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剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, 'says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………….6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test3)店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析：test3阅读原文解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at LightningWith LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death — out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site inFlorida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States’ power grid from lightning strikes. ‘We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to usin g rockets,’ says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. ‘Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,’ says Bernstein. ‘Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn’t supposed to go.’And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a p opulated area? ‘What goes up must come down,’ points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely —and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, thisconducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. T o stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels’s system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. ‘I cannot say I have money yet, but I’m working on it,’ says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point —and he’s hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of interest and support‘ if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ —not justforecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather,’ he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to conf ront some other meteorological menaces. ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from ..................... .5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used.....................6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its.....................Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionization by removing electrons from 7 ..................... . This laser is then directed at 8 ..................... in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9..................... . As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at10 ..................... .A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s system.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Nature of GeniusThere has always been an interest in geniuses and prodigies. The word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens (= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning ‘begetter’, comes from the ea rly R o m a n c u l t o f a d i v i n i t y a s t h e h e a d o f t h e f a m i l y . I n i t s e a r l i e s t f o r m , g e n i u s w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e h e a d o f t h e f a m i l y , t h e p a t e r f a m i l i a s , t o p e r p e t u a t e h i m s e l f . G r a d u a l l y , g e n i u s c a m e t o r e p r e s e n t a p e r s o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e n c e a n i n d i v i d u a l s h i g h e s t a t t r i b u t e s d e r i v e d f r o m h i s g e n i u s o r g u i d i n g s p i r i t . T o d a y , p e o p l e s t i l l l o o k t o s t a r s o r g e n e s , a s t r o l o g y o r g e n e t i c s , i n t h e h o p e o f f i n d i n g t h e s o u r c e o f e x c e p t i o n a l a b i l i t i e s o r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > 0 0 T h e c o n c e p t o f g e n i u s a n d o f g i f t s h a s b e c o m e p a r to f o u r f o l k c u l t u r e , a n d a t t i t u d e s a r e a m b i v a l e n t t o w a r d s t h e m . W e e n v y t h e g i f t e d a n d m i s t r u s t t h e m . I n t h e m y t h o l o g y o f g i f t e d n e s s , i t i s p o p u l a r l y b e l i e v e d t h a t i f p e o p l e a r e t a l e n t e d i n o n e a r e a , t h e y m u s t b e d e f e c t i v e i n a n o t h e r , t h a t i n t e l l e c t u a l s a r e i m p r a c t i c a l , t h a t p r o d i g i e s b u r n t o o b r i g h t l y t o o s o o n a n d b u r n o u t , t h a t g i f t e d p e o p l e a r e e c c e n t r i c , t h a t t h e ya r e p h y s i c a l w e a k l i n g s , t h a t t h e r e s a t h i n l i n eb e t w e e n g e n i u s a n d m a d n e s s , t h a t g e n i u s r u n s i n f a m i l i e s , t h a t t h e g i f t e d a r e s oc l e v e r t h e yd o n t ne e d s p e c i a l h e l p , t h a t g if t e d n e s s i s t h e s a m e a s h a v i ng ahi g h I Q , t h a t s o m e r a c e s a r e m o r e i n t e l l i g e n t o r m u s i c a l o r m a t h e m a t i c a l t h a n o t h e r s , t h a t g e n i u s g o e s u n r e c o g n i s e d a n d u n r e w a r d e d , t h a t a d v e r s i t y m a k e s m e n w i s e o r t h a t p e o p l e w i t h g i f t s h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o u s e t h e m . L a n g u a g e h a s b e e n e n r i c h e d w i t h s u c h t e r m s a s h i g h b r o w , e g g h e a d , b l u e - s t o c k i n g , w i s e a c r e , k n o w - a l l , b o f f i n a n d , f o r m a n y , i n t e l l e c t u a l i s a t e r m o f d e n i g r a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > 0 0 T h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y s a w c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e n a t u r e o f g e n i u s , a n d p r o d u c e d n o t a f e w s t u d i e s o f f a m o u s p r o d i g i e s . P e r h a p s f o r u s t o d a y , t w o o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c t s o f m o s t o f t h e s e s t u d i e s o f g e n i u s a r e t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h e a r l y e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d t e a c h i n g b y p a r e n t s a n d t u t o r s h a d b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o n