ROSETREE手册

英语作文我的玫瑰树My Rose TreeI have always had a love for nature and its beauty. Growing up, I spent a lot of time playing in my backyardand exploring the different plants and flowers that grew there. However, nothing caught my attention quite like my rose tree.I remember the day my parents brought home the rose tree. They had gone to a local nursery and picked out the most beautiful rose tree they could find. It had delicate pink flowers and a strong, sturdy stem. I was fascinated by it from the moment I saw it.From that day on, I took it upon myself to take care of the rose tree. I watered it every day, making sure it had the right amount of sunlight and nutrients. As time passed, the rose tree started to grow taller and stronger. Its leaves were a deep green, and its flowers bloomed brighter than ever.My rose tree became more than just a plant to me; it was a symbol of growth and perseverance. It showed me that withcare and attention, even the smallest things can flourish and become something beautiful.Over the years, my rose tree has seen many changes. I have moved to different cities, and the tree has been through different seasons. It has weathered harsh storms and hot summers, but it has always come out stronger on the other side.When I look at my rose tree now, I am reminded of everything it has taught me. I am reminded of the power of patience and the importance of nurturing the things we care about. I am reminded that even in times of challenge and uncertainty, there is always hope for growth and renewal.In a world that can often feel chaotic and overwhelming, my rose tree serves as a constant reminder of the beauty and resilience of nature. It reminds me to slow down and appreciate the simple things in life, like the delicate petals of a rose or the gentle rustling of leaves in the wind.I am grateful for my rose tree and the many lessons it has taught me over the years. It is more than just a plant;it is a part of my story and a symbol of the beauty and strength that can be found in even the smallest things.。

Package‘primerTree’October14,2022Title Visually Assessing the Specificity and Informativeness of PrimerPairsVersion1.0.6Description Identifies potential target sequences for a givenset of primers and generates phylogenetic trees annotated with thetaxonomies of the predicted amplification products.License GPL-2Depends R(>=3.5.0),directlabels,gridExtraImports ape,foreach,ggplot2,grid,httr,lubridate,plyr,reshape2,scales,stringr,XMLEncoding UTF-8LazyData trueRoxygenNote7.1.2NeedsCompilation yesAuthor Jim Hester[aut],Matt Cannon[aut,cre]Maintainer Matt Cannon<********************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2022-04-0514:30:02UTCR topics documented:accession2taxid (2)bryophytes_trnL (2)calc_rank_dist_ave (3)clustalo (4)filter_seqs (4)get_sequence (5)get_sequences (6)get_taxonomy (7)identify.primerTree_plot (7)12bryophytes_trnL layout_tree_ape (8)mammals_16S (8)parse_primer_hits (8)plot.primerTree (9)plot_tree (9)plot_tree_ranks (10)primerTree (11)primer_search (12)search_primer_pair (13)seq_lengths (14)seq_lengths.primerTree (15)summary.primerTree (15)tree_from_alignment (16)Index17accession2taxid Maps a nucleotide database accession to a taxonomy database taxIdDescriptionMaps a nucleotide database accession to a taxonomy database taxIdUsageaccession2taxid(accessions)Argumentsaccessions accessions character vector to lookup.Valuenamed vector of taxIds.bryophytes_trnL PrimerTree results for the bryophyte trnL primersDescriptionPrimerTree results for the bryophyte trnL primerscalc_rank_dist_ave3 calc_rank_dist_ave Summarize pairwise differences.DescriptionSummarize pairwise differences.Usagecalc_rank_dist_ave(x,ranks=common_ranks)Argumentsx a primerTree objectranks ranks to show unique counts for,defaults to the common ranksDetailsThe purpose of this function is