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Unit 10为何要争权夺利科学正在解释男人们永无休止地争强好胜的生物学根源乔弗雷·考利[1] 成吉思汗不是一个为性别角色而烦恼的人,他放纵性欲、追逐权力, 而且毫不讳言。
"人之快乐莫过于征服敌人,令其俯首称臣 ", 这位皇帝曾经叫嚣到,"夺其马匹,掠其财物。
"13 世纪早期,成吉思汗征服了当时已知世界的三分之二,建立了一个西起东欧、东至朝鲜的蒙古帝国。
他还可能创下了生物学家所称的生殖成功的最高历史纪录, 在他死后33年写成的一份材料认为,其子孙后代达20,000 人。
今天, 研究人员认为,8%生活在原蒙古帝国的人可能拥有这位伟人的基因。
[2] 自成吉思汗以来,男人们的行为举止已经有了显著的改进, 一夫多妻制在几百年前已不再流行,即使是暴君现在也否认掠夺和压迫是理想的手段。
然而在内心,我们和800年前没什么不同,也就是说, 我们是权位的追逐者。
我们可能会谈论平等与友爱, 我们可能会努力消除阶级差别。
然而,我们却在继续构筑等级制度,并在其中争权夺利。
我们是否可以摒弃这一趋势? 或许不能。
因为科学家们发现争权夺利并不仅仅是一种习惯或文化传统,它是雄性心理的固有特征——一种根植于神经系统并且由荷尔蒙和脑化学物质控制的生物驱动力。
这种渴望统治的驱动力扭曲我们的感知、玷污我们的友谊、左右我们的情绪和影响我们的健康,但这种动力并不总是给我们带来负面效应。
等级制度不仅产生争斗和不公,也能创造和谐。
即使我们无法消除等级制度,但毫无疑问,我们可以使它们变得更加有益。
[3] 男性并不是唯一追逐权位的人,但在生命的每个阶段,我们对此都比女性更加执著。
研究表明,与女孩相比,男孩十三个月时更任性,蹒跚学步时更具攻击性,几乎在所有年龄段都更好胜。
女生通常做集体游戏,而男生从六岁便开始建立等级关系,并通过暴力游戏加以维持。
青少年时期,我们比女孩更爱吹嘘、威吓他人、与别人争抢。
Unit 11.permanent2.had assembled3.discharging4.meekly5.apprentice6.partiality7.obscure8.exalted9.intruding 10.cordially 11.ambition 12.gallantlyCLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、1.他想当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。
His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。
机上无人生还。
A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。
Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it.4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。
Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time, hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.每年夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。
新世纪研究生英语阅读A选词填空和翻译答案附原题Unit 11.Slowly the flood water sank2.Desert night clear3.This is half the average rainfall4.A drought is a long period5.Flowering shrubs, tree6.There were some loose7.The small holes pores8.We used to graze9.Your spine is the row10.Fire officer had trapped11.I might actually venture12.The valleys are so fertileUnit 21、Physical fatigue is the result of heavy manual labor2、The accumulation of metabolic waste products3、There is a great diversity of exercise4、Psychological tiredness is usually precipitated by emotionalproblems5、His body is muscular because of his hard physical work.6、Some of fatigue has pathological cause.7、Prolonged fatigue might be symptomatic of an underlyingdisease8、After that vigorous exercise he experienced a9、She is psychologically a very health person.10、Anxiety can be a major causes of fatigue.11、He feels completely restored to health after a period12、Having had a good sleep and a substantial meal, he feltthoroughly refreshed.Unit 31 As a matter of fact,I did not begin work until he had gone.2 admission officers are plagued with inquires3 instinct versus intellect4 I have been reflecting on the likely5 give me some positive advice6 The government is implementing its policy7 Most universities will enroll new students 8 American culture has been enriched by9 never has a(an) aspiration for the job10 must have an academic mind11 came form a well-informed man12 have to make a commitment to the poorlUnit 4Lemon juice is quite acid2、I Shaded my eyes from the glare of the sun3、If one or two trains run late, it has a knock-on effect on the4、drain The rice ,making sure that it is5、These flowers generally grow on sloping river banks and near the streams.6、We are spacing out our visits to the hospital7、A narrow band of grass separated the greenhouse8、We want a Christmas tree that won’t drop its needles all over the carpet.9、Devices in the two chimneys would filter out radioactive dust from smoke10、Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes11、The data was analyzed according to neighborhoods, but other key variables12、Reproduction is one of the essential properties of living organismUnit 51.Ruralcommunities inform2.On a clear distinguish3.The guard ascertained4.The tune was recognized5.This stamp is unique6.Jack enjoys outlet7.A child must tactile8..Both drivers rigid9.My son used secure10.Some language acquisition11.Learningtogether fruitful12.The foundation on ancientUnit 61.The company downsized2.2.Churchill provided dynamic3.we have calculated yield4.4.we were traveling had guaranteed5.they won’t let inflict6.the Finance Minister budget7.they insist that priority8.Ian drove up accelerating8.9.It is dishonorable shirk 10.these small and gradual vitally11.would such legislation jeopardize12.12.when you go for a job criteriaUnit 71.The results of this research can be applied to new…2.He had hurt his parents,but he showed no signof repentanceon his face.3.The heavy rain had penetrated right thorough….4.The comedian acted in monkey-like imitation…5.She had almost failed the exam, but her twin sister, bycontrast, had …6.The manager impressed on his office staff….7.We are really grateful to you for your passionate support…8.The English teacher’s funny story awaken the students’…9.The silence was succeed by the striking of a clock.10.The roses here have beautiful blossoms . That’s why…11.On Christmas morning ,children with expectant