (我从未有过汽车。) I have been there twice. a)already 往往用于肯定句,用在疑问句时表示强 调或加强语气;yet 用于否定句和疑问句。 • He has already left here. 他已经离开这里了。 • Has he already left here? 他(真的)已经离开这里了吗?(表示加强语气) • My teachers haven’t had breakfast yet. 我的老师们还没有吃早饭。 • Have you written to your parents yet? 你已经给你父母写过信了吗?
b) never 是否定词,表示“从来没有”,而ever 表示“曾经” • We have never been to the Great Wall. 我们从来没有去过长城。 • Have you ever been to Canada? 你们曾经去过加拿大吗? c) just用于句中, 表示“刚刚” • I’ve just had breakfast. 我刚吃完早饭。 • What have they just done? 他们刚刚做了什么? d) before用于句末, 表示“以前” • I’ve seen it before. 我以前见过它。 ★ has gone to, has been to, has been in 的区别: 1. have/has gone to 去了某地(还在某地没回来) ---Where is your father? 你爸爸在哪里? ---He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
2. have/has been to 曾经去过(已回,已不在去过的地方) +次数(once/twice/ 数字+times) My father has been to Shanghai 3 times. 我爸爸去过上海3次。 画线提问:________________ has your father been to Shanghai?
3. have/has been in 待了多久(去了,现在仍在所待的地方)+ for + 时间段/ 2
+ since + 时间点 My father has been in Shanghai for two months/ since two months ago. 我爸已经在上海待了两个月了。 画线提问:_______________has your father been in Shanghai?
▲注意:注意遇到四个地点副词要去掉to/in, 这四个地点副词是:here ,there ,home ,abroad 用法二:表示过去已经开始, 并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 标志词:⑦up to now, ⑧so far, ⑨for +时间段 ⑩since+时间点
I have learnt English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。 She has swum since half an hour ago.我已经游泳了半个小时
a) for +一段时间 Eg. I have been here for 5 weeks. 我在这里5周了。 He’s studied English for 3 years. 他学习英语3年了。 b) since +(表示过去某一时间的)时间点/单词/词组/ 从句(一般过去时) Eg. I have been here since 2000. 我自从2000年开始在这里。 I have been here since 5 years ago. 我自从5年前就在这里。 I have been here since I graduated in 2000. 我自从2000年毕业就在这里。 注:1) 对for或since引导的时间状语提问 必须用how long, 决不能用when. Eg. I have lived here for 10 years. 画线提问: ________ _______ have you lived here?
注2): 短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用, 当然也不能用于how long引导的问句中 Eg. (误)I have left there for 5 years. (正)I have been away there for 5 years. ★为了表述这种意思,我们常用相应的延续性动词 来代替短暂性动词。 become →be, begin→ have , borrow → keep, buy → have, go out → be out come (go, arrive, get) →be in die→ be dead, finish→ be over, join→ be in …(be a member of … ) leave→ be away ( from…), open→ be open close→ be closed 三、与一般过去时的用法比较 1现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过去的事情,但现在完成时注意的不是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在保持的某种密切联系(如现在的结果,影响,一直延续到现在等),不与表示过去的时间连用; 而一般过去时,则只讲述发生在过去的动作和事情与现在没有关系,常与表示过去的时间连用。 eg:He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。 第一句用现在完成时时态,想表达意为:“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典,现在他还有这本字典” 。 第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实,至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强 调说明。 2.常与一般过去时连用的典型的表示过去时间的状语: yesterday(昨天), the day before yesterday(前天), just now(刚才), 时间+ ago, last +时间 等; eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago. We finished our task last week . 3
现在完成时练习题 练习:用never,ever,already,before, just或yet填空。 1. I have __________seen him before, so I have no idea about him. 2. Jack has __________finished his homework. 3. --Have you _________seen the film? --No, I have ________seen it. 4. ---Has the bus left _______? ---Yes, it has ________ left. 5. Would you like to go to the zoo with me? Yes, but I have been there _________. 练习:用have gone to / have been to / have been in / went to 填空。 1. _____ you ever _____ Disneyland? 2. How many times _____ you _____ Disneyland ? 3. I _____ Nanjing since two years ago 4. Mr. Li _____ Hong Kong. And he'll come back in two days. 5. —How long _____ you _____ Disneyland ? —For three days. I __________ the theme park last Sunday. 6. My father __________ Hong Kong two weeks ago. 7. My father __________ Hong Kong in 2005. 8. My father __________ Hong Kong since 2005. 练习: 选用 for和 since填空: 1.We haven’t seen each other ______ a long time. 2.His father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago. 3.The film has been on ______ 20 minutes. 4.Mr Green has worked here ______ he came to China. 5.His grandparents have been dead ______ several years.