自动专业10kv无功补偿大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版电力系统电力系统介绍随着电力工业的增加，与用于生成和处置现今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分派系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。

这些系统组成了一个完整的电力系统。

应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它不同凡响的地方在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。

生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式贮存起来，以备以后所有需。

但这并非会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。

显然，对电力系统而言服务的持续性相当重要。

没有哪一种服务能完全幸免可能显现的失误，而系统的本钱明显依托于其稳固性。

因此，必需在稳固性与本钱之间找到平稳点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能显现中断的缘故、用户要求等的综合表现。

但是，网络靠得住性的增加是通过应用必然数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间和在国内、国际电网传输线路中利用自动断路器得以实现的。

事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。

如此，在不中断整体服务的前提下能够停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。

现此生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。

相关于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优势。

尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情形下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。

三相系统另一个重要优势是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。

大规模电力生产的能源有：1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中取得的蒸汽；2.水；3.石油中的柴油动力。

其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站时期。

在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。

涡轮必需包括安装在轴承上并封锁于汽缸中的轴或转子。

转子由汽缸周围喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平稳地转动。

蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。

中央电站采纳冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。

冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的成效，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Title: Original and Translation of Professional English in AutomationIntroduction:In the field of automation, understanding and mastering professional English is essential for communication, research, and development. This article will discuss the importance of original and translated professional English in automation and provide detailed explanations of key terms and concepts.1. Original Professional English:1.1 Understanding technical terms: Original professional English in automation often includes technical terms that are specific to the field. It is important to understand the meaning of these terms in order to effectively communicate and collaborate with others in the industry.1.2 Reading research papers: Many research papers in automation are written in English, so it is crucial to be able to read and understand them in order to stay up-to-date with the latest developments in the field.1.3 Writing reports and documentation: In automation, professionals are often required to write reports, documentation, and technical manuals in English. Having a strong grasp of original professional English is necessary for effectively conveying information to colleagues and clients.2. Translation of Professional English:2.1 Accuracy in translation: When translating professional English in automation, it is crucial to ensure accuracy in order to avoid misunderstandings and errors. Professional translators with expertise in the field are often needed to provide accurate translations.2.2 Translating technical documents: Translating technical documents, such as user manuals and specifications, requires a deep understanding of both the technical contentand the nuances of the English language. Translators must be able to convey complex information clearly and accurately.2.3 Localization: In addition to translation, localization is often necessary in order to adapt professional English in automation to different cultural and linguistic contexts. This involves not only translating text, but also adapting it to suit the preferences and needs of the target audience.3. Importance of Professional English in Automation:3.1 Global communication: Automation is a global industry, and professionals must be able to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and partners from around the world. Professional English is often the common language used in these interactions.3.2 Career advancement: Proficiency in professional English can open up opportunities for career advancement in automation. Being able to read, write, and speak English fluently can give professionals a competitive edge in the industry.3.3 Access to resources: Many resources, such as research papers, technical manuals, and online courses, are only available in English. Proficiency in professional English allows professionals in automation to access these resources and stay informed about the latest developments in the field.4. Challenges in Professional English in Automation:4.1 Technical complexity: Professional English in automation can be highly technical and complex, making it challenging for non-native English speakers to understand and communicate effectively.4.2 Terminology consistency: The terminology used in automation can vary between different countries and regions, leading to confusion and misunderstandings. Consistent use of terminology is crucial for effective communication in the field.4.3 Cultural differences: Cultural differences can also impact the use of professional English in automation. Translators and professionals must be aware of cultural nuances in order to accurately convey information and avoid misunderstandings.5. Tips for Improving Professional English in Automation:5.1 Practice reading and writing: Reading research papers, technical manuals, and other professional documents in English can help improve proficiency in professional English in automation.5.2 Attend workshops and training: Workshops and training programs focused on professional English in automation can help professionals improve their language skills and stay up-to-date with industry trends.5.3 Seek feedback: Asking for feedback from colleagues, mentors, and language experts can help professionals identify areas for improvement and enhance their proficiency in professional English.Conclusion:In conclusion, mastering professional English in automation is essential for communication, research, and development in the field. Understanding the importance of original and translated professional English, as well as the challenges and tips for improvement, can help professionals in automation enhance their language skills and succeed in their careers.。

电气与信息学院自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Electonic power steering system Research andDesign电子动力转向系统的研究与设计注：本毕业设计（论文）外文翻译文档前半部分为英文部分，后半部分为中文部分。

