2011年考研英语最新推荐新东方冲刺写作高级词汇

考研英语写作冲刺：最全的经典替换词合集考研英语最后冲刺，大小作文的提升是复习的重点。

而作文复习，有几个很重要的积累，模板、范文、词汇、短语和句子。

在作文中，遣词造句是最关键的。

怎么用词，用什么词?有个原则是要多样化，不要总用一些非常简单且单一的表达。

为此，下面合了诸多的替换词，大家抓紧背背，绝对有好处。

1.individuals,characters,folks替换(people,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy ( 美好的 ) ， promising ( 有希望的 ) ，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 替换eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,asa result, they find their academic records are lessimp ressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换 many.注：用 many, if not most 一定要小心，many 后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all,替换 most.5: a slice of, quiet a few , several 替换 some6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think (因为是书面语，所以要加that) 7:affair ,business ,matter 替换 thing8: shared 代 common9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换 more and more( 注意没有growingly 这种形式。

高频词组：A：account for 说明……原因（用途等），占（比重）adequate for 胜任……的adhere to 坚持，粘粘after all 毕竟ahead of 在……之前along with 与……一起as usual 与往常一样，如常at a loss 茫然不知所措at ease 舒适地，自由自在地at hand 在手中，在眼前，即将来临at random 随机地，任意地at the risk of 冒……危险B：bear upon* 向……施加压力because of 由于break away 摆脱…逃跑（from）break down（机器）坏掉，（健康）垮掉，分解break through 突破，突围break in 强行闯入，插嘴，打断break into 强行闯入break off 突然停止（讲话等），暂停工作，结束break out 爆发，发生break up* 打碎，折散，终止，结束bring on 引起，导致bring over* 使（在思想，信仰等方面）转变by accident 偶然地，意外地by all accounts* 根据大家所说by all means 想尽一切办法，千万要，务必by any means* 无论如何by means of 通过，凭借by no means* 决不by oneself 单独地，独自地by rights* 按理说，正当地by virtue of * 通过C：care about 计较care for 关心，喜欢in care of* 由……转交carry off * 夺去（生命），夺得（奖牌）cast light upon* 使人们明白，使真相大白catch on 理解，受欢迎catch up 赶上（with），把……卷入cling to* 坚持，依附，粘者coincide with 与……相符come off* 发生，举得，成功，脱落come out 出现，出版，发表，结果是come round* 苏醒，复员，顺便拜访come through 经历……仍活着，脱险come up to 达到，符合come up with 赶上，提出consist in 在于contrary to 与……相反cope with 处理count on 依靠，指望cut sb. short 打断某人D：deficient in* 缺乏depend on 依靠，指望devote to 致力于do away with * 去掉，废除drive up * 抬高E：engage in 忙于，从事excuse sb from * 同意某人不做……F：face up to 勇敢面对fall into 落入，陷入，分成familiar t，看在……份上from all accounts 根据大家所说(by all accounts)G:get at *到达，了解get away逃脱get down从……上下来，下车，记下get hold of抓住，掌握get off从……上下来，脱下，起飞get off with *加注释get on with在……方面进展得，与……相处得get round to *花时间和精力去做give oneself up *投案自首give vent to *发泄，吐露……go along with陪……一起行事，与……一致go back on违背go in for参加，沉迷于go off爆炸，被发射，离去，停止运行go on继续，升go out熄灭，停止，过时go over浏览，检查，复习，走过去go through with做完，完成go with陪……of代替，取代H：hang on *紧握不放，坚持下去，（打电话）别挂断heap praise upon*对……大加赞赏hold back退缩不前，阻止，隐瞒I:in a way 在某种程度上in accord with 与……一致in advance of（在……）之前，预先（于……）in between在中间，每间隔in case假使，以防万一in case of 假使，万一in contrast to与……形成对照in every way在每一方面，用任何方式in excess of 超过in favor of赞成，支持，有利于in honor of 为纪念……，为庆祝……向某人表示敬意in line with与……一致，与……相符，按照in no way决不in particular特别，尤其，详细地in place一起行动，赞同，支持in quest of * 为探索in response to响应，回答in spite of尽管，虽然in terms of * 就……来说in the event of * 如果……发生in the front of在……的前部in the way妨碍。