t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l , a r t i s t i c o r m u s i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c h i l d re n b u t c a u s e d g r e a t d if f i c u l t i e s o f a d j u s t m e n t l a t e r i n t h e i r l i v e s , a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h a b i l i t i e s w e n t u n r e c og n i s e d b y t e a ch e r s a n d s c h o o l s . H o w e v e r , t h e di f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e p r o d u c e d b y t h e s e s t u d i e s , f a s c i n a t i n g a s t h e y a r e i n c o l l e c t i n g t o g e t h e r a n e c d o t e s a n d a p p a r e n t s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d e x c e p t i o n s , i s t h a t t h e y a r e n o t w h a t w e w o u l d t o d a y c a l l n o r m - r e f e r e n c e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , w h e n , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o l l a t e d a b o u t e a r l y i l l n e s s e s , m e t h o d s o f u p b r i n g i n g , s c h o o l i n g , e t c . , w e m u s t a l s o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m o t h e r h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s a b o u t h o w c o m m o n o r e x c e p t i o n a l t h e s e w e r e a t t h e t i m e . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y w a s h i g h a n d l i f e e x p e c t a n c y m u c h s h o r t e r t h a n t o d a y , h o m e t u t o r i n g w a s c o m m o n i n t h e f a m i l i e s o f t h e n o b i l i t y a n d w e a l t h y , b u l l y i n g a n d c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t w e r e c o m m o n a t t h e b e s t i n d e p e n d e n t s c h o o l s a n d , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d w e r e m e m b e r s o f t h e p r i v i l e g e d c l a s s e s . I t w a s o n l y w i t h t h e g r o w t h o f p a e d i a t r i c s a n d p s y c h o l o g y i n t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y t h a t s t u d i e s c o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t o n a m o r e o bj e c t i v e , i f s t i l l n o t a l w a y s v e r y s c i e n t i f i c , b a s i s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > 0 0 G e n i u s e s , h o w e v e r t h e y a r e d e f i n e d , a r e b u t t h e p e ak s w h i c h s t a n d o u t t h r o u gh t h e m i s t o f h i s t o r y a n d a r e v i s i b l e t o t h e p a r ti c u l a r o b s e r v e r f r o m h i s o r h e r p a r t i c u l a r v a n t a g e p o i n t . C h a n g e t h e o b s e r v e r s a n d t h e v a nt a g e p o i n t s , c l e a r a w a y s o m e o f t h e m i s t , a n d a d i f f e r e n t l o t o f p e a k s a p p e a r . G e n i u s i s a t e r m w e a p p l y t o t h o s e w h o m w e r e c o g n i s e f o r t h e i r o u t s t a n d i n g a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d w h o s t a n d n e a r t h e e n d o f t h e c o n t i n u u m o f h u m a n a b i l i t i e s w h i c h r e a c h e s b a c k t h r o u g h t h e m u n d a n e a n d m e d i o c r e t o t h e i n c a p a b l e . T h e r e i s s t i l l m u c h t r u t h i n D r S a m u e l J o h n s o n s o b s e r v a t i o n , T h e t r u e g e n i u s i s a m i n d o f l a r g e g e n e r a l p o w e r s , a c c i d e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d t o s o m e p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n . W e m a y d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e g e n e r a l , f o r w e d o u b t i f a l l m u s i c i a n s o f g e n i u s c o u l d ha v eb ec o m e s c i e n t i s t s o f g e n i u s o r v i c e v e r s a ,b u t t h e r e i s n o d o u b t i n g t h e ac c ide n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h i c h n u r t u r e d o r t r i g g e r e d t h e i r g if t s i n t o t h o s e c h a n n e l s i n t o w h i c h t h e y h a v e p o u r e d t h e i r p o w e r s s o s u c c e s s f u l l y . A l o ng th e c o n ti n u u m o f a b i l i t i e s a r e h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f g i f t e d m e n a n d w o m e n , b o y s a n d g i r l s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > 0 0 W h a t w e a p p r e c i a t e , e nj o y o r m a r v e l a t i n t h e w o rk s o f g e n i u s o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f p r o d i g i e s a r e t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f s k il l s o r a b i l i t i e s w h i c h a r e s im i l a r t o , b u t s o m u c h s u p e r i o r t o , o u r o wn . B u t t h a t t h e i r m i n d s a r e no t d i f f e r e n t f r o m o u r o w n i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h a r d - w o n d i s c o v e r i e s o f s c i e n t i s t s l i k e K ep l e r o r E i n s t e i n b e c o m e t h e c o m m o n p l a c e k n o w l e d g e o f s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a n d t h e o n c e o u t r a g e o u s s h a p e s a n d c o l o u r s o f a n a r t i s t l i k e P a u l K l e e s o s o o n a p pe a r o n t h ef a b r i c s w e w e a r . T h i s d o e s n o t m i n i m i s e t h e s u p r e m a c y o f t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s , w h i c h o u t s t r i p o u r o w n a s t h e s u b - f o u r - m i n u t e m i l e r s o u t s t r i p o u r j og g i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > 0 0 T o thi n k o f g e n i u s e s a n d t h e g i f t e d a s h a v i n g u n i q u e l y d i f f e r e n t b r a i n s i s o n l y r e a s o n a b l e i f w e a c c e p t t h a t e a c h h u m a n b r a i n i s u n i q u e l y d i f f e r e n t . T h e p u r p o s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n i s t o m a k e u s e v e n m o r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m o n e a n o t h e r , a n d i n t h e p r o c e s s o f b e i n g e d u c a t e d w e