faces are …12.His friends told him not to miss the opportunity as it might …Unit 81.B ritain’s head of state is a constitutional monarch .2.Elizabeth II came to the throne when her father died3.She was appointed ambassador to Spain three years ago4.George Bush preceded Bill Clinton as president of the U.S5.Crude oil is industrually refined to purify it and separate…6.Fighting broke out between rival groups.7.As a mayor ,he has a lot of official functions to attend.8.What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency ofthe public services.9.The quality of the light provided the inspiration for thepainting.10.They bought watermelons and ate them as they walked,spitting out the seeds.11.The skaters moved over the ice with a smooth ,effortless grace.12.Storing herbs in glass jars in a cool place helps preserveessential oils…unit 31 许多研究表明沙漠中的空气太干燥了，几乎没有任何湿气。
第一单元：CLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Translation:1.His dream of becoming a footble star faded out as timewent by .2.A Boeiay/Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to climb the mountain.In a twinking ,it crash into the mountain and blew up .No one survied in the accident.3. Student have easy access to the resource in the libracy. so they are supposed to make the best of it .4.Titanic,the most luxurious ship in the world at the time .hit an icebery when she was under the way to the USA.Consequently, the ship sank into Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach ,they packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunshine.6.They have been to ST louis once and have a vague konwledge of its wonderful food ,but the day of their glory is over now ,they laspse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless lindneer approches. Supplementary Readings第二单元：Vocabulary StudyCLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.Some cyber gurus claim that internet will precent wars reduce pollution and combat various of inquality.2.Although,internet can undernible fosters communication, It will not put an end to wars . since wars are by no means cause by the failure of different people to understand each other equlty.3.The internet can help reduce energy comsumption and pollution ,only if doing things online replace realworld activies.4.The poor are not shunning the internet because they cannot affort it the problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it efficiently, therefore, it make more sense to improve universal literacy than universal.5.Thanks to internet ,income inequality between people doing similar jods in different countries has been reduced. however, the inequality between information works in poor countries and their porrest compatroits has been increased.6.If human nature remains stablely changed ,desipte the claim of technologist predict ,humanity cannot simply incent away its failing.Supplementary Readings第三单元：CLOSE: CBDAB DBCCA ACDAC CADABTranslation:1.Many stuies indicate that thedesert air is so dry that it contains any moisture.2.Although the children form age 5 to 16 must go to school in Britain according to the laws ,about 1%of the children still can not read when they have primary school.3.After heared the news ,I knew i fell vestless again within a fornight .4.We think unanimouly to answer the question ,we must look more closely at the faces.5.Though out the world, goverment at all levels are taking effectively measures to prevent environment pollution.6.Some people think that the objective items ,such as multiple choices, should be used for an examation, others donot agree, because they believe that this kind test has some bad effect on students leaning.Supplementary Readings第四单元CLOSE: ACDCB BCCBD CDCBA ADCDBTranslation:1.I find that walking along the quiet lake can provide refreshment form a day is sedentary jod.2.Exercising and relexing youself is often prescribed as an effective cure for fatigue.3.The less active you are ,the faster aging process accelerates and the more vulnerable you became to physical and psychological problems.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the chur .if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful.5.The scientist are currently focus on making experiment,in hope of finding effective methods to cure cancers. 5.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.Supplementary Readings第五单元CLOSE :ADBBA DDCBA CCADB DCABATranslation:1.Tt is generally accepted that the upbring of the childild with the home is closely related to the education of the child in school.2.Jennifer is the chief of personal for the NewYork Heracal Tribune ,where she is also responsible editcrical work in the fied of public relations .3. It was two years ago that Jeff met Rose at his sister"s birthaday party ,they had been communited with each other by email since then the more Jeff know Rose ,the more he like her.4. The measure is effective not only in providing job opportunity for the laid-off works ,but also in limiting price increases.5Similarly , they inefficiency treated the political and economical back ground of the cinspiracy.6Tremendacs capital has met the needs of rapid economic growth on one hand and has caused the in flation on the other hand.Supplementary Readings第六单元CLOSE:: BBACB BCAAD CBABD BBCCBTranslation:1.Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2.The discovery of god in the valley will enrish the mountain area.3. Only when police confronted her with evidence ,did she admited that she had stolen the money.4. The meting will afford you an opportunity of hearing good public speakers.5. An offical statement laid to rest the remain fears aout possible redundancies in the industry.6.MARY IS pretty bright ,ASa matter of ,her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place thisyear.Supplementary Readings第七单元：Vocabulary Study1.downsized2.dynamic3.yield4.had guaranteed5.inflict6.budget7.priority8.accelerating9.shirk 10.vitally11.jiopardize 12.criteriaCLOSE：CDBCA BCBBA DDABA BCCDCTranslation:1.Black people in this area complained to the goverment that they had been subjected to repeated racial attacks from the local police officers.2.The goverment officers are inclined to apply the science and technology to short -term projects ,which is benifical to scientific development.3.The precious manager did not want to invest time and money in training the employees who could leave the company any times,an a result of which ,there was a scrious talent drain.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the church ,if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful .5.The scientist are currently focus on making expeiments,in hope of finding efctive methods to cure cancers.6.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.Supplementary Readings第八单元CLOSE: CACDA BAACD DBDCB ACDABTranslation:1.Mexico city is one of the most popucated cities in the world.2.The finding shows that a substantial difference between the opinions of men and woman.3. I can’t remember whether i left my credit card home or in the car .4.We cannot assume the suspects to be gulity simly because they are deliveed to remain silent.5.The main question that faces Chinese economists at present is how to use the price levers and the competition system to direct resources into areas which yield better returns.6.It is assumed in the next 20 years the most surprisiing development will take pace in the space flight ,but now space craft a being developed and they can be used many times instand of only one.Supplementary Readings第九单元：CLOSE: CDBAA DABCC DBCBC DABBATranslation:1.On those days and nights when I was waiting for the results of the Entrance Examination,my heart was filled with wonder(or uncertainty).Iwondered what the fouture held for me,of surprise and excitement or disappointment and sorrow.2.The little girl ran swiftly to catch up with her mother and stretched out her hand to her mother,crying for more candies and drinks.But the mother persisted that they had bought encough.3.His wife was sent into the operation room.He walked to and fro outside,smoking one cigarette after another.When he saw the door opened,he felt a thrill of tenseness.4.Under the gaze of his colleagues,he flushed with embarrassment and bowwed hi head.He casually took up a newspaper and hid hi face behind it,petending to be reading it.5.They fixed all their attention on the research project on hand.They believed that as long as they didn’t lose heart,they woule succeed in thesse experiments in time.6.She had just given birth to an infant when her husband left/deserted her.In despair,she shut herself and the infant in aroom,claiming that they would perish together.Thanks to the policemen who came in time,the mother and the daughter escaped death by a hair’s breath(or had a narrow escape).Supplementary Readings第十单元：CLOSE：CABBD ADADA DDCCC BCADATranslation:1.we must figure out how to solve the tissue-rejecuion problem.2.his behavior under fire approved him a man of courage.3.In addition to the impressiveness of the settings,there is aue of the camera that at times seems magical.4.At first,no ready technical data were available,but we managed to go without.5.She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas.But she resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.6.The most part of their designs corresponds to actual needs and regulations on environmental demand,the other part needs reconsidering.