新东方恋练有词考研英语词汇考研英语词汇识记与应用大全influe neein flue ntial impact live alivedeliver delivery outlive liveli ness livelihood live off dwell reside survivesurvival in habit settle federal federati onFBI (Federal Bureau of Inv estigati on)CIA (Ce ntral In tellige nee Age ncy) large largelyChapter 1:-高频词汇-un it 01statestatute mani festatio n statistic statistical stati onary stateme nt un derstateme nt overstate statesma n estate devastate devastat ing workstati on status assert affirm publicpublicati onrepublica npublicity publicized publicly in public mass civil lawclaw lawful lawsuit flaw lawyer legislatio n mea n meaning well-mea ning meanin gless mea nin gfully mea ns mea nwhile by means of by no means in dicate implicati onenl arge gaze at pipeli ne at large stare at guideli ne bulky glare at in line with outsize con temporary series huge i s sue row mark tissue boun dary market claim bou nd marketplace proclaim routemarked disclaim successi on marketer acclaim processi on remark lay claim to value ( n.v.) remarkable allege overvalue Ian dmark contend devalued blot patent( v. adj. n.) worth spot intellectual property sig ni fica nee stai n court( n.) view ( n.v.) symbol courteous in terview systemline( n. v.) viewer systematic hardli ne review systematically un derl ine reviewer regime decl ine worldview orga ni zati on on li ne in view of structure offli ne in view stresscoastli ne on view stressed-out deadli ne take sth. i n view = highlight in cli ne take sth. into acco untemphasize baseli ne perspective strainairli ne individual( adj. n.)un it 02outl ine in dividually peerlin eagecollectiveeconomic( adj.) consider ?as ?con sumerism unecono mic un it 03 clie ntecono mics subject( v. n. adj.) environment( n.)econo mically subjective en vir onmen tal socioec ono mic be subject to en vir onmen tally fiscal cliff lead( v. n.) en viro nmen talistIMF(I nternatio nal leadership surro undings Mon etary Fund) mislead atmospherefinan cial leader situatio nfiscal plead essay (n.)mon etary leadi ng articlecreate( v.) lead some one on matter( n. v.) creature lead up to as a matter of fact creative take the lead substa neerecreate intend (v.) stuffcreativity intend to do /intend materialcreati on doing sth. fund( v. n.)creati onism sector( n.) fun dame ntalcreati onist account( v. n.) fun dame ntally procreati on acco untant nonfun damentalistlegal( adj.) acco unt for un derfu nd illegal take into acco unt hold( v. n.)lawful leave sth. out of householdlegitimate account holderofficial on acco unt of withholdconsider( v.) descripti on shareholder con siderati on expla nati on sharehold ingrecon sider consumer( n.) stockholdercon siderable con sumpti on stakeholdercon sideri ng consuming hold backhold on with providerhold out as/so far as -be -provisi onhold up concerned supplycli ng allow( v.) offerwithsta nd shallow challenge( n. v.) seize allow for un challe nged function( v. n.) product( n.)fun cti onal producti on un it 05 work productive deal( n. v.) employ productivity idealevidence( n.) inven ti on deali ng evide nt level( n. adj. v.) dealershipproof low-level deal withcon firmati on level off a great deal of practice( v. n.) on the level con tract in practice do one 'level best structure( v. n.) perform effort( n.) restructuri ng note( v. n.) effortless structural denote infer( v.) in frastructure no teworthy in feriority content( v. n. adj.) take/make no tes in ferior conten ti onin fere nee disc ontent un it 04 deduce self-c onten ted fegree( n.) con clude immigrant( adj. n.)agreeme nt professional( n. adj.) immigrati on Greek professio nalize emigratec oncern( v. n.) professi on alizatio n comprehe nsion( n.con cer ned professio nalism comprehe nsion unconcerned provide( v.) beyond one s con cer n on eself provided comprehe nsionpotential( n. adj.) ?over( n. v.) geophysical possible coverage physicia nprobable recovery astrophysicist mass( adj. n.) discover material massive cloak bodilymassarce reveal( v.) introduce( v.) biomass uncover in troductory rally unv eil launch ?ompare( v.) display in itiate comparable disclose figure( v.n.)comparis on analysis( n.) figure outcomparative an atomy conduct( v. n.) comparatively probe semic onductor compare with un it 06 con ductivecompare to identify( v.) con ductor con trast ide ntity behavior feature( n. v.) ide ntity with steeri n volve( v.) recog nize tell( v.)invo Iveme nt title( n.) tellerrevolve en title in tellectevolve en titleme nt in tellectual in valid subtitle in tellectualism engage doubt( n. v.) in tellige nt occupy doubter in tellige ntly segment( n.) un doubtedly in tellige nee secti on doubtful satellitefracti on in doubt inform access (n. v.) in no doubt n otify accessible physical( adj.) lack( n. v.)access road physics blacke nedslack outcome well-established slacke n ?ontribute( v.) establish on eself i n available( adj.) con tribut ing launch be available to con tributi on wonder( v. n.)obta in able con tribute to won derfulaccessible lead to no won deremerge( v.) give rise to approach( v. n.) emerge nee executive( adj. n.) access toemerge ncy current( n. adj.) come up toemerge from curve get close tosurface sort( n. v.) grant( n. v.)origi nate resort immigra ntappear sort sth. out take - for gran ted express( v. adj. n.) assort positi onpress classify positiveexpressi on secure( v. adj.) postureimpress safeguard compositi onimpressive shield oppositi onuni mpressive threat( n.) propositi ondepress men ace dispositi ondepressi on un it 07 locatedepressa nt material( n. adj.) sitecompress materialism brainpress ing materialistic brai nstormoppress observe brai n-drainpress for observer term( n. v.)state abide determ ineconvey survey determi nedly ?onsequence( n.) establish termi nate in con seque nee establishme nt termi nally in terms of head for directoryclause chief directive ?creasi ngly tale nt in directly in creasedrespect( n. v.) straightl a bor respected fran kly laboratory respectable otherwise( conj. adv.) elaborate respectively likewiselaborsav ing irrespectively reflectcollaborate with respect to reflecti oncollaboratively in respect of un reflect ingworkforce esteem relect onmobile main tai n despitedetail( n. v.) retain in spite ofc areer uphold discipline( n. v.)q uit susta in land( n. v.) resig n primary mai nla ndrenounce primarily landingdepart prime eleme ntessential( n. adj.) prin cipal elevate n ecessary cen tral indicatevital un it 08 exposein dispe nsable relate posecore in terrelated purposehead (n. v.)correlate propose headache correlated imposego-ahead be correlated with composeheadli ne relate to opposeheadway bond supposeheadl ong com mune supposedlyheadh un ter directly be exposed to。

精心整理英语作文常用的高级词汇高考英语作文中常用的替换词1.individuals, characters, folks 替换（people, persons）2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的）,promising（有希望的）,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.（an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most）替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals， if not most，harbor the idea that…. 同理用most， if not all，替换most.5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that）替think（因为是书面语，所以要加that）7.affair, business, matter替换thing8.shared 替换 common9.reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits10.for my part, from my own perspective替换in my opinion11.Increasing（ly）, growing替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。

高考英语作文中常用的替换词1.individuals, characters, folks 替换（people, persons）2.positive, favorable, rosy （美好的）,promising（有希望的）,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill （有害的）替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.（an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most）替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals，if not most，harbor the idea that…. 同理用most，if not all，替换most.5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that）替think（因为是书面语，所以要加that）7.affair, business, matter替换thing8.shared 替换common9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits10.for my part, from my own perspective替换in my opinion11.Increasing（ly）, growing替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。

新东方bec高级词汇积累为了方便大家备考bec高级，下面小编给大家分享一些新东方的bec高级词汇，更多资讯关注学习啦。

新东方bec高级词汇积累11. subtotal小计2. supplier供货商3. sweepstakes彩票4. take precedence over优先于……的地位5. take-over bid (对企业)接收出价6. telegrahpic transfer电汇7. telemarketing电话销售8. telex 电传电报9. terminal终点站10. tie-in搭卖广告新东方bec高级词汇积累211. toll (长途)电话费12. top-grossing毛利最高的13. transformation变化14. trial试用15. typeface 字样16. upscale 高消费阶层的17. vending machine售货机18. vendor卖主19. well-versed精通的20. tumble (价格等)暴跌新东方bec高级词汇积累31. publicity推广2. rail hauler铁路货运公司3. rate of exchange 汇率4. rebate部分退款5. reciprocal倒数6. registrar ·公司的证劵登记员7. reimburse偿还8. reminder催单9. rental出租公司10. rep=sales representative·销售代表新东方bec高级词汇积累411. reserve储备金12. return退货13. rival竞争者14. run counter to违背15. S.A.=Societe Anonyme股份有限公司16. sanitation卫生17. schedule日程计划18. semiotics符号学19. standing地位20. statute法令新东方bec高级词汇积累相关文章：1.bec口语2.bec口语怎么准备才好3.2020年bec考试报名时间来了!。

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兄弟无人(er)是肉汤。

kernel：果核kennel：狗窝[比较记忆]“开了花才有果”；把n想成狗门flail：打(谷子)frail：脆弱的[比较记忆]l想成扁担，用扁担打谷子？(丽丽老师也不清楚，老俞说的)；花(r)都是脆弱的sheer：完全的，纯粹的shear：剪(羊毛)[比较记忆]在剪羊毛时耳朵不用剪，因为耳朵上没毛。