本外文翻译由专业人员翻译，内容详细数据全面，得到导师的一致好评。

值得大家借鉴参考。

本文档下载后为WORD版本，可按需直接编辑。

Electronic power steering systemWhat it isElectrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works :Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro- by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same sensor into signals the control electronics can process.Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that also monitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. Thecontrol unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.click , fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw Steering Systems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form ofelectrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously, greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We ," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured." "The large manufacturers Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive or ballnut drive. Still, this winter TRW in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000."What we lack is the credibility in the steering market," says Brendan Conner, managing director, TRWLucasVarity Electric Steering Ltd. "The combination with TRW provides us with a good opportunity for us to bridge that gap." LucasVarity currently 11 different vehicle types,mostly European. TRW is currently supplying its EAS systems for Ford and Chrysler EVs in North America and for GM's new Opel Astra.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members. The first and second coupling members are preferably arranged to act as a bridge for drivingly connecting first and second portions of the rotating member toone another. Preferably the sensor shaft is of generally rectangular cross-section throughout the majority of its length. Preferably the strain gauge includes one or more SAW resonators secured to the sensor shaft. Preferably the motor is drivingly connected to the rotatable member via a clutch .Preferably the motor includes a gear box and is concentrically arranged relative to the rotatable member. Various aspects of the present invention will which :Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a vehicle steering mechanism including an electrically powered drive mechanism according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating interaction between various components of the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1 ,Figure 3 is an axial section through the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along lines IV-IV in Figure 3,Figure 5 is a more detailed exploded view of the input drives coupling shown in Figure 3, and Figure 6 is a more detailed exploded view of the clutch showing in Figure 3. Referring initially to Figure 1 , there is shown a vehicle steering mechanism 10 drivingly connected to a pair of steerable road wheels The steering mechanism 10 shown includes a rack and pinion assembly 14 connected to the road wheels 12 via joints 15. The pinion(not shown) of assembly 14 is rotatably driven by a manually rotatable member in the form of a steering column 18 which is manually rotated by a steering wheel 19.The steering column 18 includes an electric powered drive mechanism 30 which includes an electric drive motor (not shown in Figure 1) for driving the pinion in response to torque loadings in the steering column 18 in order to provide power assistance for the operative when rotating the steering wheel 19.As schematically illustratedin Figure 2, the electric powered drive mechanism includes a torque sensor20 which measures the torque applied by the steering column 18 when driving the pinion and supplies a signal to a controller 40. The controller 40 is connected to a drive motor 50 and controls the electric current supplied to the motor 50 to control the amount of torque generated by the motor 50 and the direction of its rotation. The motor 50 is drivingly connected to the steering column 18 preferably via a gear box 60, preferably an epicyclic gear box, and a clutch 70. The clutch 70 is preferably permanently engaged during normal operation and is operative under certain conditions to isolate drive from the motor 50 to enable the pinion to be driven manually through the drive mechanism 30. This is a safety feature to enable the mechanism to function in the event of the motor 50 attempting to drive the steering column too fast andor in the wrong direction or in the case where themotor andor gear box assembly including a short sensor shaft on which is mounted a strain gauge capable of accurately measuring strain in the sensor shaft brought about by the application of torque within a predetermined range. Preferably the predetermined range of torque which is measured is 0-lONm; more preferably is about l-5Nm.Preferably the range of measured torque corresponds to about 0-1000 microstrain and the construction of the sensor shaft is chosen such that a torque of 5Nm will result in a twist of less than 2°in the shaft, more preferably less than 1 °.Preferably the strain gauge is a SAW resonator, a suitable SAW resonator being of axis and at 90° to one another. Preferably the resonators operate with a resonance controller 40 of 1 MHz ±500 KHz dependingupon the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft. Thus, when the sensor shaft is not being twisted due to the absence of torque, it produces a 1 MHz signal. When the sensor shaft is twisted in one direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 1.5 MHz. When the sensor shaft is twisted in the opposite direction it produces a signal between 1.0 to 0.5 MHz. Thus the same sensor is able to produce a signal indicative of the degree of torque and also the direction of rotation of the sensor shaft. Preferably the amount of torque generated by the motor in response to a measured torque of between 0-10Nm is 0-40Nm and for a measured torque of between l-5Nm is 0-25Nm.Preferably a feed back circuit is provided whereby the electric current being used by the motor is measured and compared by the controller 40 to ensure that the motor is running in the correct direction and providing the desired amount of power assistance. Preferably the controller acts to reduce the measured torque to zero and so controls the motor to increase its torque output to reduce the measured torque. A vehicle speed sensor (not shown) is preferably provided which sends a signal indicative of vehicle speed to the controller. The controller uses this signal to modify the degree of power assistance provided in response to the measured torque. Thus at low vehicle speeds maximum power assistance will be provided and a software and so is able to function more reliably in a car vehicle environment. It is envisaged that a logic sequence not be as . Automobile traffic in the actual process, at the time to about 5 percent of the time travelling, the HPS system, engine running, the pumps will always be in working condition, the oil pipeline in circulation, so that vehicle fuelconsumption rate by 4 % To 6%, while EPS only when needed for energy, vehicle fuel consumption rates only increased by 0.5 percent.3) "Road sense of" good. Because EPS internal use of rigid, system of the lag can be controlled by software, and can be used in accordance with the operation of the driver to adjust.4) back to being good. EPS simple structure of small internal resistance, is a good back, get back to being the best characteristics, improve vehicle . HPS the not be recovered, the environmental pollution are to a certain extent, while EPS almost no pollution to the environment.6) can be independent of the engines work. EPS for battery powered devices, as long as sufficient battery power, no matter what the condition for the engine, can produce power role.7) should using electric power steering gear, the car of the economy, power and mobility the car is a new power steering system device, developed rapidly in recent years both at the same time there are also potential safety problems. In the analysis This unique product on the basis of the author of the characteristics of electronic control devices, security clearance just that the factors that deal with security measures, and discussed a number of concerns the safety of specific issues. The results show that : Existing standards can not meet the electric power steering device security needs and made the electric power steering device safety evaluation of the idea. Research work on the electric power steering device development and evaluation of reference value.电子动力转向系统图1电子动力转向系统的工作原理：电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。