第十一单元：CLOSE：ACDAB DCACB CCADC DBDADTranslation:1.The main concern of the people is that if China’s urban economy can not join international intercourse,our country will be in a disadvantageous situation in the world market.2.Smuggling operations not only disorder out markets,and evade custom duty,but also harm the survival and development of national industry.3.To promote the rapid development of economy the government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the econmy.4.This popular theory must be discarded in the light of new findings for the benefit of the majority of the people.5.In order to protec t the environment,traditional farming methods are coming into use in many areas in Europe.6.Because of the time limit and the shortage of human resources,the firm has not yet managed to find new premises that are suitable for their purpose.Supplementary Readings第十二单元Vocabulary Study:1.proactive2.disseminate3.incentive4.leverage5.facilitate6.precedent7.demonstratedpensation9.justify 10.implement 11.initiative 12.preventiveCLOSE:ADBCA CAADD BBDAD DCCBCTranslation:1.Electronic communication tools facilitate information sharing by enabling people to send one another messages,files,data and images.2.The only way to differentiate yourself form the competition is through service.3.The less there is to justify atraditional custom,the harder it is to get rid of it.4.In high school,students should build on their prior knowledge,learning more-varied and more-sophisticated problem-solving techniques.5.You are not required to simply memorize information. You must be able to demonstrate that you can use that information and apply it in a practical way.6.A well-balanced life is necessary to live in today’sworle. Without a well-balanced life a person can neither function properly nor develop into a well-rounded individoual.Supplementary Readings第十三单元CLOSE: CDBCC DADAB ABCCB DBDDATranslation:1.Planning so far ahead makes no sense.So many things will have changed by next year.2. The main problem that people are facing ing the 21st century is that the rapid increase of population is a heavy burden for developing countries.3.The key is that in regard to the modern scientific and technical books,especially textbooks,their authors should revise them at short intervals if they wish to keep pace with the times.4.The company has been accused of trying to seel their products under the guise of market research in order to get more profits since 1989.5.Tears are a natural form of expression.As they can convey a multitude of feelings,such as happiness,sadness,loneliness,fear,comfort,anger,or frustration,it provides ahealthy outlet for emotions.6.On one hand,the Government of China has has already made great efforts to mobilize people to improve the ecological environment in the light of local conditions. On the other hand,greater efforts should be made to further raise people’s awareness of the environment and spread knowledge about the environment. Supplementary Readings第十四单元CLOSE: ABBDC CADCC BDABC ACADDTranslation:1.All the employees in the company are confident that before too long we will make a wise decision on this.2.Twenty years ago,because of his unemployment ,he couldn’tafford to buy a bicycle,let alone a car.3.Despite the fact there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy,the search party still went on looking.4.Unfortunately,George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this reward on his behalf.5.Currently,the individuals who might have caused the accident are under investigation.6.It was suggested that as the largest non-public high-tech industry in China,they should devote themselves to the development of their own products instead of simply assembling for foreign companies.Supplementary Readings第十五单元Supplementary Readings。
新世纪研究生英语教程（第四版）课文译文—第6单元无纸化办公之神为什么你的办公室愈加混乱不堪?弗雷德里充·依·艾伦［１］在1970年《未来者》杂志中阿尔温·托福乐声称“打印任何资料是机器的一种原始用途，违背了其本身的初衷。
”五年后，施乐公司的帕罗·阿尔托研究中心的主任认为无纸化办公已经初现端倪，并大胆预言在未来“不知道这个世界上我还会需要多少硬拷贝。
”［２］如果他还和我们一样，那么，他仍然被许多纸张包围，很可能比以往任何时候更加严重。
几十年来,我们一直期待着无纸化办公的到来,但是,新技术层出不穷,旨在帮助我们取代在几千年前最先由埃及人利用河咒苇制造的纸。
这些新技术包括电子记事本,体积越来越小的笔记本电脑和内容总在不断更新的电子书籍。
我们都知道纸张占据宝贵的空间,一次只能够放在一个地方,检索或查询非常困难,而且缺少超文本所具有的交互性和链接功能。
因为了解这一点,所以我们为继续依赖纸张而内疚。
为什么我们还不能够克服这一陋习呢?［３］两位英国研究人员阿比加尔·宅和理此埃持仁哈坡决定对此进行研究,并将其研究成果写成《无纸办公室的神话》一书,由麻省理工学院出版社出版。
书中举例说明了我们所处的困境:他们在一家高科技研究实验室遇到了一位经理,其办公室里到处都堆积着纸张——椅子上、工作台上、办公桌上、电脑周围。
他似乎有一种超能力,只用几秒钟就在乱七八糟的纸堆里找到所需文件,但是,这的确会让他的老板感到难堪。
每当公司老板到来之时,他不得不把所有的纸张收拾起来,藏入壁橱的箱子里。
这样做的结果使他此后一两周的工作效率大减。
这就产生了问题:难道纸张真的妨碍我们的工作吗?[4] 我们很容易这么认为。
关于计算机化信息处理的优点我们已经耳熟能详,但是,我们却从未听说过纸张的优点。
塞伦和哈坡已经发现了纸张的优点。
以他们如何描述一张普通办公桌上的文件摆放为例。
它准确地描述了我的,也许还有你的乱糟糟的办公室:一叠重要的文件放在办公桌中间,可能紧靠在电话旁,这些文件被他们称为特急件,需要马上处理。
UNIT81. Mexico city is one of the most populated cities in the world.2. The finding shows a substantial difference between the opinions of men and woman.3. I can't remember whether I left my credit card home or in the car.4. We can’t assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they are decided to remain silent.5. The main question that faces Chinese economists at present is how to use the price levers and the competition system to direct resources into areas which yield better returns.6. It is assumed that in the next 20 years, the most surprising development will take pace in the space flight. Now space shuttles are being developed and they can be used many times instead of only one.UNIT91. On those days and nights when I was waiting