[扩展]shears：大剪刀sprout：发芽spout：喷发[比较记忆]长花的发芽fragrant：芬芳的flagrant：臭烘烘的，臭名昭著的[比较记忆]有“花r”才香adept：有技巧的，娴熟的adopt：采纳，收养adapt：适应[比较记忆]adept：e想成伏明霞在跳水，跳水需要技巧的。

adopt：o想成一个眼睛，即使是收养小孩也需要选择的，一个眼睛的你要吗adapt：a：靠近a的就是a,近朱者赤，这就是对环境的适应性observe：观察reserve：储备deserve：值得conserve：保存[比较记忆]观察储备，觉得是值得保存conservation：n.保存conservative：保守的reservation：印第安人的保留地complement：补偿，弥补，补充compliment：赞美，称赞[比较记忆]“爱赞美，被补充”i-爱，e-像不像军被啊poverty：贫穷property：财产[比较记忆] poverty：p-“趴在地上”，over-“一切都完了”property：proper-恰当的，“每人恰当一份”haven：避难所heaven：天堂[比较记忆] haven：n-门。

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3.本资料为半成品，商老师仅在高联英语课堂面授精确意思及其具体记忆方法。

Unit One 9701vote v. /n. 投票debate v. /n. 辩论，争论authority n. 政府；权威专家，权威（人士）occupation authorities 占领当局be authorized to do 得到授权be entitled to (do) sth. 被赋予做…的权利，有做…的权利incurably ill patients 晚期患者terminally ill 晚期的，终期的convince v. 坚信，相信；令人信服word n. 消息flash v./n. 闪现，，闪动，出现executive a.执行的n.执行官chief executive 首席执行官the right to… （有）做…的权利have rights doing sth. 有权做某事society n. 协会，社团academic ~ 学术社团specific society 具体的、特定的社团community n. …界, 团体；社会，社区legal community 法律界scientific community 科学界religious community 宗教团体health research community 医疗研究团体via prep. 经由，通过post v. 张贴，发布；（在网上）发帖bulletin n. 公告，报告import n. 重要性，重要意义；进口implications n. 含义，意义；暗示，启示imply v. 暗示，推论出；蕴含着…implicit a. 不言明(含蓄)的explicit a. 表达明确地，明白的sink in 被了解alike adj. 类似的，同类的deal with 安排，处理，思考breathe sighs of relief 轻松地出了一口气association n. 协会associate… with… 把…和…联系起来bitterly adv. 尖酸刻薄地，厉害地bill n. 法案，法律；账单passage n. 通过；经过；道路，通道tide n. 潮流，趋势likely adj/adv. 很有可能，可能的= possiblebe likely to 常常，很有可能unlikely adj. 不可能= impossibleaging population 老龄化的人口extend v. 延长，延伸，推广life-extending technology 延长寿命的技术extended family 三代以上同堂的家庭模式be extended indefinitely 无限期延长get on with 继续做have something to do with… 与…有关have much to do with 与…很有关系observer n. 观察者，旁观者observe v. 观察，注意；评论observation观察（报告）,观察（结论）;评论make observations 做评论domino（es）多米诺效应（~ effect）request v. 请求，要求deadly adj. 致命的dreadful adj. 可怕的；极大的inject v. 注射，注入pill n. 药丸suffering n. 痛苦，受罪suffer v. 遭受diagnose v. 诊断cool off 平静下来，变凉certificate n. 证明（书、证等）haunting a.常浮现于脑海中的，不易忘怀的terrifying a. 可怕的，令人害怕的spiritual a. 精神上的fight for 努力…，为…而努力claw v. 抓（scratch）mask n. 面具object to 反对objection toobjectionable 引起反对的，讨厌的objective adj. 客观的objectivity n. 客观性impartial adj. 公正，客观share the same view on 对…持相同观点be responsible for 对…负责（表示原因）significance n. 重要性，意义calm a . 平静的，镇静的intense a.强烈的，剧烈的（~ fear 非常担心）characteristic n.（~s）特点，特色a. 特有的be characteristic of 特点是= be typical ofbe characterized by 特点是，以…为特点experience v./n.经历（= undergo=go through）shared experience 共同的经历、经验perish v. 死亡，变腐败in peril 处在危险中approve v. 赞同（approval）disapproval n.反对indifferent a.漠不关心的,冷漠的（indifference）carefree adj. 不关心的，冷漠的suspect v. 怀疑，不信suspicion n. 怀疑，猜疑，不信be suspicious of 表示怀疑subjective adj. 主观的biased adj. 有偏见的（= prejudiced）prejudice n./v. （持有）偏见= biaspuzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzle v. 困惑word ~ 填字游戏puzzlement n.困惑,不明白的地方=confusion confused adj.困惑的confusing adj.令人不解的confuse v. 茫然，困惑；混淆confusion n. 困惑，混淆optimistic adj. 乐观的optimism n. 乐观（精神）pessimistic adj. 悲观的pessimism n. 悲观（精神）reserve v. 预留，保留；储备（金）reserved adj. 有保留的reserve space 保留位置，空间consent v. 同意slight adj. 轻微的enthusiastic adj.热情的enthusiast n. 热衷者，狂热分子gloomy adj. 前途暗淡的gloom n. 昏暗；暗淡doom n. 末日，宿命gloom and ~ 悲伤沮丧scary adj.令人害怕的,可怕的scar n. 伤疤scared adj. 感到害怕的Unit Two 9702consistent a. 一直的，一贯的，始终如一的courteous a. 谦恭有礼的court n. 法庭，法院，足球场frequently adv. 经常，频繁地（反义词rarely）small-minded a. 小心眼儿的ill-mannered a. 态度恶劣的，粗鲁的deserve v. 应该有，应该受到；值得comment on （做）评论otherwise adv./adj. 原本，本来dull a. 无趣的，无聊的（dullness）existence n. 存在；生存状态, 生活（life）typically ad. 通常，一般地（= generally）distant a. 远的，距离远的source n. 来源，本源；根源，原因=origin diversion n. 娱乐；转移diverse adj. 不同的，多种多样的diversity n. 多样化program n. 项目；程序= projectharsh a. 残酷的；严厉、苛刻的（harshness）harsh realities残酷现实frontier n. 边境，前方shape v. 塑造，形成；外形，体形reshape v. 重塑hospitality n. 友好，好客（~ to sb.）injure v. 伤害（injury）turn to 诉诸，求助于，寻求…的帮助= resort to lodge n. 乡间小屋，旅社v. 借宿，临时住cabin n. 小屋settlement n. 住所shelter n. 藏身处，避难处v. 保护，庇护residence n. 住处，住宅；居住dwelling n. 住所，处所dwell v. 住，居住mere（ly）adj./adv. 仅仅，不过，只（= only）charitable a. 仁慈的，慈善的impulse n. 冲动；推动，动力on the part of…从…的角度（on my part在我看来）reflect v. 反映，表现（= mirror）；反省，反思（~ on）reflection n. weary a.疲倦的，筋疲力尽的（=exhausted）tourist trails 旅游线路pretty ad.相当地（~ soon非常一小会儿）pretty = fairly = ratherproper a.适当正确的，完全彻底的（properly）casual a. 不经意的，偶然的，临时的casualness n. 随便，随意，非正式interpret v. 阐释，说明interpret as 理解为，解释为artificial a. 假的，人造的；矫揉造作的historically developed历史形成(发展而来)的developed society 发达国家emerging countries 新兴国家As is true of…正如…一样complex a.复杂的,综合的n. 大型建筑（群）complicated a. 结构复杂的a set of 一整套的signal n. 信号sign n. 