110千伏城区变电所设计技术探讨（翻译）摘要110kV变电所设计是城网建设中较为关键的技术环节，本文根据无人值班变电所要求，对城区110/10kV变电所设计作一些技术探讨。

关键词城区变电站设计前言近年来，随着各种新材料、新技术、新装备不断涌现，电气设备的制造技术、产品质量和性能得到了充分的保证，使城区无人值班变电所的建设得到较快的发展，并显示出旺盛的生命力和优越性。

目前各城市正在进行的城网改造工作以及《无人值班变电所设计规范》，对变电所设计工作提出了新的要求，本文就110kV 变电所主接线、平面布置、主变参数、无功补偿、中性点接地方式、交直流系统等方面的技术原则作一些论述。

1.电网电压及电网结构变电所的设计与电网结构是密切相关的，因此有必要首先谈一下电网电压及电网结构。

根据国家标准，电网的标称电压为送电电压220kV，高压配电电压110（63，35）kV，中压配电电压10（20）kV，低压配电电压380/220伏。

选用电压等级时，应尽量避免重复降压，城网电压力求简化，220kV以下输配电网不超过4级电压。

根据计算，110/35/10kV供电系统比110/10kV供电系统建设费用和年运行费用均要高8%-10%,因此国内很多城市决定在城区逐步取消35kV电压。

当必须保留35kV电网时，可结合城市总体规划在一定区域内（最好是220kV变电所附近）对35kV用户集中供电。

城区内原则上不选用110/35/10kV三卷变。

苏州工业园区通过论证认为110/20kV供电系统技术上先进，经济上合理，并经上级批准确定采用20kV电压等级，在合理配置供电电压方面作了有益的尝试。

根据城网规划，220kV作为主网架将以多电源双环网方式运行，在建设高压环网新增高压配变点的基础上，实现10kV配变“手拉手” 环网供电。

110kV变电所作为城市高压配网终端变电所，应尽量简化接线，简化保护配置。

在110kV网络上可采用双T接（即二线二变）方式，分别由不同的220kV变电所供电，其中一条线路采用放射形，另一条线路采用双端电源同时作为220kV变电所的联络线。

Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, t hen sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.(c)Size. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.(d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal.(e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement. Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:(a)variable-control-parameter types,which include:(i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance(iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.(b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive(iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.(ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate thatvariations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d.??Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to producea displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit. Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:(a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.(b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.(c)D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor.(d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:(i)resolution infinite(ii)accuracy±0.1% of full scale is quoted(iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m(iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and thedevelopment, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient issmall.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technologyto carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most h igh accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part andsend the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure senso r which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of senso r is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especia lly the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensortechnology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——From《Sensor Technology Handbook》,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)图1 单相TSC 装置示意图1sin()C di wt L idt dt φ+=+⎰图4 串联电压测试的方框图晶闸管动作后的电压波形如图5所示，电压负半波是反向的。