for the results of the Entrance Examination, my heart was filled with wonder (or uncertainty).I wondered what the future held for me, of surprise and excitement or disappointment and sorrow.2. The little girl ran swiftly to catch up with her mother and stretched out her hand to her mother, crying for more candies and drinks. But the mother persisted that they had bought enough.3. His wife was sent into the operation room. He walked to and fro outside, smoking one cigarette after another. When he saw the door opened, he felt a thrill of tenseness.4. Under the gaze of his colleagues, he flushed with embarrassment and bowed his head. He casually took up a newspaper and hid his face behind it, pretending to be reading it.5. They fixed all their attention on the research project on hand. They believed that as long as they didn't lose heart, they would succeed in theses experiments in time.6. She had just given birth to an infant when her husband left/deserted her. In despair, she shut herself and the infant in a room, claiming that they would perish together. Thanks to the policemen who came in time, the mother and the daughter escaped death by a hair's breath (or had a narrow escape).UNIT101. We must figure out how to solve the tissue-rejection problem.2. His behavior under fire approved him a man of courage.3. In addition to the impressiveness of the settings, there is use of the camera that at times seems magical.4. At first, no ready technical data were available, but we managed to go without.5. She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas. But she resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.6. the most part of their designs corresponds to actual needs and regulations on environmental demand, the other part needs reconsidering.UNIT111. The main concern of the people is that if China's urban economy can not join international intercourse, our country will be in a disadvantageous situation in the world market.2. Smuggling operations not only disorder out markets, and evade custom duty, but also harm the survival and development of national industry.3. To promote the rapid development of economy the government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy.4. This popular theory must be discarded in the light of new findings for the benefit of the majority of the people.5. In order to protect the environment, traditional farming methods are coming into use in many areas in Europe.6. Because of the time limit and the shortage of human resources, the firm has not yet managed to find new premises that are suitable for their purpose.UNIT121. Electronic communication tools facilitate information sharing by enabling people to send one another messages, files, data and images.2. The only way to differentiate yourself from the competition is through service.3. The less there is to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it.4. In high school, students should build on their prior knowledge, learning more-varied andmore-sophisticated problem-solving techniques.5. You are not required to simply memorize information. You must be able to demonstrate that you can use that information and apply it in a practical way.6. A well-balanced life is necessary to live in today’s world. Without a well-balanced life a person can neither function properly nor develop into a well-rounded individual.UNIT131 .Planning so far ahead makes no sense. So many things will have changed by next year.2. The main problem that people are facing in the 21st century is that the rapid increase of population is a heavy burden for developing countries.3. The key is that in regard to the modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, their authors should revise them at short intervals if they wish to keep pace with the times.4. The company has been accused of trying to sell their products under the guise of market research in order to get more profits since 1989.5. Tears are a natural form of expression. As they can convey a multitude of feelings, such as happiness, sadness, loneliness, fear, comfort, anger, or frustration, it provides a healthy outlet for emotions.6. On one hand, the Government of China has already made great efforts to mobilize people to improve the ecological environment in the light of local conditions. On the other hand, greater efforts should be made to further raise people’s awareness of the environment and spread knowledge about the environment.Unit 141.All the employees in the company are confident that before too long we will make a wise decision on this.2.Twenty years ago, because of his unemployment, he couldn’t afford to buy a bicycle, let alone a car.3.Despite the fact there was almost no hope of finding the missing boy, the search party still went on looking.4.Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this reward on his behalf.5.Currently, the individuals who might have caused the accident are under investigation.6. It was suggested that as the largest non-public high-tech industry in China, they should devote themselves to the development of their own products instead of simply assembling for foreign companies.Unit 151.In today’s job market a person who is deficient in skill,experience,knowledge finds it very hard to get a job.2.After realizing that alcoholism was associated with a mutation of the gene,Dr.Noble began to try teating alcoho lics with bromocriptine.3.That old film evoked our father’s generation’s memories of years of the war.4.At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing.5.While researchers emphasize that environmental factors are also crucial,many population studies have pointed t o the importance of genetics.6.He leanrned that the baclonfen medecation could reduce his craving when cocaine was vnavailable.。
Unit 2Vocabulary Study：1.advocated2.extravagant3.vulnerable4.guru5.potential6.dispel7.shunned8.acclaimed9.enthusiasts 10.stave off 11.attendant 12 eventuredCLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染，还能克服种种形式的不平等。
Some cyber gurus claim that internet will prevent wars reduce pollution and combat several of inequality.2. 不可否认，因特网可以增进交流，但它却无法消除战争，因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。
Although, the internet can undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to wars. Since wars are by no means caused by the failure of different people to understand each other adequately.3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时，因特网才能帮助节约能源，减少污染。
The internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution, only if doing things online genuinely replaces real-world activities.4.穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起，而是心为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它，所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。
Unit 1优等生的秘诀1 一位研究教育的老师针对成绩优异的学生做过重点研究，发现最聪明的学生不见得总能得高分。
根据这位教授、其他教育专家以及优等生们自己的观点，懂得如何充分发挥自己的潜能对于学生来说更为重要。
2 在班上名列前茅的学生之所以学习优秀，是因为他们掌握了几个人人都可以轻易学到的基本原则。
首先，优等生知道如何决定轻重缓急。
他们从来不会为了打电话、看电视或者吃零食而牺牲学习时间。
换言之，学习总是摆在娱乐之前。
另外，优等生们总是注意随时随地学习。
有位成绩优异的学生同时也是优秀的运动员，每天利用户外训练时间背生物学术语。
而另一位学生则利用每天早上刷牙时间记一个新单词。
所有受访的学生无一例外都认为，在什么时间学习完全是个人偏好问题。
有些人在夜深人静时学习效果最好，有些人则喜欢趁着自己还能清晰地记得上课所讲的内容，一放学回家就开始学习。
尽管如此，所有优等生都一致认为，如果想任何时候都表现优秀，一个主要的因素就是要持之以恒。
3 学生还必须学会有条理。
举个例子，有一位优等生在学校乐队、田径队、橄榄球协会和辩论小组里都很活跃。
他透露，他之所以把东西放得井井有条是因为他浪费不起到处找东西的时间。
还有一位学生喜欢把当天的笔记马上整理出来并放进用不同颜色标记的文件夹里，以便临近考试时能随时用来复习。
优等生们提倡的另一个技巧是有效的阅读，其中包括快速阅读，提高记忆能力以及主动提出问题以便充分理解作者的意思。
4 对于学生们来说，合理安排时间也同样重要。
他们必须懂得如何根据每天的时间表和学习能力来安排做作业和项目的速度，不至于让手头的工作压得喘不过气。
能制定时间表不仅让学生能够腾出更多时间来复习和完善功课，而且还能防止他们拖拖拉拉。
成绩优异的学生认为，他们成功的一大秘诀就是上课时做好笔记，供复习时使用。
有个学生透露，她把从课文上摘抄的内容记在笔记本的一边，把课堂笔记写在另一边。
这样，就可同时复习到两方面的内容。
她还透露，她不会浪费下课铃响前的几分钟跟朋友交头接耳，准备随时冲出教室。
Unit 1 (1)Unite2 (5)Unite4 (8)Unite5 (11)Unite6 (16)Unite 7 (19)Unite 10 (24)Unit 1A Young Boy’s AmbitionⅣ. Translationl. His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2. A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, itcrashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3. Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make thebest of it.4. Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time, hit an iceberg when she was underway to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5. Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines onthe beach to enjoy the sunbathing.6. They have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, butthe day of their glory is over now. They lapse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches.1. 他想当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。
UNIT 1英译汉（1、4段）1.When I was a boy，there was but one permanent ambition among my comrades in our village on the west bank of theMississippi River. That was to be a steamboatman. We had transient ambition of other sorts, but they were only transient. When a circus came and went, it left us all burning to become clowns; the first negro minstrel show that came to our section left us all suffering to try that kind of life; now and then we had a hope that if we lived and were good, God would permit us to be pirates. These ambitions faded out, each in its turn; but the ambition to be a steamboatman always remained.当我还是个小男孩时就一直有一个梦想-成为一名水手.我和小伙伴们生长在密西西比河西岸的一个小村庄,当时所有的伙伴们都梦想有朝一日成为一名水手.当为我们渐渐长大,随着环境和机遇的不同,我们的理想变了又变.当马戏团来表演时,就想当小丑；当黑人的境况每见日下,即使环境糟糕到上帝都允许我们成为海盗,我们还依旧希望能过上幸福的生活.当这些雄心壮志,日见离我们远去,昔日中那个-成为水手的梦想依然永存心间.4.Two or three of the boys had long been person of consideration among us because they had been to St. Louis once and had a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory was over now.有两三个男孩长期以来一直是我们中的一员，因为他们曾去过圣路易斯，对它的奇迹有一个笼统的了解，但他们荣耀的日子已经过去了。