to calculate the average number of nucleotide differences between species within each taxa of given taxonomic level.For example,at the genus level,the function calculates the average number of nucleotide differences between all species within each genus and reports the mean of those values.There are several key assumptions and calculations made in this function.First,the function randomly selects one sequence from each species in the primerTree results.This is to keep any one species(e.g.human,cow,etc.)with many hits from skewing the results.Second,for each taxonomic level tested,the function divides the sequences by each taxon at that level and calculates the mean number of nucleotide differences within that taxa,then returns the mean of those values.Third,when calculating the average distance,any taxa for which there is only one species is omitted, as the number of nucleotide differences will always be0.Valuereturns a data frame of resultsExamples##Not run:calc_rank_dist_ave(mammals_16S)calc_rank_dist_ave(bryophytes_trnL)#Note that the differences between the results from these two primers#the mean nucleotide differences is much higher for the mammal primers#than the byrophyte primers.This suggests that the mammal primers have#better resolution to distinguish individual species.##End(Not run)4filter_seqs clustalo Multiple sequence alignment with clustal omegaDescriptionCalls clustal omega to align a set of sequences of class DNAbin.Run without any arguments to see all the options you can pass to the command line clustal omega.Usageclustalo(x,exec="clustalo",quiet=TRUE,original.ordering=TRUE,...)Argumentsx an object of class’DNAbin’exec a character string with the name or path to the programquiet whether to supress output to stderr or stdoutoriginal.orderinguse the original ordering of the sequences...additional arguments passed to the command line clustalofilter_seqs Filter out sequences retrieved by search_primer_pair()that are eithertoo short or too long.The alignment and tree will be recalculated afterremoving unwanted reads.DescriptionFilter out sequences retrieved by search_primer_pair()that are either too short or too long.The alignment and tree will be recalculated after removing unwanted reads.Usagefilter_seqs(x,...)##S3method for class primerTreefilter_seqs(x,min_length=0,max_length=Inf,...)Argumentsx a primerTree object...additional arguments passed to methods.min_length the minimum sequence length to keepmax_length the maximum sequence length to keepValuea primerTree objectMethods(by class)•primerTree:Method for primerTree objectsExamples##Not run:#filter out sequences longer or shorter than desired:mammals_16S_filtered<-filter_seqs(mammals_16S,min_length=131,max_length=156)##End(Not run)get_sequence Retrieves a fasta sequence from NCBI nucleotide database.DescriptionRetrieves a fasta sequence from NCBI nucleotide database.Usageget_sequence(accession,start=NULL,stop=NULL,api_key=Sys.getenv("NCBI_API_KEY"))Argumentsaccession nucleotide accession to retrieve.start start base to retrieve,numbered beginning at1.If NULL the beginning of the sequence.stop last base to retrieve,numbered beginning at1.if NULL the end of the sequence.api_key NCBI api-key to allow faster sequence retrieval.Valuean DNAbin object.See AlsoDNAbinget_sequences Retrieves fasta sequences from NCBI nucleotide database.DescriptionRetrieves fasta sequences from NCBI nucleotide database.Usageget_sequences(accession,start=NULL,stop=NULL,api_key=Sys.getenv("NCBI_API_KEY"),simplify=TRUE,.parallel=FALSE,.progress="none")Argumentsaccession the accession number of the sequence to retrievestart start bases to retrieve,numbered beginning at1.If NULL the beginning of the sequence.stop stop bases to retrieve,numbered beginning at1.if NULL the stop of the se-quence.api_key NCBI api-key to allow faster sequence retrieval.simplify simplify