2011年职称英语考试 [综合类]阅读理解习题
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2011年职称英语考试 [综合类]阅读理解习题 Ulcers Even though ulcers appear to run in families, lifestyle plays more of role than genetic factors in causing the illness, according to a report in the April 13th Journal of Internal Medicine. In particular, smoking and stress in men and the regular use of pain releasing medicines in women were linked with an increased risk of developing an ulcer. Overall, 61% of ulcer risk appears to be due to environmental factors, such as smoking, and the remaining 39% is due to genes according to Dr. Ismo Raiha of the University of Turky and colleagues at the University of Helsinki, Finland. Some researchers had suggested that families may spread Helicobacteria pylori, the bacteria that can cause ulcers. However, the new study suggests this is unlikely, according to the report. Raiha and colleagues studied data from more than 13,000 pairs of twins “to examine the roles of genetic and environmental factors in the origin of peptic ulcer disease,” they explain. Both twins were more likely to develop an ulcer if the pair were genetically the same as compared with a pair of fraternal twins, suggesting that there must be some genetic susceptibility to ulcer development. However, the risk was no greater in twins living together compared with twins living apart, suggesting that shared exposure to H. pylori was not to blame. “Environmental effects were not due to factors shared by family members, and they were related to smoking and stress in men and the use of analgesics in women,” the authors wrote. “The minor effects of shared environment to disease liability do not support the concept that the grouping of risk factors, such as H. pylori infection, would explain the genetic factor of peptic ulcer disease,” they concluded. 1. According to the passage, which of the following is a very likely cause of ulcer in men? A. Smoking and stress. B. Drinking and smoking. C. Genes and children. D. Use of a certain medicine. 2. What factors contribute to over half the ulcers? A. Hereditary factors. B. Economic factors. C. Environmental factors. D. Genetic factors. 3. In relation to ulcers, experts study twins in order to examine A. the roles of genetic factors. B. the roles of environmental factors. C. the roles of both genetic and environmental factors. D. the roles of brotherhood. 4. What does “environmental effects” in the fourth paragraph refer to? A. A clean environment with no smoke and dust surrounding the living area. B. Smoking and stress in men and use of pain-killing medicine in Women. C. Factors shared by family members such as genes and the food they eat. D. Shared exposure to H. pylori infection in the unclean environment. 5. The passage argues that A. ulcers are related to genes. B. ulcers are related to lifestyle. C. ulcers appear in men and women. D. ulcers are caused by pylori infection. How Animals Keep Warm Man has invented ways to keep warm, but how do animals defend themselves? They cannot reason in the sense that man can, but nature has taken care of the animal kingdom by providing animals with special instincts. One of these instincts is known as hibernation. “Sleeping like a dormouse” is not only a common saying but is a reality. When winter comes, the dormouse and other hibernating animals have reached a well-nourished state. They eat very well in warmer days laying down fat in the tissues of their bodies and during hibernation this keeps them alive. Safe in their nests, or burrows, they sleep soundly until the warmth of spring arrives. Bats, tortoises, snakes, frogs, even insects like butterflies, hibernate more or less completely. Some, like the squirrels, sleep during coldest weather but are roused by a warm spell. During hibernation, the temperature of an animal's body drops drastically. Breathing and heart-beats almost cease. Another instinctive method of avoiding intense cold is to escape by means of migration. Wild swans, seagulls, swallows and cuckoos are a few of the very many kinds of birds which fly thousands of miles, twice a year, to avoid cold. Many animals, especially those of the Arctic regions, have summer and winter quarters. The Arctic deer of North America, as well as the reindeer of Europe, move southward towards the forests when winter approaches. They return to the northern area when the warmth of spring begins to be sensed. There are animals which do not attempt to leave at the first sign of winter cold. Their instinctive means of defence is to dig out a deep burrow, made soft and warm by padding out with straw, leaves, moss and fur. In it they have a “secret place” containing food which they hope will last the winter through! Animals which fall into this class include the Arctic fox, the rabbit and the ermine, and the little field-mice. 1. How does the dormouse defend itself against cold in winter? A. It moves about to keep warm. B. It grows thicker fur. C. It sleeps continuously. D. It goes to warmer areas. 2. What keeps animals alive during hibernation? A. The fat stored in their bodies. B. Their thick fur. C. Their warm burrows. D. Their deep sleep. 3. During hibernation, animals breathe A. normally. B. at a slower rate. C. at a faster rate. D. irregularly 4. According to the passage, what is “migration” ? A. Moving from one place to another with the season. B. Living in burrows in winter. C. Travelling in the winter months. D. Leaving one's own country for another. 5. How do ermines survive in winter? A. They leave their cosy burrows and migrate to warmer lands. B. They sleep soundly inside their burrows in winter.