英翻汉：第二单元：(因特网不能做什么) 第1段："It is impossible that old prejudices and hostilities should longer exist, while such an instrument has been created for the exchange of thought between all the nations of the earth." acclaimed Victorian enthusiasts on the arrival in 1858 of the first transatlantic telegraph cable. People say that sort of thing about new technologies, even today. Biotechnology is said to be the cure for world hunger. The sequencing of the human genome will supposedly eradicate cancer and other diseases. The wildest optimism, though, has greeted the Internet. A whole industry of cyber gurus has enthralled audiences (and made a fine living)with exuberant claims that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. However, although the Internet is still young enough to inspire idealism, It has also been around long enough to test whether the prophets can be right.在1858年第一根横穿大西洋的通讯电缆铺设成功时，维多利亚时代的积极分子们曾欢呼说：“像电报这种为世界各国交流思想的工具诞生之后；那些根深蒂固的偏见与敌意不可能再长时间存在了。”甚至在今天，人们仍以同样的口吻谈论着各种新技术．生物工程被说成是解决温饱问题的妙方。人类基因组的排序据说可以彻底根治癌症和其他疾病．然而，人们把最盲目乐观的想法倾注在了因特网上。网络专家们的整个行业曾用令人驰神往的美妙话语（并因此而获得了不菲的收入）称，因特网可以防止战争、减少污染；还能克服种种形式的不平等。然而，尽管因特网出现的时间不长，依旧足以激起理想主义的灵感，但它存在的时间也已长得足以判断预言家的预言正确与否了。 第4段：The mistake people make is to assume that wars are caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. Indeed , even if that were true, the Internet can also be used to advocate conflict. Hate speech and intolerance flourish in its murkier corners, where government find it hard to intervene. Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, It will not put an end to war. 人们所犯的错误就在于他们认为战争的爆发是由于不同种族间缺乏充分的理解而引起的。其实；即使真的如此；因特网也同样可用于鼓动冲突、充满憎恨的演说和偏狭的见解在阴暗的角落里滋生蔓延，政府却感到难以于预、不可否认，尽管因特网可以增进交流，它却无法消除战争。 第11段：Even inequality may, in some cases, be reduced thanks to the Internet. A computer programmer in Bangalore or Siberia can use the Internet to work for a software company in Seattle without leaving home, and can expect to be paid a wage that is closer to that of his virtual colleagues at the other end of the cable. The effect is to reduce income inequality between people doing similar jobs in different countries, but to increase the inequality between information workers in poor countries and their poorest compatriots.在某些情况下，由于有了因特网，不平等现象也有可能会减少。一位在班加罗尔或是西伯利亚的电脑编程人员。在足不出户的情况下，可以用因特网为一家在西雅图的软件公司工作；并能期望得到一份与在网络另一端工作的虚拟同事们相近的收八。其效果是减少在不同国家从事类似工作的人们之间收入上的不平等，但这么做却拉大了贫穷国家中从事信息产业的人们与他们最贫穷同胞之间收入上的差距。 第12段：The Internet changes many things. It has had a dramatic impact on the world of business. Firms can now link their systems directly to those of their suppliers and partners, can do business online around the clock, and can learn more than ever about their customers, Economies may be more productive as a result. For individuals, e-mail has emerged as the most important new form of personal communication since the invention of the telephone.因特网改变着许多事物。它已对商务领域产生了巨大的影响、公司能够把它们的系统与其产品供应商和合作伙伴直接相连；可以在网上24小时地进行交易，可以比以往更多地了解他们的顾客。经济的运行因此将更有成果。对个人而言，电子邮件已经成为自电话问世之后最为重要的新型人际交流方式。 第三单元：沙漠 第4段：Deserts are difficult places in which to live. During the day they are very hot. In the Libyan desert in North Africa the temperature on 13 September 1922 reached 58℃ in the shade! But desert nights are often cold because clear skies allow heat to escape into the atmosphere. The lack of water caused by low rainfall is bad enough, but rainfall is also highly unpredictable. Years of drought can end in tremendous rainstorms. Many desert areas are bare rock, or are covered with pebbles and gravel. Sand accounts only about 15 per cent of the Earth's desert regions. In some deserts, the total rain for the year might fall in only two or three storms. But that is enough for plant seeds to sprout and bloom, turning parts of the desert into carpets of flowers for a few days.沙漠是生物生存十分困难的地方。白天天气特别炎热，1922年9月13日,北非利比亚沙漠在阴处测量的温度竟高达58度 ！沙漠晚上很冷，晴朗的天空很快使地热迅速散发到大气层中。沙漠中因降雨量少而使缺水现象非常严重，而是否下雨又难以预测，连年的干旱之后可能是大雨倾盆。许多沙漠地区是光秃秃的岩石，或被鹅卵石和沙砾所覆盖。沙土只占沙漠地区的15%。在一些沙漠地区，全年的降雨量也许只有一两场。但这足以为植物的播种和生长提供必要水分，使部分沙漠地区有几天特覆盖着簇簇鲜花。 第四单元：论三种疲劳 第1段：Fatigue is one of the most common complains brought to doctors, friends, and relatives. You'd think in this era of labor-saving devices and convenient transportation that few people would have reason to be so tired. But probably more people complain of fatigue today than in the days when hay was baled by hand and laundry scrubbed on a washboard.疲劳是人们向医生、朋友和亲戚经常抱怨的问题之一。或许你会认为在这个拥有各种节省体力装置和方便交通设施的时代，没有人会有理由感到如此疲劳、然而，与用手捆干草。用搓衣板洗衣服的过去相比，今天抱怨疲劳的人却更多了。 第2段：The causes of modern-day fatigue are diverse and only rarely related to excessive physical exertion. The relatively few people who do heavy labor all day long almost never complain about being tired, perhaps because they expect to be. Today, physicians report, tiredness is more likely a consequence of under-exertion than of wearing yourself down with over-activity. In fact, increased physical activity is often prescribed as a cure for sagging energy.现代疲劳症的原因各种各样；但是很少与过多的体力消耗活动有关、相对而言，为数不多的整天干重活的人他们从不抱怨劳累，这也许是因为他们都预料到了。今天，据医生们说，疲劳是由于过少的活动所至，而不是由于过多活动导致。其实，增加体力活动往往是治愈人们体力消耗的一个处方。 