c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h o s e m o r e g i f t e d t h a n o u r s e l v e s . B u t b e f o r e w e t r y t o e m u l a t e g e n i u s e s o r e n c o u r a g e o u r c h i l d r e n t o d o s o w e s h o u l d n o t e t h a t s o m e o f t h e t h i n g s w e l e a r n f r o m t h e m m a y p r o v e u n p a l a t a b l e . W e m a y e n v y t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d f a m e , b u t w e s h o u l d a l s o r e c o g n i s e t h e p r i c e t h e y m a y h a v e p a i d i n t e r m s o f p e r s e v e r a n c e , s i n g l e - m i n d e d n e s s , d e d i c a t i o n , r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t h e i r p e r s o n a l l i v e s , t h e d e m a n d s u p o n t h e i r e n e r g i e s a n d t i m e , a n d h o w o f t e n t h e y h a d t o d i s p l a y g r e a t c o u r a g e t o p r e s e r v e t h e i r i n t e g r i t y o r t o m a k e t h e i r w a y t o t h e t o p . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > 0 0 G e n i u s a n d g i f t e d n e s s a r e r e l a t i v e d e s c r i p t i v e t e r m s o f n o r e a l s u b s t a n c e . W e m a y , a t b e s t , g i v e t h e m s o m e p r e c i s i o n b y d e f i n i n g t h e m a n d p l a c i n g t h e m i n a c o n t e x t b u t , w h a t e v e r w e d o , w e s h o u l d n e v e r d e l u d e o u r s e l v e s i n t o b e l i e v i n g t h a t g i f t e d c h i l d r e n o r g e n i u s e s a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e r e s t o f h u m a n i t y , s a v e i n t h e d e g r ee t o w h i c h t h e y h a v e d e v e l o p e d t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f t h e i r a b i l i t i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 1 4 - 1 8 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 0 0 C h o o s e F I V E l e t t e r s , A - K . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 0 0 W r i t e t h e c o r r e c t l e t t e r s i n b o x e s 1 4 - 1 8 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > 0 0 N B Y o u r a n s w e r s m a y b eg i v e n i n a n y o r d e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > 0 0 B e l o w a r e l i s t e d s o m e p o p u l a r be l i ef s a b o u tg e n i u s a n d g i f t e d n e s s . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 4 5 " > 0 0 W h i c h F I V E o f t h e s e b e l i e f s a r e r e p o r t e d b y t h e w r i t e r o f t h e t e x t ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > 0 0 A T r u l yg i f t e d p e o p l e a r e t a l e n t ed i n a l l a re a s . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 4 7 " > 0 0 B T h e t a le n t s ofg e n i u s e s a r e s o o n e xh a u s t e d . / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 4 8 " > 0 0 C G i f t e d p e o p l e s h o u l d u s e t h e i r g i f t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > 0 0 D A g e n i u s a p p e a r s o n c e i n e v e r y g e n e r a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > 0 0 E G e n i u s c a n b e e a s i l y d e s t r o y e d b yd i s c o u r a ge m e n t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 5 1 " > 0 0 F Ge n i u s i s i n h e r i t e d . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 5 2 " > 0 0 G G i f t e d p e o p l e a r e v e r y h a r d t o l i v e w i t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > 0 0 H P e o p l e n e v e r a p p r e c i a t e t r u eg e n i u s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > 0 0 I G e n i u s e s a r e n a t u r a l l e a d e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > 0 0 J G i f t e d p e o p l e d e v e l o p th ei r g r e a t n e s s t h r o u g h d i f f i c u l t i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 K G e n i u s w i l l a l w a y s r e v e a l i t s e l f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > 0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 1 9 - 2 6 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " >0 0 D o t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a g r e e w i t h t he i nf o r m a t i o ng i v e n i n R e a d i n g P a s s a g e 2 ? / p >p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 0 0 I n b o x e s 1 9 - 2 6 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t , w r i t e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 T R U E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t a g r e e s w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 F A L S E i f t h e s t a t e m e n t c o n t r a d i c t s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 N O T G I V E N i f t h e r e i s n o i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h i s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 0 0 1 9 N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s t u d i e s o f t h e n a t u r e o f g e n i u s f a i l e d t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f t h e pe r s o n s u p b r i n g i n g . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 20 N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y s t u d i e s o f g e n i u s l a c ke d b o t h o b j e c t i v i t y a n d a p r o p e r s c i e n t if i c a p p r o a c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0 2 1 A t r u eg e n i u sh a s g e n e r a l p o w e r s c a p a b l e o f e x c e l l e n c ei n a n y a r e a . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 2 2 T h e s k i l l s o f o r d i n a r y i n d i v i d u a l s a r e i n e s s e n c e t h e sa m e a s t h e s k i l l s o f p r o d i g i e s . / p > pb d s f i d = "1 6 7 " > 0 023 T h e e a s e w i t h w h i c h t r u l y g r e a t i de a s a r e a c c e p t e d a n d t a k e nf o rg r a n t e d f a i l s t o l e s s e n th ei r s i g n i f i c a n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 68 " > 0 0 2 4 G i f t e d n e s s a n d g e n i u s d e s e r v e p r o pe r s c i e n t if i c r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e i r t r u e n a t u r e s o t h a t a l l t a l e n t m a y b e r e t a i n e d f o r t h e h u m a n r a c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 2 5 G e n i u s e s o f t e n p a y a h igh p ri c e t o a c h i e v e g r e a t n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 2 6 T o b e a g e n i u s i s w o r t h t h e h i g h p e r s o n a l c o s t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 R E A D I N G P A S S A G E 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 Y o u s h o u l d s p e n d a b o u t 2 0 m i n u t e s o n Q u e s t i o n s 2 7 - 4 0 , w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n R e a d i n g P a s s a g e3 o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " >0 0 Q u e s t i o n s 2 7 - 3 2 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 Re a d i n g P a s s a g e 3 h a s s e v e n p a r a g r a p h s , A - G . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 7 5 " > 0 0 C h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t h e a d i ng f o r p a r a g r a ph s B - G f r o m t h e li s t o f h e a d i n g s b e l o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > 0 0 W r i t e t h e c o r r e c t n u m b e r , i - x , i n b o x e s 2 7 - 3 2 o n y o u r a n s w e r s h e e t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 0 0 L i s t o f H e a d i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 8 " > 0 0 i T h e b i o l o g i c a l c l o c k / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > 0 0 i i W h y d y i n g i s b e n e f i c i a l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > 0 0 i i i T h e a g e i n g p r o c e s s o f m e n a n d w o m e n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > 0 0 i v P r o l o n g i n g y o u r l i f e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > 0 0 v L i m i t a t i o n s o f l i f e s p a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > 0 0 v i M o d e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > 0 0 v i i A s t a b l e l i f e s p a n d e s p i t e i m p r o v e m e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > 0 0 v i i i E n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 6 " > 0 0 i x F u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e nc e s i n a g e i n g o f o b j e c t s a nd o r g a n i s m s / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > 0 0 x Re p a i r ofg e n e t i c m a t e r i a l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > 0 0 E x a m p l e A n s w e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > 0 0 P a r a g r a ph A v / p > p b d s fi d = " 1 9 0 " > 0 0 2 7 P a r a g r a p h B / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 0 0 2 8 P a r a g r a p h C / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 0 0 29 P a r a g r a p h D / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > 0 0 3 0 P a r ag r a p h E / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > 0 0 3 1 P a r a g r a p h F / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > 0 0 3 2 P a r a g r a p h G / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 0 0 H O W D O E S T H E B I O L O G I C A L C L O C K T I C K ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > 0 0 A O u r l if e s p a n i s r e s t r i c t e d . E v e r y o n e a c c e p t s t h i s a s b i o l og i c a l l y o b v i o u s . N o thi n g l i v e s f o r e v e r !H o w e v e r , i n t h i s s t a t e m e n t w e t h i n k o f a r t i f i c i a l l y p r o d u c e d , t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t s , p r o d u c t s w h i c h a r e s u b j e c t e d t o n a t u r a l w e a r a n d t e a r d u r i n g u s e . T h i s l e a d s t o t h e r e s u l t t h a t a t s o m e t i m e o r o t h e r t h e o b j e c t s t o p s w o r k i n g a n d i s u n u s a b l e ( d e a t h i n t h e b i o l o g i c a l s e n s e ) . B u t a r e t h e w e a r a n d t e a r a n d l o s s o f f u n c t i o n o f t e c h n i c a l o b j e c t s a n d t h e d e a t h o f l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s r e a l l y s i m i l a r o r c o m p a r a b l e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 B O u r d e a d p r o d u c t s a r e s t a t i c , c l o s e d s y s t e m s . I t i s a l w a y s t h e b a s i c m a t e r i a l w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e s t h e o b j e c t a n d w h i c h , i n t h e n a t u r a l c o u r s e o f t h i n g s , i s w o r n d o w n a n d b e c o m e s o l d e r . A g e i n g i n t h i s c a s e m u s t o c c u r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a w s o f p h y s i c a l c h e m i s t r y a n d o f t h e r m o d y n a m i c s . A l t h o u g h t h e s a m e l a w h o l d s f o r a l i v i n g o r g a n i s m , t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s l a w i s n o t i n e x o r a b l e i n t h e s a m e w a y . A t l e a s t a s l o n g a s a b i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m h a s t h e a b i l i t y t o r e n e w i t s e l f i t c o u l d a c t u a l l y b e c o m e o l d e r w i t h o u t a g e i n g ; a n o r g a n i s m i s a n o p e n , d y n a m i c s y s t e m t h r o u g h w h i c h n e w m a t e r i a l c o n t i n u o u s l y f l o w s . D e s t r u c t i o n o f o l d m a t e r i a l a n d f o r m a t i o n o f n e w m a t e r i a l a r e t h u s i n p e r m a n e n t d y n a m i c e q u i l i b r i u m . T h e m a t e r i a l o f w h i c h t h e o r g a n i s m i s f o r m e d c h a n g e s c o n t i n u o u s l y . T h u s o u r b o d i e s c o n t i n u o u s l y e x c h a n g e o l d s u b s t a n c e f o r n e w , j u s t l i k e a s p r i n g w h i c h m o r。