从波形图中我们可以看出电压波形的正负半波周期是不对称的。

其中在正半波周期存在电压峰值，这是由于接通时电容器存在残余电压。

图5 电压测试信号波形晶闸管两端电压过零检测的过程如下：V a、V b和V c进行比较，如果有V a>V图6 无电压残余时的过电压波形电子管阀间过电压产生的原因是有些电子管的损坏，或者系统电压的过大。

在投入之间，电子管间的端电压将被检测。

如果有过电压的产生，触发信号将被停止，并且故障信号发出。

Equivalent circuit of a single-phase The mathematic equation for the circuit issin()di wt L dt φ+=+Where the initial current for the inductance isFigure 4 Block diagram of voltage detection for valves in seriesthe voltage signal across the valves after processing iswith the negative half cycle being reversed.From the waveform we can see that the positive half cycles are not symmetrical to the negative ones, and there is a peak clipping in the positive half cycle. This is due to the effect of the residual5 The waveform of the detected voltageThe zero crossing point of the voltage across the valves is detected by means of the algorithm Three sampling voltage points with regular interval, V a, V b and V cvoltage waveform ac- the valvesThe cause that makes the valve unit over-voltage is due to the breakdown of some valve, or theswitch-on, the voltage across eachthere is an over voltage, the trigger signal is disabled, and fault signal is issued. The voltage across the valve is continuously sampled with equal interval. The sampling data are not only used for the。

电气自动化无功补偿技术分析论文电气自动化无功补偿技术分析论文1无功补偿技术在电气自动化中应用的重要性所谓的无功补偿技术，主要就是指采取相应的措施针对电力系统中存在的各种无功电力损耗进行有效地弥补，避免这些电力损耗的存在影响到最终用电客户的正常需求，一般说来，这种无功补偿技术主要就是采用电容补充的方式进行电力损耗的补偿。

具体来说，针对当前我国的电力系统网络运行状况来看，其配电网络变得越来越复杂，供电需求也越来越大，因此，相应的供电线路也越来越多，对于这些供电线路来说，在供电过程中必然会产生一定的无功损耗，这些无功损耗是电力系统中不需要的，其在一定程度上会影响到电力系统的稳定性，尤其是对于高压输电和低压输电来说更是如此，因此，为了减少这种不良影响的出现，在具体的电力系统中就应该想办法针对这些无功损耗进行必要的补偿，这时无功补偿技术就发挥了应用的价值和作用，这种补偿无功损耗的作用在电力系统中极为关键，尤其是随着当前电气自动化的不断发展，其作用也更为凸显，只有针对无功损耗进行了充分的补偿才能够更好地实现电气自动化系统的正常运行，减少了不稳定现象的出现，也避免了不稳定电流对于相应设备和元件的损伤。

2无功补偿技术在电气自动化中的应用措施2．1合理设计真空断路器对于整个的电力系统来说，要想实现最佳的无功补偿效果，合理的设计真空断路器是必不可少的，针对这种真空断路器的设计来说，无功补偿技术发挥了极佳的效果，应用无功补偿技术设计真空断路器能够简化相应的构造，进而在成本上具备较强的优势。

具体来说，这种无功补偿技术在真空断路器设计中的应用主要就是体现在固定滤波器和合闸管的相应设计上，恰当的针对这些设备进行有效地结合就能够在较大程度上发挥应有的价值和作用，进而形成相应的无功补偿装置，这种无功补偿装置的形成还具备较好的电流稳定行和平衡性，避免出现较为混乱的电流影响其电力系统的稳定性。

2．2针对用电客户进行恰当的无功补偿无功补偿技术在电气自动化中的应用还体现在其对于用电客户的无功补偿方面，对于整个的电力系统来说，其最为关键的一点就是应该满足用电客户的各方面需求，尤其是用电量的需求，针对这一需求来说，因为无功电力损耗的存在，所以针对这一损耗进行必要的无功补偿是极为必要的。

1、外文原文（复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w t ype s o f a rc hi te ct ur e a re fo un d i n s i ng le—ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r。

S o me em pl oy th e s p li t p ro gr am/d at a me mo ry of t he H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A—1，ot he r s fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al—pu rp os e c o mp ut er s an dm i cr op ro ce ss or s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in F ig。

3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e—ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter isc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e de v i ce，as s ho wn i n F ig3—5A—3。

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译院（系部）电气工程与自动化学院专业名称电气工程及其自动化年级班级03级2班学生姓名指导老师电力系统1 电力的技术特点电力具有独特的技术特点，这使得电力工业具有独特的行业特点。