第8段：Emotional problems and conflicts, especially depression and anxiety. Are by far the most common causes of prolonged fatigue? Fatigue may represent a defence mechanism that prevents you from having to face the true cause of your depression, such as the fact that you hate your job. It is also your body's safety valve for expressing repressed emotional conflicts, such as feeling trapped in an ungrateful role or an unhappy marriage. When such feelings are not expressed openly, they often come out as physical symptoms, with fatigue as one of the most common manifestations. "Many people who are extremely fatigued do not even know they're depressed," Dr. Bulette says. "They're so busy distracting themselves or just worrying about being tired that they do not recognize their depression."第三，心理上的．情绪问题和烦恼，特别是忧郁和焦虑是长期疲劳的最常见的原因、疲劳可以是一种保护机制，阻碍你去正视你感到压抑的真正原因；比如你厌恶你的工作；疲劳也是你体内的一种安全阀，用以表达压抑的情绪上的烦恼，比如你感到陷进了一个不能发挥作用的工作或者一个不幸的婚姻．当这种情感不能公开得以宣泄时，身体上就往往会产 生某些症状，疲劳则是最常见的表现形式。“许多极度疲劳的人甚至不知道自己患了抑郁 症，”布莱特博士说，“他们根本不去注意自己的情绪，或者说他们只担“自己的疲劳，以至于没有意识到自己的抑郁底” 第五单元： 第一段：It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. „Upbringing‟ is normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term „education‟. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.人们一般认为孩子最初几年的经历对其性格以及以后个性的培养影响很大。每一种经历都会交给孩子一些东西，而且其影响也在日积月累。抚养通常指在家里对孩子的培养和锻炼，这和学校对孩子的培养和锻炼密切相关。二者之间的区别则在于学校所作的通常被称为教育。在我们的社会里，家长与教师都要对孩子今后的发展负责，因而父母的抚养和学校的教育相辅相成、缺一不可。 第五段：Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is unique, and the can be on rigid general rules. They use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. For example, they will need specific suggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions. In the more general sense, though, problems of upbringing are recognized to be problems of relationships within the individual family, the first necessity being a secure emotional background with parents who are untied in their attitude to their children. 然而聪明的父母意识到每个特定的家庭都有其独特的背景，抚养孩子没有普遍适用的规则。在他们做决策和解决问题时，一般性的知识仅供他们参考。譬如，怎样帮助孩子克服语言缺陷、如何解决孩子学走路较晚或者控制身体功能方面的问题，这时他们他们需要的是具体的建议。但从更加普遍的意义上来说，培养孩子的问题就是一个家庭内部的关系问题，其中首要前提是孩子与父母在一起要有安全感，他们在对待孩子的态度上必须一致。 第六段：All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child‟s continuing development may be warped. An example of this is the young child‟s need to play with the mud and sand and water. A child must be allowed to enjoy this „messy‟ but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go no to the less physical pleasures of toys and books. Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before. 所有的父母必须解决孩子的自由与纪律的问题。孩子越小，母亲为了不令其感到失望，就越容易对孩子的要求作出让步。因为她知道，如果孩子的精力得不到发泄，那么他日后的发展就会受到阻碍。小孩子喜欢玩泥巴，沙子和水就说明了这一点。在儿童乐于接受玩具、书本这些脑力活动前，我们必须允许他们从这个 “凌乱”但又是通过触觉去发现的阶段中得到乐趣。同样，在人的一生当中，每个阶段的发展都是依靠前一个阶段的圆满完成。 第九段：Every parent watches eagerly the child‟s acquisition of each new skill---the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.每一位父母都渴望看到自己孩子所获得的每一种新技能，例如孩子第一次开口说话，第一次在无人帮助的情况下走路，或是学会了阅读和写作。拔苗助长、超前学习常常诱惑着家长，但这会使孩子养成一种害怕失败，焦虑不安的心理状态。这种拔苗助长的情况在任何年龄阶段都可能发生。婴儿有时会被家长过早的强迫使用卫生间，小孩子会在还不懂得词语本身的含义时而被迫进行阅读。但另一方面，家长如果对孩子放任不管，致使他没有学习的机会，那么孩子就会失去对生活的热情，失去对新事物的好奇心。 第六单元 第六段：Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer participation during the under-graduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the student might otherwise devote to "academic" pursuits. This argument has been laid to rest by the results of our longitudinal analyses, which reveal significant positive effects on all ten academic outcomes included in the study. While the analyses reveal that the net benefit attributable to service participation is quite small in the case of a student's grade point average-- about 1 grade point -- the fact remains that the effect is indeed positive and statistically significant. Among students who had at least a B＋average in high school, 69 percent of the service participants (compared to 56 percent of the non-participants) were able to maintain at least a B＋ average in college. Among those who entered college with a B or lower average, 27 percent of the service participants (compared to 19 percent of the non-participants) were able to improve to at least a B＋ average in college.反对在大学期间自愿参加社会服务的最普遍的呼声也许是认为社会服务占去了学生的时间和精力，否则，学生会用这些时间和精力去做学术研究。这一争论已随着我们纵向分析结果的出现而平息。因为分析结果表明10门学习成绩都受到社会服务显著的正面影响。分析表明，尽管从学生的平均积分点看，对他们直接的收益很小----大约为一个积分点，但事实上其影响是积极的，从统计学角度来看很明显。在那些高中成绩至少是平均B+的学生中，69%的参加社会服务的学生（同56%的不参加社会服务的学生相比）能在大学保持至少平均B+的成绩；在那些入学时成绩为B或低于平均分的学生中，27%的参加社会服务的学生（19%不参加社会服务的学生相比）能在大学至少将成绩提高到平均为B+。 第八段：In the area of life skills, service participants show greater positive change than do non-participants in terms of all eight outcomes analyzed, with the largest differences occurring in understanding community problems, knowledge of different races/cultures, acceptance of different races/cultures, and interpersonal skills. Other significant differences that „favor service participants include understanding the nation's social problems, the ability to work cooperatively, skills in conflict resolution, and the ability to think critically.在生活能力上，从所分析的8门课程成绩看，参加社会服务的学生比那些不参加社会服务的的学生表现出更为积极的变化。其中最大的变化在于对社会问题的理解，对不同种族/文化的认识，对不同种族/文化的认可，以及人际交往能力的提高。其他有益的变化还包括对这个国家的社会问题的理解，合作能力、解决社会冲突问题的能力以及严谨思考的能力提高。