the FASTA headers to include only the genbank accession..parallel if’TRUE’,perform in parallel,using parallel backend provided by foreach .progress name of the progress bar to use,see’create_progress_bar’Valuean DNAbin object.See AlsoDNAbinget_taxonomy7get_taxonomy Retrieve the taxonomy information from NCBI for a set of nucleotidegis.DescriptionRetrieve the taxonomy information from NCBI for a set of nucleotide gis.Usageget_taxonomy(accessions)Argumentsaccessions a character vector of the accessions to retrieveValuedata.frame of the’accessions,taxIds,and taxonomyidentify.primerTree_plotidentify the point closest to the mouse click only works on single ranksDescriptionidentify the point closest to the mouse click only works on single ranksUsage##S3method for class primerTree_plotidentify(x,...)Argumentsx the plot to identify...additional arguments passed to annotate8parse_primer_hits layout_tree_ape layout a tree using ape,return an object to be plotted by plot_treeDescriptionlayout a tree using ape,return an object to be plotted by plot_treeUsagelayout_tree_ape(tree,...)Argumentstree The phylo tree to be plotted...additional arguments to plot.phyloValueedge list of x,y and xend,yend coordinates as well as ids for the edgestips list of x,y,label and id for the tipsnodes list of x,y and id for the nodesmammals_16S PrimerTree results for the mammalian16S primersDescriptionPrimerTree results for the mammalian16S primersparse_primer_hits Parse the primer hitsDescriptionParse the primer hitsUsageparse_primer_hits(response)Argumentsresponse a httr response object obtained from primer_searchplot.primerTree9 plot.primerTree plot function for a primerTree object,calls plot_tree_ranksDescriptionplot function for a primerTree object,calls plot_tree_ranksUsage##S3method for class primerTreeplot(x,ranks=NULL,main=NULL,...)Argumentsx primerTree object to plotranks The ranks to include,defaults to all common ranks,if NULL print all ranks.If ’none’just print the layout.main an optional title to display,if NULL displays the name as the title...additional arguments passed to plot_tree_ranksSee Alsoplot_tree_ranks,plot_treeExampleslibrary(gridExtra)library(directlabels)#plot with all common ranksplot(mammals_16S)#plot only the classplot(mammals_16S, class )#plot the layout onlyplot(mammals_16S, none )plot_tree plots a tree,optionally with colored and labeled points by taxonomicrankDescriptionplots a tree,optionally with colored and labeled points by taxonomic rank10plot_tree_ranksUsageplot_tree(tree,type="unrooted",main=NULL,guide_size=NULL,rank=NULL,taxonomy=NULL,size=2,legend_cutoff=25,...)Argumentstree to be plotted,use layout_tree to layout tree.type The type of tree to plot,default unrooted.main An optional title for the plotguide_size The size of the length guide.If NULL auto detects a reasonable size.rank The rank to include,if null only the tree is plottedtaxonomy A data.frame with an accessionfield corresponding to the tree tip labels.size The size of the colored pointslegend_cutoff The number of different taxa names after which the names are no longer printed....additional arguments passed to layout_tree_apeValueplot to be printed.plot_tree_ranks plots a tree along with a series of taxonomic ranksDescriptionplots a tree along with a series of taxonomic ranksUsageplot_tree_ranks(tree,taxonomy,main=NULL,type="unrooted",ranks=common_ranks,primerTree11 size=2,guide_size=NULL,legend_cutoff=25,...)Argumentstree to be plotted,use layout_tree to layout tree.taxonomy A data.frame with an accessionfield corresponding to the tree tip labels.main An optional title for the plottype The type of tree to plot,default unrooted.ranks The ranks to include,defaults to all common ranks,if null print all ranks.size The size of the colored pointsguide_size The size of the length guide.If NULL auto detects a reasonable