Unit 1 The Complexity of Language

教育语言学张京鱼专题概述：Educational linguistics, as the name suggests, involves two disciplines: education and linguistics. Educational linguistics is concerned with the study of language in teaching and learning. It has interests in the nature of the linguistic system and its role in learning, as well as in what kinds of knowledge about language should be taught. It highlights areas of linguistics that are most relevant to teachers.In our case,it is the teaching and learning of English as a second or foreign language inprimary or secondary schools in China. In other words, the target language isEnglish but working language in Chinese schools is Chinese, the mother tongueor the first language (L1) for both students and most teachers, if not all.Since our students learn English as a second language (L2) when they havealready mastered their L1 Chinese, their knowledge about Chinese plays a rolein their English learning. This role could be positive or negative. Tobecome a better teachers, English teachers need to know both English andChinese well.学习策略：视频讲解、协作学习、问题解决、讨论交流等。

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2: Basic issues in DA
• Basic types of clause complexes
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(i) paratactic
(ii) hypotactic
(a) elaboration
John didn’t wait; 1
he ran away. =2
John ran away, α
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2: Basic issues in DA
Cohesion: • A: Whose is this pen? • B: Oh, it’s the one I lost. Coherence: A: That’s the telephone. B: I’m in the bath. A: O.K.
for spoken • 3. Leech et al.(1985): discourse for both • 4. Widdowson (1975): discourse for written
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1: Introduction —The Task of DA
• From the macro-perspective : • How does language use influence beliefs and
written and spoken language.
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1: Introduction — development of DA
• 1.Text Linguistics • Text linguistics (or discourse linguistics) developed
on the basis of syntax (句法学). So it is also called text grammar (篇章语法) or discourse analysis （语篇 分析，话语分析）.

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1.2 Input
Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.
This input may come in written or spoken form.
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The study of UG has attracted considerable attention from many second language acquisition researchers because knowledge of linguistic universals may help to shape L2 acquisition in a number of ways.
Authentic input Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input Interactively modified input: tends to do
a better job
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(Krashen): i+1
Do we teach grammar?
How do we teach grammar?
As a compromise between the “purely formfocused approaches” and the “purely meaningfocused” approaches, a recent movement called focus on form seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.

Psycholinguistics is the name given to the study ofthe psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, production, and remembering language, and hence are (1) ______ concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______ happens so effortlessly, and, most of time, so accurately. Indeed, when (3) ______ you listen to someone speaking, or looking at this page, you normally (4) ______ cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we (5) ______ might become aware of the complexity involved: if we are searching fora word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a (6) ______ stroke which has influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire (7) ______ language; if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; orif we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else (8) ______ who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about theprocesses evolved in speaking, listening, writing, and reading. But (9) ______ given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also need (10) ______ to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.1. production-producing2. the 划掉3. of 后加the4. looking-look5.circumstance后加the6. had划掉7. their-his8. anyone-someone9. evolved-involved10.were-areThere is a high level of agreement that the following questions have (1) ______ possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (2) ______Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (3) ______What is the explanation for the fact adults have (4) ______more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional language?What is the role of the language teaching in the (5) ______acquisition of additional languages?What social-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying theearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (6) ______the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (7) ______ so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (8) ______ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities are involving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (9) ______or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (10) ______1.把of去掉。