迹象，征兆；符号assume v.（没有根据地）认为，假定；承担assumption n. 假设，假定，设想，认为not necessarily 未必underlie v.形成了，构成了(…的基础)；强调fail v. 失败fail to 不能，未能translate v. 转化；理解more than 不仅仅是，远远胜过brief a.短暂的，简短的in brief 简而言之brief n. 概要，简短情况介绍encounter v./n. 相遇，遇到distinguish between 区分，区别value…highly 非常珍视be interralated 相互联系exercise v.行使,使产生~ an influence over…manifest v. 体现，显现（~ oneself）~ation manifesto n. 宣言，声明exclusive adj.独一的（exclusive use单独使用）equal v. 等于，相当于entertain v. 招待，款待(=treat)；使娱乐out of 出于…out of charitable impulse出于慈善的冲动flavor n. 风味keep up 维持，持续（传统，习惯等）keep up with 跟上，追上keep doing 一直，持续做某事Unit Three 9703substance n. 物质other than 除了（…之外）rather than 而不是technically a. 技术上，学术上technical progress 技术进步professional progress 职业发展alter v. 改变mental a. 精神的drug n. 药品term n. 术语，专用名词v. 把…叫做/称为human term 普通人可以理解的说法refer to 指…，指的是；谈到，提及chemical n. 化学药品，化学制品addict n. 沉迷…的人v.（~ to）沉迷于addiction n. （to）上瘾，沉迷familiar a . 熟悉的alcohol 白酒，酒精tobacco n. 烟草neutral a. 中性的psychologist n. 心理医生，心理学家psychoactive作用于精神的,影响(改变)心理状态的abuse v./n 滥用;虐待patient abuse虐待病人make clear 解释，说明misuse v. 误用，用错；使用…不当heroin n. 海洛因cocaine n. 可卡因pervasive a. 广泛的（= widespread）aspirin n. 阿司匹林quiet v. 使安静；平息下来sociable a. 社交的，增进友谊的nerve n. 神经；勇气，胆量apparent a. 显然的，明显的= obvious apparently adv. 显然，明显地constructive a. 建设性的negative effects a. 副作用，消极作用impact n.深刻影响,冲击have significant ~ on poison v 中毒，投毒(~ous 有毒的) perceptual v. 知觉的，感觉的perception n. 知觉，感觉perceive v. 观察，感知distort v. 扭曲，歪曲（~ion）repeated use 反复使用，再三使用repeated adj. 再三的，反复的，重复性的lead to 导致，造成（= result in =cause）substance dependence 物质（药物）依赖be dependent on /upon 依赖于independent a. 独立的be ~ of不受…的限制independence n. 独立be marked by 以…为明显特征tolerance n. 容忍，承受（tolerate v. ）be tolerant of 容忍tolerate v. 忍受，容忍desire n./v.期望,希望~ed effect预期的效果appearance n. 表现；外表unpleasant n.令人不愉快的pleasure n.快乐withdraw v.撤销，撤退，收回（withdrawal n.）symptom n. 症状discontinue v. 停止，废止，放弃affect v. 影响effect n. 影响；效果mood n. 情绪，心情group v. 归类，分类= classifystimulate v.刺激(stimulant n.使人兴奋的物质) depress v. 使压抑，使消沉，使沮丧depressant n. 使人镇静、情绪压抑的物质illusion v.错觉（hallucination n.幻觉，幻想）hallucinogens n. 迷幻剂initially adv. 最初，起初（=originally）；第一，首先（= primarily）speed up 加速（slow down 减速，放缓）activate v. 刺激，使活跃起来primary a.初步的，首要的;主要的，重要的primarily adv. 主要的（=predominantly）首先，第一（=firstly=initially）primacy n. 首要地位，优势= predominancevariety n.多样性,各种各样a ~ of各种各样的radical a. 根本的，彻底的，激进的radical change/reform 彻底的改革/变革state of consciousness 意识状态conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的be preferable to比…更让人喜爱，更可取,更好preference n. 优先权，优惠preferential adj. 优惠的,优先的~ policiesin that 之所以这样是因为（解释原因）fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的overwhelming a. 压倒性的，无法抵抗的piercing a. 刺穿的，深刻的，感人的pierce v. 刺穿，刺透，刺fierce 激烈的result from 由…而产生，来源于；原因是…= arise from = stem from…be attributed to 归因于，归功于attribute… to…把…的原因归为blame 归咎于, 责备owe… to …原因在于，原因是= due to consumption n. 消费,消费量(consume v.) production and consumption 生产与消费pattern n.模式,形式,方式standard ~ 标准模式purpose n.目的（= intention）quantitative a. 定量的，按一定数量的application （to）n. 应用，使用technological application 科学技术的运用apply v. （to）应用，适用于employ v. 使用；雇佣employer n. 用人单位；老板employment n. 使用；职位part time employment 兼职工作full time employment 全职工作disease n. 疾病positive a. 积极的（nagative a. 消极的）positive forces积极力量=driving forces推动力Unit Four 9704contribute to 导致，促成；为…做了贡献contribution n.促成因素(=contributing factors)decline n./v. 衰退，下跌economic/ moral decline 经济/ 道德衰退declining adj. 处于衰退的a ~ industryfade v. 渐渐消失，衰弱，减弱fading adj. 处于衰退的，日渐消失的falling adj. 日渐降低的，日益衰退的rising adj. 越来越多(大)的=growing, soaring, increasingfall v./n. 下跌，降低（fell，fallen）= droprise v./n. 上升，增加（rose ，risen）on the rise/ decline 处于上升/ 下跌、衰退accomplish v. 实现，完成，达到complete v. 完成，使完善adj.完整的,完全incomplete不完全的career n. 职业生涯corrupt v. 腐蚀，使恶化 a. 腐败的various a 各种各样的，各不相同的times n. 时代creative freedom 创作自由bottom line 底线core n./a. 核心（的），中心take over 接管，接班，接任late a. 已逝的,已故的alive adj. 活着的raise stock price 提高股票价格debt n. 债务deal n. 交易dealership n. 经销商property n.财产intellectual property知识产权restructure v.结构重组,调整结构,体制改革reengineer v. 再设计，重新建造，结构重组flap n./v. 辩论，辩护debate n. 争论,辩论hip-hop 街舞expression n. 表达~ freedom 表达自由defend v. 保卫，辩护defender n. 支持者，辩护人=supporterdefendant n. 被告justify v. 证明…合理，为…而辩护be justified 有道理scientifically justified 科学上合理的justifiable adj. 合理的defend/justify…on the grounds that/of 为…而辩护，理由是…release v. 发表，发行issue v.under fire 受攻击violent a. 暴力的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力school violence 校园暴力violate v. 违反，违背（规章等）= infringeviolate the rules and regulationstest n./v. 测试，检验；试验democratic a. 民主的，大众化的column n. 专栏lie in 在于the widest possible latitude 最大的幅度dispute v./n.争执，争论beyond ~ 毋庸质疑disputable a. 有争议的irritating a. 令人愤怒的，使人气愤的compromise v./n.