size.legend_cutoff The number of different taxa names after which the names are no longer printed....additional arguments passed to layout_tree_apeSee Alsoplot_tree to plot only a single rank or the just the tree layout.Exampleslibrary(gridExtra)library(directlabels)#plot all the common ranksplot_tree_ranks(mammals_16S$tree,mammals_16S$taxonomy)#plot specific ranks,with a larger dot sizeplot_tree_ranks(mammals_16S$tree,mammals_16S$taxonomy,ranks=c( kingdom , class , family ),size=3)primerTree primerTree Visually Assessing the Specificity and Informativeness ofPrimer PairsDescriptionprimerTree has two main commands:search_primer_pair which takes a primer pair and re-turns an primerTree object of the search results plot.primerTree a S3method for plotting the primerTree object obtained using search_primer_pair12primer_searchprimer_search Query a pair of primers using ncbi’s Primer-BLAST,if primers containiupacDescriptionambiguity codes,enumerate all possible combinations and combine the results.Usageprimer_search(forward,reverse,num_aligns=500,num_permutations=25,...,.parallel=FALSE,.progress="none")Argumentsforward forward primer to search by5’-3’on plus strandreverse reverse primer to search by5’-3’on minus strandnum_aligns number of alignment results to keepnum_permutationsthe number of primer permutations to search,if the degenerate bases cause morethan this number of permutations to exist,this number will be sampled from allpossible permutations....additional arguments passed to Primer-Blast.parallel if’TRUE’,perform in parallel,using parallel backend provided by foreach .progress name of the progress bar to use,see’create_progress_bar’Valuehttr response object of the query,pass to parse_primer_hits to parse the results.search_primer_pair13search_primer_pair Automatic primer searching Search a given primer pair,retrieving thealignment results,their product sequences,the taxonomic informationfor the sequences,a multiple alignment of the productsDescriptionAutomatic primer searching Search a given primer pair,retrieving the alignment results,their prod-uct sequences,the taxonomic information for the sequences,a multiple alignment of the productsUsagesearch_primer_pair(forward,reverse,name=NULL,num_aligns=500,num_permutations=25,simplify=TRUE,clustal_options=list(),distance_options=list(model="N",pairwise.deletion=T),api_key=Sys.getenv("NCBI_API_KEY"),...,.parallel=FALSE,.progress="none")Argumentsforward forward primer to search by5’-3’on plus strandreverse reverse primer to search by5’-3’on minus strandname name to give to the primer pairnum_aligns number of alignment results to keepnum_permutationsthe number of primer permutations to search,if the degenerate bases cause morethan this number of permutations to exist,this number will be sampled from allpossible permutations.simplify use simple names for primer hit results or complexclustal_optionsa list of options to pass to clustal omega,see link{clustalo}for a list ofoptionsdistance_optionsa list of options to pass to dist.dna,see link{dist.dna}for a list of optionsapi_key NCBI api-key to allow faster sequence retrieval...additional arguments passed to Primer-Blast14seq_lengths .parallel if’TRUE’,perform in parallel,using parallel backend provided by foreach .progress name of the progress bar to use,see create_progress_barValueA list with the following elements,name name of the primer pairBLAST_result html blast results from Primer-BLAST as’a responseobject.taxonomy taxonomy for the primer products from NCBIsequence sequence of the primer productsalignment multiple alignment of the primer productstree phylogenetic tree of the reconstructed from the’multiple alignmentSee Alsoprimer_search,clustaloExamples##Not run:#simple searchmammals_16S=search_primer_pair(name= Mammals16S ,CGGTTGGGGTGACCTCGGA , GCTGTTATCCCTAGGGTAACT )#returning1000alignments,allow up