15分钟之内搞定阅读B首先要弄清楚阅读B和阅读A的不同之处：阅读A的重点在于准确理解，相比之下B部分更侧重的是对文章的结构的把握。

弄清楚这一点是至关重要的，因为这种本质性的差异使得作A、B两部分的方法大相径庭！步骤一：速读文章（4-5分钟之内），找出中心论点和各段主旨，重点注意blank出的上下文并简单猜测一下此处大概内容。

这一步看似简单，其实其中有很多技巧。

读和读不一样，比如你看我这篇帖子和看报纸上的新闻时候都在读，但侧重点不一样。

现在你是在精读，看报纸是浏览罢了。

但要注意的是，读阅B的时候不能用看报纸一样的那种浏览来速读，而应该始终记得自己的目的：观察文章结构！比如：第一段提出现象，第二段提出相关评论和作者论点，第三段给正例，第四段给反例，最后一个结论。

当然，我举这个例子太俗，也没什么代表性，我只是为了说明一种文章内部一定有某种结构。

限于时间和条件我就不举具体的例子来说明了。

各位可以多练习一下，每次读都要在头脑中替作者构思该怎样写，怎样衔接，怎样才能更有说服力，渐渐的你就可以在很短的时间里迅速掌握文章的结构了。

这里有一点要特别注意：千万别被作者把你的思路带进文章里面。

举个简单的例子，比如某篇文章讲如何才能获取女孩子的芳心（我假设的），至今仍然没有女朋友的你（当然也是假设的）可能对这个话题就很感兴趣，对其中的细节若有所悟，文章所要传达的内容基本都被你吸收了。

