Thomas Hardy & Oscar Wilde

thomas hardy the darkling thrush 赏析
托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）是19世纪末至20世纪初英国最杰出的文学家之一，他的作品主题深邃，笔触细腻，深受读者喜爱。

其中，《The Darkling Thrush》是他众多诗歌中的一首，通过对一只在冬日暮色中鸣叫的暗淡的知更鸟的描绘，传达了深沉而独特的情感。

《The Darkling Thrush》这首诗的情感基调是哀伤与希望并存。

在寒冷的冬日，知更鸟在暮色中唱出凄凉的歌声，象征着生命的脆弱和世界的冷酷。

然而，这只鸟儿“不顾九月的苍穹已不再看顾它的歌”，坚持歌唱，仿佛在冷酷的世界中找寻着希望。

哈代的诗歌常常通过自然和人类的困境来映射社会的冷漠和人生的苦难。

在这首诗中，他运用象征手法，将知更鸟的歌唱与人类的困境和挣扎紧密相连。

知更鸟的歌声不仅仅是自然的声响，更是对生活的热爱、对未来的渴望和对苦难的抗争。

此外，哈代的诗歌语言优美、节奏感强，通过细致入微的观察和描绘，将读者带入一个既真实又充满诗意的世界。

他的诗歌往往富有哲理，引人深思。

《The Darkling Thrush》这首诗以其独特的情感和哲理，让读者在欣赏其美的同时，思考人生的意义和价值。

哈代的诗歌不仅表达了他对人生的独特见解，也展现了他作为一位伟大文学家的艺术才华。

这首诗以其深刻的主题和独特的艺术手法，成为了英国文学中的经典之作。

2010级12班王之宜201005421227Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840-1928) is in the last of the great Victorian novelist. Hardy was born in Dorset, southern England. Son of a builder, he became a builder himself. At the age of 22, he began to write poetry. He insisted in studying literature and philosophy by himself. Then in 1867, he began to write novels. While, for the last three decades of his life, he turned back to poetry and became one of the major Victorian poets. Hardy was the most pessimistic novelist of the Victorian Age. Life after 1870s became drastically different with drastic changes in mood and tenor. The age of Emile Zola’s naturalism had arrived. Hardy was apparently affected: the spirit of determinism characteristic of the naturalistic works of the period permeated his later novels as well. But Hardy is not a naturalistic writer. Hardy was a prolific writer. His Victorian novels were divided into 3 groups, novels of character and environment, romances and fantasies and novels of ingenuity. He also wrote short stories and post-Victorian poetry.In his early life, Hardy tried to write some poems but all of them were not published, so he began to write novels. Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and The Lady, finished by 1867, but he failed to find a publisher. With the advices of his friend, he gave up trying to publish and destroy the manuscript. In 1871, he published his first novel Desperate Remedies, and then publishes Under the Greenwood Tree in 1872, A Pair of Blue Eyes in 1873. Hardy’s greatest nove ls are T ess of the D’Urbervilles,Jude the Obscure. And the former attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman" and was initially refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle-classes. Unlike the novels of Charles Dickens and George Eliot, Hardy's novels do not beg to be filmed or to be adapted for the stage. Some scholars have suggested that this is due to the absence of flair in Hardy for the overtly dramatic.Naturalism and fatalism can be sensed everywhere by readers in his novels. His works capture the ethos of England, and contain symbolism, allusions as well ascombination of naturalism, realism and symbolism. Hardy is skillful in using nature and landscape to express human feelings. Hardy’s writing features lie in his determinist stance on the nature of life and the cosmos, his sharp sense of the humorous and absurd and his love and observation of the natural world with strong symbolic effect. H ardy’s stories are always moving and bewitching. He deviates consciously from traditional Victorian realism that emphasizes plot more than characterization. It is definitely to his credit that he manages to bring back to fiction a high sense of tragedy, th e Greek sense of fatality. What’s more, Hardy places emphasis on the deeper psychology of his characters. Hardy’s language possesses a silent power and charm. His prose is studded with rhetorical devices and poetic imagery, and is richly connotative. He is also famous for his uneven style. While there are some minor flaws in Hardy’s works-his ideas are not always clear, and his plots may occasionally jump and dislocate.The features in his novels cannot separate from his experience．Firstly，the source of his thoughts of destiny came from the great influence from his mother and grandmother in his childhood and the child memories greatly affected his future writing．Secondly，ancient Greek tragedies played a key role in the literary education he had got．The characters in his novel are quite different from those in ancient Greek tragedies，but they both have strong tragic flavor，no escape from destiny and strong sense of fatalism．The readers can taste the bitterness，pain，helplessness and unreasonable fate．Finally，the social causes of the thoughts of tragic destiny in Hardy s novels are explored as followed：the dark society，the gap between the poor and then rich and the invasion of capitalism into countryside driving many poor peasants into bankrupt and plights．So the unchangeable social reality and the social vicious power forced him into believing in fate and made him a tragic fatalist．Tess of the D’Urbervilles is Thomas Hardy’s great work which possesses a very important position in literary history of the world. Since it was born 100 years ago, it has attracted people’s attention and argument, in part because it challenged the sexual mores of Hardy's day. The story is about the tragic fate of Tess. Tess is a beautiful and pure girl at first, but her innocence and ignorance of sex caused her seduced by Alecand therefore she has no chastity. When Tess experiences physical, material and spiritual sufferings, Angel comes to Tess, caring her and loving her. He gives Tess great condors like an angel sending good news of God. However, when he knows Tess has been seduced by Alec, his attitude changes very drastically. He cannot forgive Tess and asks to stop the marriage. Then he leaves Tess. The pain he has brought to Tess is much more serious than that brought by Alec, and it is even fatal in some sense. Under the torment of the hate for Alec and the love for Angel, Tess falls into great despair and she stabs Alec and runs away with Angel. But she is finally arrested and hanged.The story reveals the spirit of determinist defeatism and enforces its shibboleth of predestination, and no amount of human effort can alter its design of darkness. Tess is a paragon of innocence. What she asks for life is simple enough: to be loved and happy. But she is not got it because she is at the mercies of the odds against her. (Two men must appear in her life to confuse and distract her. One is totally evil; the other apparently good. The two both serve as the instruments of Chance. So many coinc idences occur in Tess’ life that the hand of Chance is in evidence wherever she goes.) This novel is a mirror for the spirit of the time. Hardy describes his critical attitude towards the unjust treatment of women and his denunciation of the hypocrisy of the social structures a moral code of Victorian England.“Ache of modernism" is one theme of this novel, and this theme is notable in Tess, which, as one critic noted, portrays "the energy of traditional ways and the strength of the forces that are destroying them". His works focuses on the representation of the psychic ache that modern civilization brings on to man. They have a grave sense of crisis and bear strong affinity with the modernist literature. Angel's middle-class fastidiousness makes him reject Tess. When he parts from her and goes to Brazil, the handsome young man gets so ill that he is reduced to a "mere yellow skeleton". All these instances are typically interpreted as indications of the negative consequences of man's separation from nature, both in the creation of destructive machinery and in the inability to rejoice in pure nature. However, Marxist critic Raymond Williams in The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence questions the identification of Tess with apeasantry destroyed by industrialism. Tess is not a peasant, she is a school educated member of the rural working class: she suffers a tragedy through being thwarted, in her aspirations to rise and her desire for a good life (among which is love and sex), not by "industrialism" but by the landed bourgeoisie (Alec), liberal idealism (Angel) and Christian moralism in her family's village.You can also find sexual double standard in this novel. Hardy criticizes certain social constraints that hindered the lives of those living in the 19th century. It was also moral conflict at that time when women were not allowed to have the same rights as men. Alec’s seduction of Tess destroys her happiness and brings her shame. But n o one thought that Alec was guilty but blamed Tess. Besides, Tess tried to be honest about her unfortunate past before the marriage, but following the order of fate, her husband didn’t read her letter. At the weeding day Angel confess he had done something bad at the past and gain forgive from his wife, while Tess told him her tragedy and gain discard from him. The body hurt from Alec and the physical hurt from Angel make the final tragedy to Tess.References:蔡健，《从女性主义批评解读苔丝的悲剧》，《南京航空航天大学学报》（社会科学版）2009/4。