to3mismatches in primermammals_16S=search_primer_pair(name= Mammals16S ,CGGTTGGGGTGACCTCGGA , GCTGTTATCCCTAGGGTAACT ,num_aligns=1000,total_primer_specificity_mismatch=3)##End(Not run)seq_lengths Get a summary of sequence lengths from a primerTree objectDescriptionGet a summary of sequence lengths from a primerTree objectUsageseq_lengths(x,summarize=TRUE)Argumentsx a primerTree object.summarize a logical indicating if a summary should be displayedseq_lengths.primerTree15Valuea table of sequence length frequenciesExamples#Show the counts for each lengthseq_lengths(mammals_16S)#Plot the distribution of lengthsseqLengths<-seq_lengths(mammals_16S)barplot(seqLengths,main="Frequency of sequence lengths for16S mammal primers",xlab="Amplicon length(in bp)",ylab=("Frequency"))seq_lengths.primerTreeMethod for primerTree objectsDescriptionMethod for primerTree objectsUsage##S3method for class primerTreeseq_lengths(x,summarize=TRUE)Argumentsx a primerTree object.summarize a logical indicating if a summary should be displayedsummary.primerTree Summarize a primerTree result,printing quantiles of sequence lengthand pairwise differences.DescriptionSummarize a primerTree result,printing quantiles of sequence length and pairwise differences. Usage##S3method for class primerTreesummary(object,...,probs=c(0,0.05,0.5,0.95,1),ranks=common_ranks)16tree_from_alignmentArgumentsobject the primerTree object to summarise...Ignored optionsprobs quantile probabilities to compute,defaults to0,5,50,95,and100probabilities.ranks ranks to show unique counts for,defaults to the common ranksValueinvisibly returns a list containing the printed resultstree_from_alignment Construct a neighbor joining tree from a dna alignmentDescriptionConstruct a neighbor joining tree from a dna alignmentUsagetree_from_alignment(dna,pairwise.deletion=TRUE,...)Argumentsdna fasta dna object the tree is to be constructed frompairwise.deletiona logical indicating if the distance matrix should be constructed using pairwisedeletion...furthur arguments to dist.dnaSee Alsodist.dna,njIndexaccession2taxid,2bryophytes_trnL,2calc_rank_dist_ave,3clustalo,4,14create_progress_bar,14dist.dna,16DNAbin,5,6filter_seqs,4get_sequence,5get_sequences,6get_taxonomy,7identify.primerTree_plot,7layout_tree_ape,8,10,11mammals_16S,8nj,16parse_primer_hits,8,12phylo,8plot.phylo,8plot.primerTree,9,11plot_tree,8,9,9,11plot_tree_ranks,9,10primer_search,8,12,14primerTree,11response,14search_primer_pair,11,13seq_lengths,14seq_lengths.primerTree,15summary.primerTree,15tree_from_alignment,1617。

分类词汇1. People1. baby 婴儿2. being 物；生物；人3. child (复children) n. 孩子，儿童4. citizen 公民,居民,市民5. civil 国内,平民(非军人)的；民用6. companion 同伴,同事7. comrade n. 同志8. crowd n..人群vt. 拥挤，群聚9. enemy n. 敌人；敌军10. fellow n. 同伴；伙伴11. friend [frend] n. 朋友12. generation n.代,一代13. guest n. 客人，宾客14. human a.&n. 人，人类15. human being 人16. man (单数，无冠词)n.人,人类（包括男女）17. neighbour (-bor) n.邻居,邻人18. partner n. 搭档,股东,舞伴19. people n. 人，人们；人民20. person n. 人, 身体, 容貌,21. population n. 人口22. public a.公共的,公众n.公众23. race [reis] n. 种族，民族24. teenager (13-19)青少年25. adult26. kid2. Sex1. boy n. 男孩2. female a. 女性的；雌性的3. girl n. 女孩4. gentleman n. 绅士，先生5. lady n. 女士，夫人6. sex [seks] n. 性，性别,7. madam/madame夫人,女士8. male [meil] a. 男的, 雄的, 男9. man (men) n.男人，成年男子10. Mr. (mister) n.先生, 阁下11. Mrs.(mistress) 夫人, 太太12. Ms. [miz] n. 女士, 小姐13. sir n. 先生；阁下14. woman n. 妇女,女人,女仆3. Body1. arm n. 臂, 支架2. back 向后a. 后面的n. 背3. bath n. 洗澡；浴室；澡盆4. beard n. （下巴处的）胡须5. body n. 身体6. body building n. 健美7. bone n. 骨头，骨质8. blood n. 血，血液9. brain [brein] n. 脑（子）10. cheek n. 面颊，脸蛋11. chest n. 箱子；盒子；胸部12. ear n. 耳朵,耳状物；听力,13. eye [ai] n. 眼睛14. face [feis] n. 脸vt. 面向；15. facial a. 面部用的16. finger n. 手指17. fingernail n. 指甲18. flesh n. 肉19. fist [fist] n. 拳(头)20. foot [fut] (复feet) 足，脚；英尺21. hand n. 手；指针v. 递；给,22. handful n.（一）把；少数,少量23. hair n. 头发24. head [hed] n. 头,标题a. 头部25. heart n. 