第三章英语翻译的方法及过程

第三章 词语的翻译
一、词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的确定 词是可以独立运用的最小语言单位，也是最小的语法 单位。 “辩义乃翻译之本” 辩义乃翻译之本” 辩义乃翻译之本 不明辨词义，就难以准确地表达原意。 （一）指称意义的理解与表达 指称意义是“词的确切和字面的意义”（陆国强， 1999:117），是语言交际中出现最早、使用频率最高 的意义，也是人们进行语言交际时所表达的最基本意 义。 两种语言之间的可译性正是由指称意义的基本对等决 定的。 例如： “月亮”和moon都反映了相同的客观事物， 其指称意义完全对等。
二、词语翻译与语言环境
词义与语境关系密切。 词义与语境关系密切。 “每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词” (Each word when used in a new context is a new word) (Firth, 1957) “没有语境，词就没有意义”(Malinowski, 1923)。 “在所有的翻译过程中，语境都是凌驾于一切的因素，而 且优先于任何的规则、理论或是基本意义”(Newmark, 1981: 113)。 在王宗炎先生编写的《英汉应用语言学词典》(1988)中将 语言环境定义为上下文，即词、短语、语句或篇章的前后 关系。 具体而言，词与词之间固定的或是临时的搭配关系以及词 语在语句、篇章中所处的位置都是语言环境的具体体现。
（一）根据语言语境确定原文词义
例1：……路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道 来，车夫也跑得更快。 By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. “洁白”的常见义项包括“纯白色”（例如：洁白的 雪）以及“纯洁、未受玷污“（例如：洁白的心灵） 但这两个义项与“马路”的搭配都不恰当。分析此句 的语言环境可以看出，“洁白”应该指“干净、洁 净”。译者选择clean一词，符合“洁白”一词与上 文“路上浮尘早已刮净”的逻辑搭配。

SECTION 3
直译 (Literal Translation)：就是指译文不但完整而正确地 表达原文的内容，而且还基本上保留原文表达的形式，比 如保留原文所使用的词语、句子结构、修辞手法等，如原 文中的比喻，原文的形象，原文的民族特色等等。 By literal translation, you can get the original meaning preserving the way of expression without destroying the stylistic features and rhetoric images.
Are there any other similar Chinese expressions? Which translation do you prefer?
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SECTION 2
5.He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped away his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. What is the similar Chinese expression of “crocodile tears ”? Ａ．他走在送葬队伍的前头， 还不时用一条大手绢抹去 他那鳄鱼泪。 Ｂ．他走在送葬队伍的前头， 还不时用一条大手绢假惺 惺的抹眼泪。 C. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，做出一副猫哭老鼠的样子搽 眼泪。
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SECTION 3
3. Let sleeping dogs lie. A.让睡着的狗躺着。 B别惹麻烦。 4. Love me, love my dog. A.爱我，也爱我的狗吧。 B．爱屋及乌。 5. He who has mind to beat his dog will easily find a stick. Ａ．要想打狗就很容易找到一根棍子。 Ｂ．欲加之罪，何患无辞。

“Fair, fair,” cry the ospreys On the island in the river. Lovely is this noble lady, Fit bride for our lord. … The farm-hand once asked him: “Please, sir, what are you reading this book for? You’re not going to sit for a higher civil service examination, are you?” The scholar stroked his beardless chin and grinned: “Well, you know the joys of life, don’t you? There’s a saying that the greatest joy of life is either to spend the first night in the nuptial chamber or to pass a civil service examination. As for me, I’ve already experienced both. But now there’s still greater blessing in store for me.”
A Hired Wife
by Rou Shi
“So you’ve been seduced by the witch!” she would cry. “You should take good care of your old carcase.” The young woman overheard these abusive remarks time and again. After that, whenever she saw the scholar return home, she always tried to avoid him if his wife was not present. But even in the presence of his wife, the young woman considered it necessary to keep herself in the background. She had to do all this naturally so that it would not be noticed by outsiders, for otherwise the wife would get angry and blame her for purposely discrediting her in public. As time went on, the scholar’s wife even made the young woman do the work of a maid-servant. Once the young woman decided to wash the elderly woman’s clothes.

医学英语实用翻译教程
Chapter 3
contents
1 科技英语的特点与翻译 2 医学英语的特点与翻译 3.小结 4. 翻译练习 5.参考答案
3.1 科技英语的特点与翻译
3.1.1大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英 语的特点之一
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置， 放在主语部分。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要 原因。
试观察并比较下列短文的主语。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads.
译文：如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作匀 速直线运动。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
译文：在通讯系统中，电子学要解决的问题是如何把信 息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
译文：为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具 有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的 结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的介 质，后来又得出不存在假设的那种物理性质的发光介 质这一明确结论。