妥协，让步（=retreat ；=back off）hard-line 强硬路线~ stand强硬立场to some extent 在某种程度上=at some level stockholder n. 股东，股票持有人cite v. 引用，引证balance n./v. 平衡announce v. 宣布= declarelaunch v. 发动，发起~ a drive to do sth.drive v. 驱动，推动driving force 推动力，驱动力be driven underground 被赶到地下，暗处develop v. 制定，培养；发展；研发develop standards 制定标准distribute v. 分发，分配；发行，销售distribution n. 发行，销售；发放，分布collection n. 收集information collection and distribution信息的收集与发布board n. 董事会；委员会boss and board 管理层= the managementlicencing board 执照颁发委员会be supportive of 支持oppositive adj. 相反的oppose v. 反对insider n. 业内人士，知道内情的人士people associated with…与…有关联的人senator n 参议员amendment n.（法律、合同等的）修改,修订unite v. 团结，联合为一Unit Five 9705monetary a. 金融的，货币的steer v. 驾驶，驾驭land v. 着陆（take off 起飞，猛增）brake n./v. 闸；刹车precise a. 精确的far from the truth 远非事实variable a. 不确定的，易变的effect（on …）n. 影响（= influence on ）hence adv. 因此就出现了，因此就有了analogy n. 类比nanlogous adj. 相当于，类似于conduct v./n 进行…行为；行为（~ online transactions进行网上贸易）liken…to…v. 把…比作…crack v. 破裂，破碎rear v. 后部的，后面的view n. 景色，风景；观点，看法faulty a 有缺点的，不完美的banker n. 银行家boast v. 值得夸耀，引以为豪double-digit 两位数poll v. 投票选出percentage n. 百分比favorable a 有利的capacity n. 最大承受力（能力），最大承受量（容量）utilization n. 利用，使用prove v. (结果)竟然是,原来是,证明是;证明thrilling n. 令人激动的follow v. 遵循，按照…去做comparable a. 可比较的，可比作extremely a. 极端地，非常地last v. 持续（一段时间）amaze v. 令人吃惊，使吃惊amazing a.神奇的，奇异的Unit Six 9801it doesn’t help that 无法阻止，无法避免capture v. 吸引, 引起；俘获，夺取(~ one’s attention/ imagination)giant dam 巨大的水坝gigantic adj. 巨大的= giant=titanicat the mercy of 任凭… 摆布drought n. 干旱（flood n. 洪涝）ideal n. 理想 a. 理想的give up on… as an ideal 放弃…的理想do one’s bidding 听从某人的吩咐fascinating adj.令人着迷的，迷人的fascination n.着迷,异常兴奋be fascinated（with ）对…着迷project n.(各类)建设项目;研究项目,计划threaten（to do）有…的危险，威胁（到）= risk threat n. 威胁symbol n. 象征strive to do something / for something努力奋斗assert oneself 表现自己cement v. 巩固，加强bid n. 出价，投标bid for（投标）竞争,争取得到overbidding过高出价status n. 地位；状态tend to 往往，通常会intend v. 打算，目的在于~ doing/to do sth.be intended to do目的在于tendency n. 趋势trend n. 趋势，倾向deprive somebody of something 剥夺，夺去… fertile adj. 土地肥沃的, 多产的silt n. 淤泥in return for 作为…的回报reservoir n. 水库barely adv. 几乎不= hardlygenerate electricity 发电myth n. 神秘事件，神话；荒诞的说法mythical adj. 令人神往的，想象的，虚构的persist v. 持续, 坚持persistent adj. 没完没了的civilized adj. 文明的，进步的= civil civilize v. 让… 变得文明，使文明stop (short of) doing停止了做某事(差点做了…) troops n. 军队（= forces ）contention over 竞争，争夺… (contend v. ) contend v.主张；竞争,斗争（contention n. ）give the go-ahead 允许，许可wrong-headed adj. 执迷不悟的,固执错误的even though 即使= even ifalthough ( = though ) ad. 尽管，虽然destruction n. 毁灭，破坏the powerful 权贵，强势阶层the powerless 平民，群众far from 远非，根本不是，根本没有far beyond 远远超过，远非resolve v. 决心；解决（同问题、分歧连用）conflict n. 冲突，斗争，摩擦hydroelectric power 水力发电irrigation n. 灌溉monster adj. 庞大，巨大的shut one’s eyes to reality 对现实视而不见neglect v. 忽视，忽略negligence n. 忽视vital adj. 致命的，至关重要的vitality n. 生命力，活力concern v. 与…有关n. 担忧，关切concerning prep.就…而言；与…有关concerned 相关的（后置修饰词）voice one’s concern 公开声明对…表示关注mild/serious/hightened concern稍稍/严重/高度关注be concerned about/with 关心，担心，重视strengthen v. 巩固，加强weaken v. 消弱，使变弱strengths and weaknesses 长处和不足之处international ties 国际关系universal adj. 普遍的n. 普遍情况universalize v. 普及，使普遍= popularize no use crying over spilt milk 覆水难收haste n. 匆忙（贬义）= rushhasten v. 加速leap v. /n. 跳跃，跳，飞跃Unit Seven 9802tale n. 故事，童话corporation n. 大公司corporate adj. 公司的international/multinational corporation跨国公司incorporate v. 包含，加入；合并revival n. 复兴，振兴，重生establish v. 建立，确立；公认，确定established adj. 确定的，既定的well-established adj.得到广泛公认的~ tend productive adj. 生产力的；多产的productivity n. 生产力revolution n. 革新，变革revolutionary adj. 革命性的preside over v. 主持，负责president n.总统,总裁,大学校长vice ~ 副的official adj.正式的，官方的~ status官方地位statistics n. 统计数字，统计学mildly adv. （mild adj. ）轻微的，适度的lump…together v. 合起来manufacturing n. 制造~ industry 制造业manufacturer n. 制造商on average 平均（只用于数字或人的资质）previous adj. 以前的，过去的acceleration n. 加速，加速度due to 因为rebound n. 反弹cycle n. 循环，周期business ~ 商业周期recycle v. 再利用，循环使用conclusive adj. 结论性的，充分的~ evidence inconclusive adj. 不充分的,不足以下结论的evidence n. 证据（不可数名词）treasury secretary n. 财政大臣，财政部长disjunction n. 分离，不吻合，出入anecdote n. 趣闻，轶事downsize v. 裁减，精简overall adj. 整体，全部的，总的factor n. 因素，要素joint adj. 共同的，联合的join v. 连接，结合equipment n. 装备，设备，装置machinery n. （总称）机器，机械profitable adj. 赢利的profit n. 利润switch (to) 转向matter much 关系很大，很有关系speculate (on) v. （对…进行）预测，推测speculative adj. 预测的，猜测的ineptly adv. 不适当地，不理想地spread v. 分布, 传播, 蔓延widespread adj. 广泛的，普遍的be evenly spread 平均分布，均衡分布的suppose v. 假设，猜想，想象academic v. 学者，大学教师 a. 学术的former adj. 过去的n. 前者colony n. 殖民地anti-colonial反殖民主义的chain n. 连锁机构crude adj.未经加工的；粗糙的，粗放型的crude oil 原油bakery n. 面包店toast v. 举杯庆祝case n. 情况；；案例，例子；（法律）案件in many cases 在很多情况下revenue n. 年收入，财政收入colleague n. 同事，伙伴= company mechanistic adj.