哈代在多塞特郡的本地学校接受基础教育，后来获得奖学金进入伦敦的皇家学院学习建筑。然而，他对文学的热爱逐渐胜过了对建筑的兴趣。
教育经历
出生地与家庭背景
文学起步
01
哈代在伦敦期间开始尝试诗歌创作，并在一些杂志上发表作品。他的诗歌风格独特，融入了多塞特郡的乡村风情和人物的悲剧色彩。
小说创作
02
哈代的小说作品最为人所熟知，其中包括《远离尘嚣》、《无名的裘德》等。这些作品通常描写了乡村人物的命运与挣扎，反映了工业化和城市化对乡村社会的影响。
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继承与颠覆
他的作品深深扎根于英国乡村，展现了丰富的地方色彩和乡土情怀，与英国文学中的乡村主题紧密相连。
乡土情怀
现实主义风格
哈代的作品以其现实主义风格和深刻的社会洞察力而著称，对后来的作家如D.H.劳伦斯和格雷厄姆·格林等产生了重要影响。
悲剧色彩
他的作品中弥漫的悲剧色彩和宿命论观念，也影响了许多现代主义和后现代主义作家。
戏剧成就
03
除了诗歌和小说，哈代还涉足戏剧领域，创作了一些舞台剧作品。这些作品同样展现了他对乡村生活和人物命运的关注。
晚年生活
哈代在晚年时期依然坚持创作，但他的作品在当时并未受到足够重视。他的个人生活也经历了一些不幸，包括亲人的离世和健康问题。
文学影响
尽管哈代的作品在他去世后才逐渐受到重视，但他的创作对20世纪英国文学产生了深远影响。他的作品风格独特，既具有浓郁的乡村风情，又深刻反映了社会变革对普通人的影响。
细致入微的描绘
他运用客观的叙述方法，让角色和事件自然展现，不加过多主观色彩，使得作品具有更高的真实感。
客观的叙述方式
命运的无情
哈代的作品中常常体现出命运对人的无情摆布，人物无论怎么努力都难以逃脱命运的束缚，展现出一种深深的悲观主义色彩。

1.Character and Environment
（性格与环境小说）
The Poor Man and the Lady(1867, unpublished and lost) 《穷汉与贵妇人》 Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) 《绿树荫下 》 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 《远离尘嚣》 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 《卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of the d'Urbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》 Jude the Obscure(1895) 《无名的裘德》
Religious Symbols
From numerous pagan(异教的) and neo-Biblical references made about her, Tess has been viewed variously as an Earth goddess or as a sacrificial victim. Early in the novel, she participates in a festival for Ceres, the goddess of the harvest, and when she performs a baptism she chooses a passage from Genesis, the book of creation, over more traditional New Testament verses. At the end, when Tess and Angel come to Stonehenge, commonly believed in Hardy's time to be a pagan temple, she willingly lies down on an altar, thus fulfilling her destiny as a human sacrifice.