心,心脏,精神,26. knee [ni:] n. 膝盖27. leg [leg] n. 腿；腿脚；支柱28. lip [lip] n. 嘴唇, 唇缘29. lung n. 肺；肺脏, 呼吸器30. moustache n. 小胡子（嘴唇上方）31. mouth n. 嘴，口32. mouthful n. 满口，一口33. neck [nek] n. 颈，脖子34. nose n. 鼻, v.侦察出35. pulse n. 脉搏，脉动，搏动36. shoulder n. 肩膀；侧翼37. stomach n. 胃，胃部38. temperature n. 温度39. tongue n. 舌头, 语言, 口40. tooth (teeth) n. 牙齿41. throat n. 喉咙, 嗓音, 窄路42. waist [weist] n. 腰，腰部4．Time1. month n. 月，月份2. January n. 1月3. February n. 2月4. March n. 3月5. April . 4月6. May 5月7. June n . 6月8. July] n. 7月9. August 8月10. September n. 9月11. October . 10月12. November n. 11月13. December n. 12月14. week 星期，周15. Sunday n. 星期日16. Monday 星期一17. Tuesday 星期二18. Wednesday n. 星期三19. Thursday n. 星期四20. Friday 星期五21. Saturday 星期六22. fortnight 十四日,两星期23. season . 季；季节24. spring .春天,春季25. summer 夏天，夏季26. autumn 秋天，秋季27. winter 冬天,冬季,萧条期28. dawn n. 黎明，拂晓29. morning 早晨，上午30. evening 傍晚，晚上31. midday 中午, 正午32. noon 中午，正午33. day 天，日；白天34. night . 夜；夜间35. tonight 今晚，今夜36. today . 今天,现在,当前37. now 现在, 目前, 此刻38. yesterday . 昨天39. tomorrow 明天, 未来40. everyday .每日的,日常的41. time 时间次数vt. 计时, 定时42. year n. 年, 年龄, 年岁43. century n. 世纪，百年44. daily 每日的每天n. 日报45. date 日期；约会, 枣46. former 以前的, 前者47. future 将来48. hour 小时, 钟头,课时49. minute 分钟,一会儿,瞬间50. modern 现代的, 时髦的51. once 一次, 从前conj. 一旦52. past 过n. 过去，走过某处53. period 时期,时代,学时54. second 秒, 次货, 二等品55. stage n. 舞台；阶段56. age 年龄；时代5．Colour1. black 黑色a. 黑色的2. blue [blu:] n. 蓝色a.蓝色的3. bright 明亮的；聪明的4. brown 褐色，棕色, 褐色的5. colour (color) n. 颜色vt.涂色6. dark 黑暗，日暮暗淡的；深色的7. darkness 黑暗，阴暗8. flame [fleim] n. 火焰，光辉9. flaming a. 火红的；火焰般的10. green 绿色的,青的n.绿色11. greengrocer (英) 蔬菜水果商12. grey / gray 灰色的；灰白的13. light 明亮的,轻的,浅色14. pale . 苍白的，灰白的15. pink 粉红色的, 石竹花16. red 红色 a.红色的17. shine 发光,照耀,杰出,擦亮18. white 白色的n. 白色19. yellow 黄色的6．Animal1. animal n. 动物2. ant n. 蚂蚁3. bat n. 蝙蝠4. bear n. 熊5. beast [bi:st] n. 野兽；牲畜6. bee .. 蜜蜂7. beef [bi:f] n. 牛肉8. bird n. 鸟,禽类9. bull [bul] n. 公牛10. buttrfly11. camel n. 骆驼12. cat n. 猫13. cattle n. 牛（总称），家畜14. chicken n. 鸡；鸡肉15. cock n. 公鸡, 头目v. 翘起16. cow 母牛，奶牛17. deer n. （单复数相同）鹿18. dog n. 狗19. duck n. 鸭子20. egg n. 蛋；卵21. elephant n. 象22. fish 鱼；鱼肉vi. 钓鱼；捕鱼23. fox n. 狐狸24. frog n. 青蛙25. fly [flai] n. 飞行；苍蝇26. goat n. 山羊27. goose (复geese) n. 鹅28. hawk n. 鹰, 鹰派成员29. hen [hen] n. 母鸡30. horse n. 马vi. 骑马31. kangaroo n. 大袋鼠32. lamb n. 羔羊33. lion n. 狮子34. meat （猪、牛、羊等的）肉35. monkey n. 猴子36. mouse (mice) n.鼠,耗子,鼠标37. mutton n. 羊肉38. nest 巢；窝39. ox (复oxen) n. 牛；公牛40. panda n. 熊猫41. parrot n. 鹦鹉vt. 学舌42. pest . 害虫43. pet 宠物，爱畜, 宠爱44. pig n. 猪, 猪肉, 贪婪的人45. pork n. 猪肉46. rabbit . 兔，家兔47. rat 大老鼠48. seal 海豹n.&v.封铅,封条,印49. sheep 羊, 绵羊, 羞答答的人50. skin 皮，皮肤；兽皮51. snake 蛇v. 蛇般爬行52. sparrow n. 麻雀53. squirrel n. 松鼠54. tail 尾部, 尾巴, , 后部55. tiger 老虎, 虎, 凶暴的人56. trunk 象鼻57. whale [weil, hw-] n. 鲸58. wing 机翼，翅膀59. wolf 狼, 残忍贪婪之人60. worm 软体虫，蠕虫7．Plant1. bamboo n. 竹2. branch 树枝, 分店,支部3. bush 灌木丛，矮树丛4. flower 花5. forest n. 森林6. grass 草；草场；牧草7. hay 作饲料用的干草8. leaf (复leaves)（树，菜）叶9. pine 松树, 树木v.消瘦, 憔悴10. plant 植物11. root 根，根源，起源12. rose n. 玫瑰花, 玫瑰红13. seed [si:d] n. 种子14. shade 阴凉处,树荫处,黑暗15. shadow . 影子,阴影,庇护16. tree 树, 木料, 树状物17. trunk 干线, 树干, 躯干, 箱子18. weed . 杂草，野草19. wood 木头, 木材, 树木20. wooden a. 木制的8．Nature1. bank n.（河、海、湖）岸，堤2. bay 湾；海湾3. beach n. 海滨，海滩4. canal n. 运河；水道5. cave . 洞，穴；地窖6. channel n.频道；通道；水渠7. coast n. 海岸；海滨8. desert n. 沙漠9. disaster n. 灾难；祸患10. fire n. 火/灾vi. 开火,解雇11. fireplace n. 壁炉12. firewood n. 木柴13. fireworks n. 焰火14. flood n.洪水vt. 淹没，使泛滥15. fountain n. 喷泉16. freeze 结冰17. freezing a. 冻结的；极冷的18. hill 小山；丘陵；土堆19. hole n. 洞，坑20. hurricane n. 飓风, 狂风21. ice 冰冻, 冰冻食22. lake 湖23. moon 月球, 月亮, 卫星24. mountain(s) n. 山，山脉25. mountainous a.多山的26. mud n. 泥, 泥浆27. nature n. 自然, 性质，种类28. natural a.自然的, 天生的29. ocean n. 海洋, 许多, 广阔30. Oceania n. 大洋洲31. orbit 轨道,生活常规,眼眶32. plain 家常,普通n.平原, 草原33. planet n. 行星34. pool 水塘，水池, 撞球, 联营35. prairie n. 大草原, 牧场36. river n. 江；河；水道；巨流37. rock n.&v. 岩石,暗礁,石头38. sand n. 