如果这是阅读A的文章，你就赚到了，回答问题可能也很轻松；可若是阅读B的文章，你就倒霉了，津津有味的读了半天，结果结构上的特点一点没领会。

明白我的意思了没？步骤二：从A到G仔细的看每一个选项，看一个确定一个，并对不能确定的选项作简单标记（4-5分钟）。

有了步骤一的基础，你可能很容易便能确定某选项的位置了，甚至没看到这个选项的时候你大概已经想到这个选项应该是这个样子的（这种几率很小），也可能对某几个还有些犹豫。

不要紧，还有时间，继续下一步。

步骤三：仔细观察文章blank处的上下文的每一个细节（连词、特定名词etc），回到选项群按细节排查（4-5分钟）。

第8篇:The Development of Cities精读原文：The Development of CitiesMass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherentinstability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas.Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years一lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant,land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users.Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.【阅读练习题】1.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?[A] Types of mass transportation.[B]Instability of urban life.[C] How supply and demand determine land use.[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.2.Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.{B]To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.[D] To contrast their rate of growth.3.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?[A] It was expensive.[B]It happened too slowly.[C] It was unplanned.[D] It created a demand for public transportation.4.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,[A] that is large.[B]that is used as a model for land development.[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.【答案详解】1.D公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test1原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although itcould be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once asecond and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ lice ncesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are alsoin place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire UnitedStates. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for thedivision of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld'experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were manyother ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any changein attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文test1PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。

曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读经济学原理，每日更新/欢迎来主页查看/翻译经过校对第一章经济学十大原理The word economy comes from the Greek woid oikonomos,which means “one who manages a household." At first, this origin might seem peculiar. But in fact, households and economies have much in common. A household faces many decisions. It must decide wliich household members do which tasks and what each member receives in return: Wlio cooks diimer? Wlio does the laundiy? Who gets the extra dessert at dinner? Who gets to drive the car? In short, a household must allocate its scarce resources （time, dessert, car mileage） among its various members, taking into account each member's abilities, efforts, and desires.经济这个词来源于希腊语，其意为“管理一个家庭的人”。

乍一看，这个起源似乎有点奇特。

但事实上，家庭和经济有着许多共同之处。

一个家庭面临着许多决策。

它必须决定哪些家庭成员去做什么，以及作为回报每个家庭成员能得到什么：谁做晚饭？谁洗衣服？谁在晚餐时多得到一块甜点？谁有权选择看什么电视节目？简言之，家庭必须考虑到每个成员的能力、努力和愿望，以在各个成员中配置稀缺资源（时间，甜点，车辆英里程）。

极致的中国式浪漫！2022冬奥会闭幕式再次惊艳世界！2月20日晚，北京第二十四届冬季奥林匹克运动会闭幕式在国家体育场举行。

Closing ceremony of the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games was held at the National Stadium in Beijing on Sunday.这场壮丽的闭幕式，是中国送给全世界的浪漫，重温每一个细节都让人热泪盈眶。

折柳寄情用中国式浪漫说闭幕在北京冬奥会缅怀时刻，现场响起了《送别》的歌声，80名舞者走出一幅“垂柳图”。

365位普通人手捧柳枝惜别冬奥，他们向场地中央汇聚，以这种的方式，演绎中国人传承千年的“惜别怀远”、“折柳寄情”。

在中国古代，送行者往往会折一条柳枝送给远行的亲朋。

折柳也成为了独具东方文化韵味的送别方式。

The "Moment of Remembrance" is a very important part of the Olympic Games' Closing Ceremony, and for this year, the theme "A Willow Twig" presents the segment with Chinese characteristics.In ancient days, when two friends part, the traveling party will always receive a willow twig as a gift. For the closing ceremony of the Beijing Olympics, it was only fitting that the willow twig would be incorporated into the ceremony as the athletes depart to their respective countries.从开幕式上的“迎客松”烟花广迎宾朋，到闭幕式的折柳赠别八方友人，中国人的浪漫久久不绝。

曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。

翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第一章经济学十大原理原理一：人们面临交替关系How People Make Decisions人们如何作出决策There is no mystery to what an economy is. Whether we are talking about the economy of Los Angeles, the United States, or the whole world, an economy is just a group of people dealing with one another as they go about their lives. Because the behavior of an economy reflects the behavior of the individuals who make up the economy, we begin our study of economics with four principles about individual decision making.“经济”是什么这个问题并没有什么神秘之处、无论我们谈论的是洛杉矶经济，美国经济，还是全世界的经济，经济只不过是一个在生活中相互交易的一群人而已。

由于一个经济的行为反映了组成这个经济的个人的行为，所以我们的经济学研究就从个人作出决策的四个原理开始。

Principle 1: People Face Trade-offs原理一：人们面临取舍You may have heard the old saying, “There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch.” Grammar aside, there is much truth to this adage. To get something that we like, we usually have to give up something else that we also like. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.您可能听过一句老话：“没有免费的午餐。