幻灯片1UNIT 9 The InternetSection AThe Internet幻灯片2The Internet —IntroductionThe most notable example of an internet is the Internet (note the uppercase I ), which originated from research projects going back to the early 1960s. The goal was to develop the ability to link a variety 0f computer networks so that they could function as a connected system that would not be disrupted by local disasters.最著名的互联网例子是因特网（Internet，注意大写的Ｉ）。
因特网起源于20世纪60年代初的研究项目。
其目标是发展一种能力，将各种计算机网络连接起来，使它们能够作为一个不会因局部灾难而瓦解的互联系统运行。
幻灯片3The Internet —IntroductionMost of this original work was sponsored by the U.S. government through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA--pronounced "DAR-pa"), Over the years, the development of the Internet shifted from a defense project to an academic research project, and today it is largely a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide combination of WANs, MANs, and LANs involving millions of computers.最初的工作大多是由美国政府通过国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA——读作“DAR-pa”）发起的。
Chapter 9 Computing Security Learning Objectives:Warm-up:Label the following pictures with the terms in the box:1. router2.search engine 3.modular plug 4. world wide web 5. network controller 6. network graphic 7. network cabinet 8. net wire 9. serverA.______________________B.______________________C. ______________________D._____________________E._____________________F. ______________________G ._____________________H.______________________I. ______________________9.1 An Introduction to Computer SecurityComputer Security is the protection of computing systems and the data that they store or access. The issue of computer security first arose in the 1970s as individuals began to break into telephone systems. As technologyadvanced, computer systems became targets as well. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI 1) made one of its first arrests related to computer hacking in the early 1980s.When talking about computer security, some people think firstly of their credit card numbers, social security numbers 2, and other personal information. Knowing how to protect private information from those who would exploit it is very important. However, that is only one part of computer security. Computer security in a broad sense consists of the three aspects: hardware security, information security and administration security.Ⅰ. Hardware security falls into physical security and emanation security 3. The former concerns protection of computer hardware and associated equipments, such as computers, servers, networks and peripheral equipment, etc. from external physical threats, such as tampering , theft, earthquakes, water, etc. The latter copes with protection against spurious signals 4 emitted by electrical equipments in the system, such as electromagnetic emission from displays and audio emission (sounds from printers, etc).Ⅱ. Information security is made up of communication security and computer security in a narrow sense. The firsthacking [ ♒✌♓☠]n . 非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动in a broad sense 广义上的 fall into 分为 emanation[ ♏❍☜⏹♏♓☞☜⏹] n . 散发, 发出 associated adj .联合的, 关联的 tamper [ ♦✌❍☐☜] vi .干预, 玩弄 vt .篡改spurious [ ♦☐◆☜❒♓☜♦] adj .伪造的, 假造的 electromagnetic[✋●♏♦❒☜☺❍✌♈⏹✋♦✋ ] adj .电磁的 transmission[♦❒✌⏹❍♓☞☜⏹] n .播送, 发射, 传动1 FBI 联邦调查局2social security number 社会安全号码。
Key Terms - Chapter 9accessRefers to the responsibility of those who have data to control who is able to use that data.accuracyRelates to the responsibility of those who collect data to ensure that the data is correct.antispywareSee spy removal programs.biometric scanningDevices that check fingerprints or retinal scans.botnetA collection of zombie computers.browser cacheA collection of temporary Internet files that contain web page content and instructions for displaying this content.computer crimeIllegal action in which a perpetrator uses special knowledge of computer technology. Criminals may be employees, outside users, hackers and crackers, and organized crime members.computer ethicsGuidelines for the morally acceptable use of computers in our society.Computer Fraud and Abuse ActLaw allowing prosecution of unauthorized access to computers and databases.computer monitoring softwareThe most invasive and dangerous type of spyware. These programs record every activity made on your computer, including credit card numbers, bank account numbers, and e-mail messages.cookiesPrograms that record information on Web site visitors.copyrightA legal concept that gives content creators the right to control use and distribution of their work.crackerOne who gains unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes.cyberbullyingThe use of the Internet, a cell phone, or other device to deliver content intended to hurt or embarrass another person.cybercrimeAny criminal offence that involves a computer and a network. Criminals may be employees, outside users, hackers and crackers, on organized crime members.data securityProtection of software and data from unauthorized tampering or damage.denial of service (DoS) attackA variant virus in which Web sites are overwhelmed with data and users are unable to access the Web site. Unlike a worm that self-replicates, a DoS attack floods a computer or network with requests for information and data.dictionary attackUses software to try thousands of common words sequentially in an attempt to gain unauthorized access to a user’s account.Digital Millennium Copyright ActLaw that makes it legal for a program owner to make only his or her own backup copies of a software program. However, it is illegal for those copies to be resold or given away.digital rights management (DRM)Encompasses various technologies that control access to electronic media and files.disaster recovery planPlan used by large organizations describing ways to continue operations following a disaster until normal computer operations can be restored.electronic profileUsing publicly and privately available databases, information resellers create electronic profiles, which are highly detailed and personalized descriptions of individuals.encryptionCoding information so that only the user can read or otherwise use it.encryption keyA binary number used to gain access to encrypted information.ethicsStandards of moral conduct.Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)A federal law that restricts disclosure of educational records.firewallSecurity hardware and software. All communications into and out of an organization pass through a special security computer, called a proxy server, to protect all systems against external threats.first-party cookieA cookie that is generated and then read only by the website you are currently visiting.Freedom of Information ActLaw giving citizens the right to examine data about them in federal government files, except for information restricted for national security reasons.Gramm-Leach-Bliley ActA law that protects personal financial information.hackerPerson who gains unauthorized access to a computer system for the fun and challenge of it.Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)A federal law that protects medical records.history fileCreated by browser to store information on Web sites visited by your computer system.https (hypertext transfer protocol secure)A widely used protocol for web traffic and to protect the transfer of sensitive information.identity theftThe illegal assumption of someone’s identity for the purpose of economic gain.illusion of anonymityThe misconception that being selective about disclosing personal information on the Internet can prevent an invasion of personal privacy.information brokerSee information reseller.information resellerAlso known as information broker. It gathers personal data on people and sells it to direct marketers, fund-raisers, and others, usually for a fee.InPrivate BrowsingA privacy mode provided by Internet Explorer that eliminates history files as well as blocks most cookies.Internet scamUsing the Internet, a fraudulent act or operation designed to trick individuals into spending their time and money for little or no return.IT security analystPerson responsible for maintaining the security of a company’s network, systems, and data. Employers look for candidates with a bachelor’s or advanced specialized associate’s degree in information systems or computer science and network experience.keyAnother term for encryption key.keystroke loggersAlso known as computer monitoring software and sniffer programs. They can be loaded onto your computer without your knowledge.malwareShort for malicious software.mistaken identityWhen the electronic profile of one person is switched with another.online identityThe information that people voluntarily post about themselves online.passwordSpecial sequence of numbers or letters that limits access to information, such as electronic mail.phishingAn attempt to trick Internet users into thinking a fake but official-looking Web site or e-mail is legitimate.physical securityActivity concerned with protecting hardware from possible human and natural disasters.plagiarismRepresenting some other person’s work and ideas as your own without giving credit to the original source.plagiaristSomeone who engages in plagiarism.privacyComputer ethics issue concerning the collection and use of data about individuals.privacy modeA browser feature that eliminates history files and blocks most cookies.Private BrowsingA privacy mode provided by Safari. See privacy mode.propertyComputer ethics issue relating to who owns data and rights to software. reverse directoryA special telephone directory listing telephone numbers sequentially, followed by subscriber names.robot networkSee botnet.rogue Wi-Fi hotspotImitation hotspot intended to capture personal information.scamA fraudulent or deceptive act or operation designed to trick individuals into spending their time and money for little or no return.securityThe protection of information, hardware, and software.security suitesA collection of utility programs designed to protect your privacy and security while you are on the web.software piracyUnauthorized copying of programs for personal gain.spy removal programPrograms such as Spybot and Spysweeper, designed to detect Web bugs and monitor software.spywareWide range of programs designed to secretly record and report an individual’s activities on theInternet.temporary Internet fileFile that has web page content and instructions for displaying this content.third-party cookiesA cookie generated by an advertising company that is affiliated with the website you are currently visiting. Often also referred to as a tracking cookie.Trojan horseProgram that is not a virus but is a carrier of virus(es). The most common Trojan horses appear as free computer games, screen savers, or antivirus programs.Once downloaded they locate and disable existing virus protection and then deposit the virus.virtual private network (VPN)Creates a secure private connection between a remote user and anorganiza tion’s internal network. Special VPN protocols create the equivalent of a dedicated line between a user’s home or laptop computer and a company server.virusHidden instructions that migrate through networks and operating systems and become embedded in different programs. They may be designed to destroy data or simply to display messages.web bugsProgram hidden in the HTML code for a Web page or e-mail message as a graphical image. Web bugs can migrate whenever a user visits a Web site containing a Web bug or opens infected e- mail. They collect information on the users and report back to a predefined server.wireless network encryptionRestricts access to authorized users on wireless networks.wormVirus that doesn’t attach itself to programs and databases but fills a computer system with self- replicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or stopped.WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)A secure encryption protocol.zombieA computer infected by a virus, worm, or Trojan horse that allows it to be remotely controlled for malicious purposes.。