沙, 沙子,沙滩, 沙地39. sea 海洋, 大浪, 大量, 许多40. seashell n. 海贝41. seaside n.&a. 海滨, 海边42. shore n. 滨，岸43. spring n. 泉水, 泉44. star n. 星, 恒星, 明星, 名角45. steam [sti:m] n.&v. 汽，水蒸气46. stone n. 石头，石料47. strait [streit] n. 海峡48. stream [stri:m] n. 小河；溪流49. sun n. 太阳，阳光50. sunburnt a. 晒黑的51. sunglasses n. 太阳眼镜，墨镜52. sunlight n. 日光, 阳光, 日照53. sunny 晴朗的；阳光充足的54. sunrise n. 日出，拂晓55. sunset n. 日落, 晚年56. sunshine n. 阳光57. valley n. 山谷, 溪谷58. water n.水,雨水,海水v.浇水59. wave波浪, 示意v. 挥手挥动60. well n. 井9．Universe1. abroad ad. 到（在）国外2. air n. 空气；大气3. earth n. 地球；土，泥；大地4. earthquake n. 地震5. field 田地；牧场；场地6. foreign a. 外国的7. foreigner n. 外国人8. globe n. 地球仪；地球9. ground n. 地面,土地,战场10. heaven n. 天，天空, 天堂11. international a国际的12. land n. 陆地；土地v. 登岸（陆）；降落13. room [ru:m]n.空间,地方,余地14. sky [skai] n. 天；天空15. skyscraper n. 摩天楼16. soil 土壤，土地, 国土, 温床17. space 空间, 间隔, 空地18. spaceship n. 宇宙飞船19. universe n.宇宙, 世界20. world n.世界,世事,世故,社会world-famous a. 世界闻名的worldwide a. 遍及全球的10．Country1. continent大陆,大洲,陆地2. country n.国家,农村,乡下3. nation n. 民族，国家4. national a.国家的,民族的5. nationality n.国籍6. republic n.&a共和国,共和7. state 国家,州，政府8. Africa n. 非洲9. African a.非洲(人)的,非洲人10. America n. 美国；美洲11. American 美国(人)的,美国人12. Antarctic a. 南极的13. Antarctica n. 南极洲14. Arab a. 阿拉伯的阿拉伯人15. the Arctic 北极16. Asia n. 亚洲17. Asian a. 亚洲(人)的n. 亚洲人18. the Atlantic Ocean大西洋19. Australia n.澳洲,澳大利亚20. Australian n. 澳大利亚人21. Britain n. 英国；不列颠22. British大不列颠的;英国(人)的23. the British n. 大不列颠人24. Canada n. 加拿大25. Canadian a.加拿大(人)的26. China n. 中国, 瓷器27. Chinese a.中国(人)的；汉语的28. England n.英格兰29. English a. 英国的/人的,英语30. English-speaking a. 说英语的31. Europe n. 欧洲32. European 欧洲人33. France n. 法国34. French 法语a法国的/人的35. Frenchman (-men)法国人（男）36. German a. 德国(人)德语的37. Germany n. 德国38. Greece n. 希腊39. Greek 希腊,希腊语40. Iceland n. 冰岛41. Ireland n. 爱尔兰42. Italian a. 意大利(人)/语的43. Italy n. 意大利44. Japan n. 日本45. Japanese n.日本人,日语46. London n. 伦敦47. Mexican a.墨西哥的/人48. Mexico n. 墨西哥49. New York n. 纽约50. New Zealand 新西兰51. Ottawa n. 渥太华52. the Pacific Ocean n. 太平洋53. Paris n. 巴黎54. Russia n. 俄罗斯，俄国55. Russian a. 俄国人（的）,俄语56. Scotland n. 苏格兰57. Spain 西班牙58. Spanish ] n. 西班牙语59. Swiss 瑞士人的n. 瑞士人60. Switzerland n. 瑞士11．Street1. address n. 地址2. area n.面积,地方,范围,领域3. avenue n. 大道4. block vt. 阻塞；阻挡5. n. 大块；块；街区；路障6. city n. 市，城市，都市7. district n. 区,地区,区域8. passage n.通过,经过,通道9. pass 传，递；经过. 通行证10. passenger n. 乘客，旅客11. passer-by n. 过客，过路人12. path n. 小道，小径13. place 地方v. 放置安置，职位,14. position n.位置,职位,立场15. province n. 省16. rail 铁轨, 横杆, 围栏, 扶手17. railway 铁路；铁道18. region n区域, 地方, 领域19. road n. 路，道路20. route 路；路线；航线21. spot n. 斑点,地点v. 沾污，弄脏22. street 街，街道23. town 城镇，城24. village n. 村庄，乡村25. villager n. 村民26. way 路,路线,方式,手段27. zone n. 区域；范围12．direction1. afterwards 后来2. backward(s) 向后3. eastwards . 向东4. northwards 向北5. westwards 向西6. east 东方的, 朝东的7. eastern 东方的；东部的8. northern 北方的,北部的9. northwest 西北10. north 北；朝北,北部11. northeast 东北（部）12. middle .中间；当中；中级的13. south 南, 南方, 南风14. southeast 东南15. southern 南部的，南方的16. southwest 西南17. west 西方, 西部18. western 西方的，西部的19. westerner n. 西方人20. ahead 在前，向前21. around 在周围,在附近22. border 边缘,边境,国界23. bottom 底部；底24. central 中心的，中央；主要的25. centre (美center ) 中心，中央26. corner . 角；角落；拐角27. direction 方向；方位28. distance 距离29. distant 远的，遥远的30. edge 边缘31. far远的；远地(farther,farthest,further,furthest)32. Forward 将来,今后,向前33. front 前面的；前部的34. frontier 前沿,边界,前线35. head （朝某方向）前进36. left 左边ad. 向左n. 左(边)37. left-handed a. 惯用左手的38. right 右边ad. 正确地,恰恰,完全地39. top 顶部,顶端,极点,顶蓬40. widespread a. 分布广；普遍的13．表示方位或时间的介词1. ago 以前2. after 在后；后来.3. before 在…前/前面4. during 在…期间/过程中5. from prep. 从；从…起；来自6. next .最近，隔壁；下一次7. since 自从,后来8. then 当时，那时；然后；那9. throughout 遍及，贯穿, 始终,10. till 直到，…为止11. until .直到…为止12. about 大约；到处，关于；在13. above 在…上面，上面的14. among在（三个以上）之间15. aside 在旁边16. at 在(几点), 在(某处)17. behind在后面,向后(位置)18. below 在……下面19. beneath 在…下方(面)20. beside prep. 在……旁边；靠近21. between (两)之间；22. beyond (位置)在…那边23. by 靠近，在…旁；在…时间24. close 亲密的；近，靠近25. ad. 