英语倒装句的用法
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英语倒装句的⽤法
倒装(Inversion)是⼀种语法⼿段,⽤以表⽰⼀定句⼦结构的需要和强调某⼀句⼦成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种⽐较固定的结构加以颠倒。
倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移⾄主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.
英语句⼦的倒装⼀是由于语法结构的需要⽽进⾏的倒装,⼆是由于修辞的需要⽽进⾏的倒装。前⼀种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后⼀种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产⽣表达效果上的差异。下⾯本⽂就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的⽤法。
⼀、 表⽰强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句⾸,句⼦⽤部分倒装。
例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有⽤这种⽅法,你才可以解决这个问题。
例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到⾃⼰犯了个⼤错误。
2. not,little,hardly,scarcely,no more,no longer,in no way,never,seldom,not only,no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句⾸,句⼦⽤部分倒装。
例1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了⾬。
例2: Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。
3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句⾸可以构成部分倒装句,表⽰强调so /such和that之间的部分。
例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个⼈都瞠⽬结⾆。
例2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进⾏得那么长,以致于那两个演员都⾛出去了。
以上各例都⽤倒装语序突出了句⾸成分,其语⽓较⾃然语序强烈,因⽽具有极佳的修辞效果。
⼆、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前⼀句说到的⼈或物,或与前⼀句有联系的⼈或物在下⼀句紧接着先说出来,从⽽使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作⽤。
例1: They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进⼊她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。⼀条棕褐⾊的蛇缠在他头上。
例2: We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋⽽愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,⽽且还会继续是穷光蛋。
三、 制造悬念,渲染⽓氛 在新闻或⽂学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运⽤倒装来制造悬念,渲染⽓氛。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着⼀幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的⼀节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这⼀节诗⾥ ,诗⼈就富有创意地运⽤了倒装。在前五⾏中 ,诗⼈堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现⽽主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成⼀种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然⼤悟 ,因⽽收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、 平衡结构
英语修辞的⼀个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句⼦最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句⼦平衡。在语⾔使⽤中为了避免产⽣头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句⼦,我们常采⽤倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句⼦平衡,常将状语置于句⾸,句⼦⽤完全倒装语序。
例1:A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.
⼀个连队的解放军战⼠来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿⼯。
例2:A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
地上放着⼀些空调,等着⽤船运到其他城市去。
从例句中可看出, 采⽤倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来⾃然流畅,⽽采⽤⾃然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因⽽,在主语较长时就应采⽤倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句⼦:有时为了把较长的主语放在后⾯,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:
Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样⼦。
3. 以副词here , there开头的句⼦,也采⽤完全倒装来保持句⼦平衡。如:
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这⼉。
五、 使描写⽣动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加⽣动形象,增加语⾔效果,可将表⽰⽅向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句⾸,句⼦采⽤全部倒装的语序(主语为⼈称代词的句⼦除外)。如: Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地⼀声⽕箭就飞上天了。
Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把⼿枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地⼀下他就从三楼跳了下去。
Boom went the cannon! 轰隆⼀声⼤炮开⽕了!
Bang came another shot!砰!⼜是⼀声枪响!
以上句⼦简洁明快 ,⽣动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们⼀览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...
“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第⼀段和第⼆段中分别⽤副词away, up和out位于句⾸引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从⽽制造出⼀种紧张、急促的⽓氛 ,⽣动地刻画了⼀个紧张、混乱的捉贼场⾯。
倒装是英语中⼀个重要的修辞⼿段。倒装句的使⽤丰富了我们的语⾔表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的⽤法 , 不仅会提⾼我们对英语语⾔的欣赏能⼒ , 对英语表达能⼒的提⾼也将⼤有裨益。因此,写作中适当⽤⼀些倒装句式定会使⽂章表达更⽣动、有⼒。