机械的mechanism n.机制mechanical a.机械的，机械似的mechanical learning 机械的学习in a…fashion以…方式，方法(= in a… manner) version 版本；说法chop out 削减give thought to (n) 考虑sufficient adj.足够的,大量的sufficiency n. long-term adj. 长期的~ prospect 远景in a short term 短期内blunt adj. 直率，直言不讳的dismiss… as…认为…不过是…consultant n. 顾问( = advisor ) consultancy n. 咨询ambulance n. 救护车turning point 转折点recovery n. 复苏；复原，恢复exclude v. 排除，除去…之外include v. 包含，包括fall short of 落后于，达不到（目标），不如anticipation n.预测anticipate v. 预测，预计the true state of 真实情况pose a question / challenge提出问题/ 挑战raise a question 提出问题question v. 怀疑，质疑= suspect questionnaire n. 问卷reply n. 答复,回答put forward提出(观点) (= pose v.提出，造成) unquestioned claim 毋庸质疑的论点reform n. 改革(liberal reform 自由改革) essential（for/to）adj.关键,至关重要的,核心的a bunch of 一帮，一捆，一串good-for-nothing n.无价值的,无用的人;废物Unit Eight 9803uneasy adj.不自在、不稳定的;困难、艰难的aspect n. （问题等的）方面rebel v.反叛,叛逆rebelling beliefs 叛逆的信念、信仰trial n. 审判；试验Catholic Church 天主教remark n./v. 话，言语harsh remarksmake a passing remark 短暂发言，说话worldview n. 世界观schism n. 裂隙，分裂deepen v. 加深，深化humanities n.人文学科humanity n.人文主义精神if anything 如果有的话afford to do 有条件、有资格做某事critic n. 批评者，评论家criticize v. 批评critical(ly) adj. 缜密严谨的；批评的；至关重要的think critically 批判地思维/思想think independently 独立地思考ignore v. 忽视be completely ~ed 完全遭到忽视fund n.资金v. 出资,拨款,资助funding n.资助over-funding 拨款过度under-funding 拨款不足anti-science n. 反科学notably adv. 引人注目地，显著地assemble v. 集合；组装find fault with 批评，挑…的毛病social status 社会地位sociology n. 社会学sociologist n. 社会学家philosopher n. 哲学家，思想家philosophy n. 哲学，人生准则，生活方式create v. 创造（creation n. 创造，创造物）creativity n. 创造力creature n. 生物creationism n. 上帝造人说evolution n. 进化；物种进化论phenomenon n. 现象（phenomena 复数）contradict v. 与… 矛盾contradiction n.矛盾contradictory adj. 相矛盾的self-contradictory adj. 自相矛盾的on the contrary 相反contrast n. 对照，对比（不同点）survey n./v. 调查；纵览，通盘考虑reveal v. 显示，显示出；揭示，揭露；泄露tag n. 标签v. 贴标签（= label ）label v./n. （贴）标签，标示epithet n.称号attach… to… 将… 联系在一起attach importance to… 强调，重视…advocate v. 提倡，倡导n. 倡导者eliminate v.消除,淘汰,剔除(elimination n.) smallpox n. 天花virus n. 病毒virtue n. 美德scorn v. 蔑视long for 渴望，盼望utopia n. 乌托邦,理想完美境界,理想状态biological utopia 生物学上的理想状态environmentalist n.环保主义者,环境保护论者essay n. 文章，散文article n. 文章inevitable adj. 不可避免的，必不可少的respond forcefully/strongly to 对…做出强有力的反应respond to对…做出反应correspond to… v. 与… 有关，相一致corresponding adj. 相应的pioneer n. 先驱，先锋global warming 全球气候变暖depletion n. 损耗，枯竭ozone layer 臭氧层consequence n. 后果logical consequence 合理结果，逻辑结论consequent adj. 随之而来的，作为结果的consequently adv. 因此= thus = thereforenote v. 注意到；写道n. 注释explanatory note 注释heavy note 很浓的意味，明显特征denote v. 指示，表示的是have… in common 共同点是common adj. 共有的，共同的annoy v. 惹恼，激怒，令…不快annoying employees 惹人生气的雇员confront v. 面对，挑战confrontation n. 对抗，冲突，不和separation n. 分裂，分离separate adj. 独立的，各自的，分离的earn one’s keep 挣钱吃饭earn v. 挣钱，赚得；博得，得到contempt n.鄙视,蔑视,看不起earn the contempt of sb. 受到鄙视contemptible adj. 让人鄙视的，可鄙的greedy adj. 贪婪的show sympathy with/for 表示同情、同感in sympathy with 同情sympathetic adj.表示同情的；赞同、支持的compassionate adj.表示同情的，有同情心的exemplify v. 举例说明，例证context n. 上下文，语境Unit Nine 9804emerge v. 出现= appearemergence n. 出现emerge as v. 以…面貌出现emerging countries 新兴国家emerging economies 新兴国家的经济census n.人口普查head-counting n.数人数，人口普查regional adj. 地区性的national a. 全国性的worldwide a.世界范围的compete with 与… 竞争competitor n. 竞争者fierce/ intense competition激烈竞争competitive adj.竞争的anti-competitive force 反竞争的力量competitiveness竞争性，竞争力fading/growing competitiveness 越来越强/弱的竞争力competently adv. 合格,有效地incompetently adv. 不合格,不称职地standstill n. 停滞不前enthrone v. 使成为首位，是名列…之首densely/thinly populated人口稠密(稀少)的be populated with/by 充满了，充斥着numerically adv.从数字上显示,从数字方面ever recorded/witnessed 有历史(记载)以来decade n. 十年gain n. 上升，增长（= rise）add up to 总数为annual adj. 每年的，每年一度的the Depression years 经济大萧条的年代migrate v. 迁徙immigrant n. 进入另一国的移民移民immigration n.迁移,移民(进入一地区或国家)prevail v. 普遍,,盛行prevalent adj. 流行的,主导的drop out of 离开，掉出，退出shift v. /n. 转换，变化，转移，转嫁shift (from…) to…转向major shift主要变化，重要变化wave n. 浪潮，潮流（= trend ）one wave after another 一波接一波的the snow-belt 冰雪地带the sun-belt 阳光地带role n. 角色，作用play a role 起作用play a key role 起到关键作用baby boom生育高峰期,婴儿潮child-bearing adj.育龄的,怀孕的crop n. 收获，收割generation n. 一代（人）two-generation household 由两代人组成的家庭demography n. 人口统计学related adj. 有关，相关的closely related to career-related adj. 与工作有关的instance n. 例子，实例rapid adj. 迅速的，飞快的rap n. 说唱vast adj. 广大的，巨大的vastly = greatly = broadlydevastate v. 毁坏，破坏be composed of 由… 组成的square n./a. 平方（的）~ meters 平方米flight n. 逃跑；远离bearable adj. 可以忍受的dramatize v. 明显体现出drama n. 戏剧dramatic adj. 剧烈的;巨大的~ changes 巨变dramatic declaration 引起轰动的消息dramatically adv. 大幅度地spacious adj. 宽敞的space n. 空间smog n. 烟雾crime n. 刑事犯罪criminal a. 有罪的n. 罪犯plague n. 瘟疫，通病urbanization n. 都市化urban a. 城市的suburban adj. 近郊的，城市边缘的rural a. 农村的rate n. 