1.无形性。

用户不能用人体感官直接察觉千瓦时的用电量。

2.质量。

供电质量可由供电连续性或供电可靠性、在标准电压等级下的电压均等性、交流电压频率的正确不变性来度量。

3.电力的贮存。

与大多数行业不同，电力部门必须随时根据用电的需求生产出电力来，因为电能无法贮存。

4.对供电负责。

电由电力部门输送到用户，因此必须对安全、可靠供电负责。

5.对公众的安全。

电力部门须对公众及其技术人员提供稳妥的保护。

2 电力系统的规划预期到电力部门的供电负荷将持续增长，电力系统的容量也持续增大。

远期规划主要是保证这种扩建在技术上是适宜的，在造价上是合理的，与增长模式是相符的。

远期规划者碰到的困难包括：不同地域和不同时间负荷增长的不确定性、新发明新技术发展的可能性。

优异的系统规划要努力做到全系统设计的最优化，而不能为了系统某部分造价的最小化而不顾其它部分的影响。

近年来，已经强调了规划和运行的经济性。

现在则越来越强调可靠性和环境方面的因素。

在作出规划前，须要仔细考虑许多因素：（1）设备的决策具有远期效应，这需要15—25年的预期和研究。

（2）有许多发电途径可选择：核电、基荷火电、中等规模燃气轮机发电或水电，以及大型、中型、小型电厂和各种形式的蓄能。

（3）有多种送电途径可选择，例如由交流或直流，架空线或地下电缆送电并有各种电压等级。

（4）规划决策受负荷管理技术和负荷模式的影响。

（5）有关因素存在不确定性。

如将来燃料价格货币的利率资金的来源设备的强迫停运率新技术环境的要求。

3 电力分配3.1 最初的分配系统发电厂和最后的各支路之间的分配线路叫做最初的分配系统。

在这两个电力系统之间传输有多种方法. 其中最常见的两种方法是辐射式和环绕式。

自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Field of EngineeringIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in various industries, including engineering. It involves the use of technology and machines to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In this article, we will explore the concept of automation in the field of engineering and discuss its significance. Additionally, we will provide an English original text and its translation related to automation in the engineering domain.1. Importance of Automation in Engineering:Automation has revolutionized the engineering sector by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and safety. It eliminates repetitive and mundane tasks, allowing engineers to focus on more complex and critical activities. Automation technology, such as robotics and computer numerical control (CNC) systems, has significantly improved precision and accuracy in manufacturing processes. It also reduces the risk of human errors and enhances overall product quality.2. Applications of Automation in Engineering:Automation finds applications in various engineering disciplines. Some notable examples include:2.1 Industrial Automation:In the manufacturing industry, automation is extensively used to streamline production processes. Automated assembly lines and robotic systems enable faster and more efficient manufacturing. These systems can perform tasks such as material handling, welding, painting, and quality control with high precision and consistency.2.2 Control Systems:Automation is essential in control systems, allowing for the efficient regulation and control of various engineering processes. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are commonly used to automate industrial processes, ensuring optimal performance and safety. These systems monitor and control parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and level, thereby maintaining process stability.2.3 Building Automation:In the field of civil engineering, building automation systems are employed to manage and control various building functions. These systems integrate lighting, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), security, and energy management. By automating these functions, buildings can achieve energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and improved security.2.4 Transportation Automation:Automation has also made significant advancements in the transportation sector. Automated systems, such as traffic control systems and intelligent transportation systems, optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance safety. Additionally, automation in vehicles, such as self-driving cars and autonomous drones, holds the potential to revolutionize transportation in the future.3. Challenges and Considerations in Automation:While automation offers numerous benefits, there are challenges that need to be addressed:3.1 Workforce Adaptation:With the increasing adoption of automation, there is a need for the workforce to adapt to new roles and acquire new skills. As certain tasks become automated, engineers must focus on managing and maintaining automated systems, as well as developing new technologies.3.2 Safety and Security:Automation systems must adhere to strict safety standards to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of workers. Additionally, cybersecurity measures should be implemented to protect automated systems from potential threats and unauthorized access.3.3 Cost and Implementation:The initial cost of implementing automation systems can be significant. However, the long-term benefits, such as increased productivity and reduced operational costs, often outweigh the initial investment. Careful planning and analysis are necessary to ensure a successful and cost-effective implementation.4. English Original Text and Translation:English Original Text:"Automation has revolutionized the engineering industry, enabling faster and more efficient processes. By utilizing advanced technologies and machines, engineers can now focus on complex tasks that require critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Automation not only improves productivity but also enhances product quality and reduces human errors. With the continuous advancements in automation, the engineering field is poised for further growth and innovation."Translation (Chinese):“自动化已经彻底改变了工程行业，实现了更快速、更高效的工艺流程。