比率；费率interest rates 利率divorce rate离婚率crime rate犯罪率birth rate出生率inflation rates通货膨胀率ratio n. 比例sex ratio 男女性别比例reason n. 理性；原因v. 推理reasonable a.合理的considerably adv. 相当大的，非常（= vastly）perplex v. 困扰，迷惑perplexing adj. 令人困惑的witness v. 见证，目击n. 目击者，证人undergo v. 经历了= experience distinguish oneself from others使自身与众不同stress n. 压力v. 强调stress…over…v. 强调…比…更重要climatic influence 气候影响climate n. 气候highlight v. 强调（= stress ）continuous adj. 连续不断的continual adj. 频繁的，不断的elaborate v. 详细阐述，精心制作delayed adj. 迟到的delay v. 延迟,耽误unanimously adv. 一致地democracy n. 民主be engaged in 从事，忙于conservative a. 保守的n. 保守的人cling to something 坚持= stick toUnit 10 9805scatter v. 遍布，散乱分布the globe n. 地球isolate v. 分离，隔绝isolated adj. 分离的，隔绝的region n. 地区volcano n. 火山volcanic activity 火山活动geology n. 地质学geologist n. 地质学家geological feature 地质特点geological publication n. 地质学出版物hot spot 热点boundary n. 界限drifting plate 漂移的板块drift away 漂走make up 占…（比例）（= account for）组成（be made up of…由…构成）弥补，化妆surface n. 表面interior n. 内部 a. 内部的trail n. 踪迹,痕迹,路线tourist ~s；volcanic ~s milestone n. 里程碑mark v. 标志着markedly adv. 显著地complementary adj. 互补的coastline n. 海岸线span v. 横跨，横越n. 跨距，跨度attention span 注意力集中时间段life span寿命ocean n. 海洋oceanic adj. 海洋的reminder n. 提示，提醒的人或物remind v. 提醒，使想起continent n. 大陆continental plate 大陆板块relative adj. 相对的motion n. 动作，移动（= mobility ）mobile adj.（可）移动的，流动的mobility n. orbital motion 有轨道的运动construct v. 建造，构造；构思，构想，想象in detail adv. 细节的，详细的detail n. 细节with respect to关于…，在…方面，与…有关= in terms of = regardingreadily adv. 轻易地，容易地translate… into… 将… 解释为determine v. 确定，决定in opposite directions 向不同方向stationary adj. 固定的，静止不动的respectively adv. 各自地，分别地anchor v. 固定在，停留n 节目主持人layer n. 层，层次measuring instrument 测量工具，测量仪器measure n. 措施；衡量指标，测量方法conventional measures 常规的指标measurable adj. 可以衡量的analysis n. 分析self-analysis n. 自我分析senior analyst 高级分析师be confined to something 被限制于，局限于frame n. 框架，范围reference n. 参考geophysical adj. 地球物理学的propel v. 推动，推进，加速broad adj. 宽阔的，巨大的，广泛的broaden v. 拓展fissure n./ v. 缝隙，裂痕（= crack ）entire adj. 完全的，整体的entirely adv. 完全地，彻底地entirely reasonable 完全合理的entirely different story 完全不同的情况initiate v. 开始，引发take initiative 积极行动，采取主动medical initiative 医疗动机formation n. 形成mutability n. 变形；易变性consistent adj.一直的,一贯的~ly adv. 一直inconsistency n. 不一致，变化apart adv. 分开dome n. 拱型，圆屋顶be deducted from 由… 推论出stable adj. 稳定stability n. 稳定Unit 11 9901rough adj. 粗糙的，粗略的；困难，复杂roughly adv. 大约，大致（后跟数字或数目）slip v. 滑倒warning n. 警告warn of/against提醒注意…,发出关于…的警告disaster n. 灾难catastrophe n. 大灾难tragedy n. 悲剧，灾难lawsuit n. 法律诉讼sue v.起诉appeal v. (to,for)上诉，申诉compensate sb. for 赔偿，补偿compensation n. 赔偿，补偿or so 大约jury n. 陪审团hold v. 认为，主张；保持be liable for adj. 负法律责任，对…应负责任be liable to 易…的，有…可能的liability n. 义务，法律责任misfortune n. 不幸fortune n. 运气；财富；财产状况,经济状况cautious adj. 小心谨慎的caution n./v. 小心谨慎；警告precaution n. 预防，防范，警惕appropriate adj. 正确，适当的= proper inappropriate subject 不恰当的题材drug interaction 药物过敏，药物交互作用interact with 互动，相互作用interactive adj. 互动的interactivity n. 互动性federal adj. 联邦的regulation n. 管理规定，规则regulate v.规范，管理regular adj. 规则的，标准的；定期的regularity n. 规律性，规则性customer n. 顾客，消费者client n.顾客，客户potential customer 潜在顾客，可能的顾客customize n. 量身定制，定做，用户化take somebody to court 将…告上法庭turn the tide潮流倒转，逆转潮流reverse the trend 逆转这一潮流,逆转这一趋势claim n. 索赔；主张；宣称，声称unquestioned claim 毋庸置疑的言论proclaim v. 宣称（= claim）side with / back up 支持paralyze v. 麻痹，瘫痪paralysis n. 瘫痪parallel n. 类似事物或做法a.平行的unparalleled adj.无以伦比的= unmatched unsurpassed might无法超越、空前的巨大力量unprecedented a. 史无前例的，空前的precede v. 先于，在… 之前（发生）proceed to 着手做，进入（下一个议程或项目）athlete n. 运动员institute n. 学院，机构judge n. 法官v. 判断judgement n.判断justice n. 司法；正义；法官recommendation n.建议；推荐recommend v. 建议；推荐counsel v. 建议carry v. 有，蕴含着，承载着carry substantial weight 很有分量substantial adj. 相当大的；相当多的= considerableweight n. 分量，重量issue v. 发布，出台n. 问题，争端，事务guideline n. 指导，方针，大纲tort law 侵权法state v. 声明，陈述，规定statement n bombard sb. with…v. 用…狂轰滥炸lengthy adj.（演说、文章等）冗长的= tedious lengthen v. 延长shorten v. 缩短get buried 被掩埋，被忽略= be buried triviality n. 琐碎的事务draft v. 起草n. 草案，草稿moderate adj. 适度，中等的have one’s way 按照…的愿望行事，顺利进行for the benefit of / in the interest of 为了…的利益find fault with 找茬，挑错promise v. 承诺n. 前途intellectual promise 读书方面的前途political promise 政治前途promising adj. 有前景的inadequacy n. 不足，不完美inadequate adj.不够充分的,不完全,不够的make the best use of 充分利用be / feel obliged to do不得不demonstrate v.说明,显示,表明= illustratediscard v. 抛弃discard… in words 口头，表面上抛弃Unit 12 9902web business = internet commerce= online transaction 在线商务，互联网贸易anti-consumerism 反消费主义，抵制消费第一的观念consumer n. 消费者culture of consumption 消费文化medical consumer 医疗消费者fashion n. 时尚v.制定,开发,研发(=develop)attain a certain fashion 一定程度上得到流行old-fashioned a. 落伍的，过时的fashionable a. 时髦的，流行的revolve around v. 围绕…展开或进行tap v. 开发~ the market 开发市场make sense 合理，行得通；有意义nonetheless adv. 然而，但是(= nevertheless ) hesitate v. 犹豫，犹豫不决doubt v. 怀疑self-doubt n. 自我怀疑doubter n. 怀疑者dubious a. 半信半疑的reliable adj. 可靠的fairly ~ 相当可靠的reliability n. 可靠性trust v./n. 信任n. 托拉斯，大型垄断企业distrust v. 不信任mistrust v. 不信任，怀疑trustworthy adj. 可靠的pathway n. 路径path n. 路径risk v./n. 风险，冒…的风险= threatenrisk doing something 冒险做某事partner n. 伙伴give somebody access to 允许出入，允许接触access n. 接近，利用（网络）accessible adj. 可获得的，可利用的intranet n. （单位内部）局域网model n./v. 模式，方式，模仿，建模focus on 集中于；全神贯注于available adj. 可以得到的，可以用的available online 在网上可得到的site n. 位址，场所；网址=websitedirect a. 直接的，径直的indirect a. 间接的transmit v. 传播，传染transmission n. message n. 信息，消息send out messages screen savor 屏幕保护deliver v.传送，送货上门；发言，发表演说updated adj. 最新的，更新的stream n.流,河流,一连串tourist streams客流a stream of 一系列的，一连串的streams of news/information 大量的新闻、信息subscriber n. 订阅者subscribe v. （to）同意，赞同monitor n. 监视器，显示器as yet （到目前为止）尚未not…(just) yet 尚未special sales 减价销售，特价销售commercial promotion 商业促销promote v. 推动，促进；促销；提拔byproduct n. 副产品produce v. 生产出,创造出;培养出n. 产品side-effect n. 副作用offer v. 提供；出价，报价provide v. 提供= offerprovided conj. 如果（= if）think tank 智囊团notion n. 观念，概念，想法，意见connotation n. 内涵，含义，意义event n. 活动，事件，事情eventually adv. 最终，最后flow v. 流动request n. 要求once adv. 以前，曾经（= used to）；一旦，如果univited a. 不请自来的，未经请求的distinction n. 区别；显赫身份，声望distinct a. 截然不同的，明显独特的draw v. 做比较，进行区别draw distinctions/ comparisons between …and …对…进行比较,区别两者comparison n. 比较（相同点或不同点）prospect n. 前景raise the ~ 使前景变得光明job prospect 就业前景career prospect职业前景horrify v. 吓唬，恐吓，令人害怕，使害怕Net purist网络纯净主义者pure a. 纯粹的, 纯洁的resort to something 借助，采取，求助于the best resort 最好的办法，最好的手段the last resort最后的手段；终审法庭，最高法庭the right mix of …and ……和…的有机结合cost n.支出，成本；代价at all ~s 不惜一切代价地cost and benefit 利弊costly adj. 昂贵的= expensivefree fall 自由落体，自由降落enterprise n. 企业silicon n. 硅，电脑业in silicon在互联网上silicon chips 硅片，芯片，集成电路板set up 设立，创立take the online plunge投身于互联网,置身于网络expand v. 扩大expansion n. 扩展fanciful adj. 新奇的in vain 徒劳，白费，没有用处boom v.繁荣，迅猛发展baby boom生育高峰enjoy the widest popularity 得到流行，受到欢迎popular adj. 受欢迎的；大众的popular culture 大众文化populist n. 大众主义者，平民主义者adj. 大众主义者的，大众的faith n. 忠诚，信任give priority to 重视，认为…优先function v.起作用,运行,行使职责n.功能，职责functional adj. 功能性的leading adj. 主要的，重要的；领先的Unit 13 9903invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的visible adj. 看得见的border n. 边界，界限frontier n. 边境，前方divide v. 分开，划分开n. 差距，鸿沟digital divide数字化鸿沟division n. 分歧,分隔,分离argue for赞成，支持，同意= subscribe =favor argue v.坚决主张,认为=claim=hold=contend argument n. 论点，观点；论据on behalf of 代表…，为了…= on one’s behalfexplore v. 探索，探讨，探究，研究exploration n. 探究，研究subject n.题目,主题;学科adj.遭受…的,容易受到…（影响）的be subject to (n.) 受限制，属于subject matter 主题，主旨go to 是…go to the heart of 是… 的核心或关键indeed adv. (加强语气)确实，事实上campaign n. 运动，活动v. 发起运动，活动aim at 目的在于= aim towardsaimlessness n. 毫无目的，毫无目标require v. 要求concept n. 概念；观念，想法。

精心整理英语作文常用的高级词汇高考英语作文中常用的替换词1.individuals, characters, folks替换（people, persons）2.positive, favorable, rosy（美好的）,promising（有希望的）,perfect, pleasurable ,excellent, outstanding, superior替换good3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill（有害的）替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换XXX, XXX it approachesto graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.（an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most）替换many.注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

XXX individuals，if not most，harbor the idea that同理⋯用.most，if not all，交换most.5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that,it is widely sharedthat, it XXX）替think（因为是书面语，所以要加that）7.affair, business, matter替换thing8.shared替换common9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits10.for my part, from my own perspective替换XXX11.Increasing（ly）, growing交换XXX（留意没有growingly这类方式。

高考英语作文中常用的替换词1、individuals, characters, folks 替换(people, persons)2、positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good3、dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换eg、An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms、When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive、4、(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most)替换many、注:用many, if not most 一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

Eg、Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that…、同理用most, if not all,替换most、5、a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some6、harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为就是书面语,所以要加that)7、affair, business, matter替换thing8、shared 替换common9、reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits10、for my part, from my own perspective替换in my opinion11、Increasing(ly), growing替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。