近，靠近26. down 沿着,沿…而下, 向下27. downstairs ad. 在楼下；到楼下28. downward 向下29. in 在…里(内)；在…以…30. into 到…里,向内,变成31. near 近的ad. 附近，邻近32. prep. 在……附近，靠近33. on 在…上（时），关于34. over 在…上方,越过,遍及35. ad. 翻倒；遍布；越过；结束36. out 出外；在外,向外；熄37. outdoors 在户外,在野外38. outer 外部的，外面的39. outside 外面ad. 在外面40. outward(s) 向外的,外出41. side 边，旁边，面，侧面42. to 向, 往, 给..., 比43. toward(s) 向，朝，对于44. under 在/ 向…下面45. up 向上, 到(较高的地方46. upper 较高的，较上的47. upstairs 在楼上,到楼上48. upward(s) 向上；往上14．Sense1. gaze v. 凝视,注视2. glance vi. 匆匆一看；一瞥3. glare v. 瞪眼/怒目而视；闪耀4. hear v. 听见；听说, 得知5. hearing n. 听力6. listen vi. 听, 听从, 收听7. look 脸色v. 看, 看起来8. observe v. 观察,监视,观测9. stare vi. 盯，凝视10. see 看见，看到；领会；拜会11. sight 情景，风景；视力, 视域12. sightseeing n. 游览，观光13. sense n.&v 感觉，意识, 认识14. sensible a.有感觉,明智的15. sensitive a.敏感的,灵敏的16. smell n.气味v.嗅,闻到,发气味17. smelly a. 有臭味的，发臭的18. taste n. 味道vt.体验,感到19. tasteless a. 无滋味的20. tasty a. 好吃的, 可口的21. touch 触, 触觉, 接触,22. view n. 看法,见解；风景，23. viewer 观看者,观众,阅读器24. watch vt. 观看当心n. 手表15．Attraction1. act 法令，条例v. 表演，2. 扮演，演出；行动，做事3. action n. 行动4. active a. 积极的，主动的5. activity n. 活动6. amaze v 惊奇，惊叹；震惊7. astonish vt. 使惊讶8. attract v. 吸引，引起9. attractive 迷人的，有吸引力的10. busy a. 忙（碌）的11. fact n. 事实，现实12. free 自由的，空闲的；免费的13. freedom n. 自由14. freeway n. 高速公路15. fun . 有趣的事,娱乐,玩笑16. funny 有趣的，滑稽可笑的17. gentle 温柔的，轻轻的18. gesture n. 姿势，手势19. humorous a.幽默,诙谐20. humour (humor) n.幽默21. hurry vi. 赶快；急忙22. interest n. 兴趣,趣味,利息23. interesting a. 有趣的24. joke n. 笑话25. manner n. 方式,态度,举止26. noble a. 高贵的，贵族的27. polite a.有礼貌的，有教养的28. rough a.& ad. 粗糙的，粗暴的29. rude 无理的,粗鲁的,残暴的30. savage 野蛮人,未开化的人31. surprise n.&v. 惊奇，诧异32. wild 未开发的/荒凉的/野生的33. wildlife n. 野生动物16．catch1. catch v.接住,捉住,赶,染上病2. grasp v. 抓住；紧握3. hold vt.拿,抱,握住,举行,进行4. seize vt. 抓住, 逮住, 夺取5. snatch n.&v. 夺，夺得，夺走6. drive v. 驾,开,驱赶7. driver's license(美) 驾驶执照a) driving licence(英)8. hunt 寻找；狩猎，猎取9. hunter n. 猎人10. follow vt.跟随,仿效,跟得上11. following a. 接着的；以下的17．Push1. close vt. 关，关闭2. drag v. 拖；拽3. draw v.拉,拖,提取(金钱)4. drawer n. 抽屉5. fold vt. 折叠；合拢6. open a. 开着,开口vt.打开7. pull 拉，拖n. 拉力，引力8. push 推,推动,奋发,干劲9. shut v. n.关,封闭,禁闭18．Action1. bathe 洗澡；游泳2. bite v. 咬；叮3. breath n. 气息；呼吸4. breathe vi. 呼吸5. bury vt. 埋；葬6. carve vt.刻；雕刻7. forget v.忘记,忘形,忘乎所以8. forgetful a.健忘的,不留心9. forgive 原谅，宽恕10. choke n. & v. 窒息11. choose vt. 选择12. clap vi. 拍手；鼓掌13. climb v. 爬，攀登14. collect vt. 收集，搜集15. cry n.叫喊；哭声v. 喊叫；16. cut v. n. 切，剪，削，割伤17. dig v. 挖；掘18. elect vt. （投票）选举19. enter vt. 进入20. entry n. 进入21. gather n.& v. 聚集；采集22. howl vi. 嚎叫，嚎哭23. kiss n.& vt. 吻，亲吻24. knock n.& v. 敲；打；击25. laugh n.& v. 笑，大笑；嘲笑26. laughter n. 笑；笑声27. lift v. 举起，抬起；（云烟）消散28. lift 举起, 电梯, 起重机, 搭车29. mention 提及；记载,提到，30. memory n回忆,记忆,内存31. nod vi. 点头32. pick 拾起，采集；挑选33. raise vt. 使升高；饲养34. remember v. 记得，想起35. remind vt. 提醒，使记起36. rise n.&vi. 上升,上涨,起义,37. select vt. 选择，挑选，选拔38. shave v.&n.剃, 刮, 削刮39. sigh n.& vi. 叹息；叹气40. sit vi. (使)就座, (使)坐41. smile n.& v. 微笑42. sneeze n.&v. 打喷嚏43. sob n.& v. 抽泣，啜泣44. spit v. 吐唾沫；吐痰45. split v. 撕开,切开, 分裂, 分离46. stand 站,立场,,摊,坐落,经受,47. step 脚步,台阶,步骤48. sweat n.&v 汗，汗水49. sweep v.清扫,席卷,冲光,扫过50. tap n.水龙头v. 轻打, 轻敲51. tear n.&v. 泪滴, 眼泪, 流泪52. tear v.&n 扯, 撕, 撕破,53. tip 顶端,尖端,告诫, 小费,54. walk 步行；散步55. wash 洗, 洗涤, 冲洗,56. washing machine n. 洗衣机57. washroom 盥洗室,厕所58. weep 哭泣，流泪59. wipe 擦；擦净；擦干60. wrap 包装, 卷, 缠绕,19．Weather1. climate 气候,风土,思潮2. cloud 云；云状物；阴影3. cloudy a. 多云的，阴天的4. flash 闪；闪光；转瞬间5. lightning 闪电6. rain . 雨，雨水vi. 下雨7. rainbow .彩虹,幻想,幻觉8. rainfall 一场雨；降雨量9. rainy 下雨的；多雨的10. shower . 阵雨；淋浴11. smog 烟雾(= smoke + fog)12. snow n. 雪vi. 下雪13. snowball n. 雪球14. foggy15. snowy a. 雪的, 多雪的16. storm n. 风暴，暴（风）雨17. thunder n.& v. 雷声，打雷18. thunderstorm 雷电交加暴风雨19. weather 天气,气候,气象20. a weather forecast 天气预报21. wind 风, 缠绕，蜿蜒，弯曲22. tornado 龙卷风23. tsunami 海啸24. typhoon 台风20．Shape1. bend 使弯曲2. bent 弯的n.倾向, 爱好3. big 大的4. bow 鞠躬,弯腰行礼,弓5. brief [bri:f] a. 简洁的6. broad 宽的，宽大的7. circle .圆圈,将…圈起来8. deep 深ad. 深；深厚9. deeply ad. 深深地10. direct 直接，指挥(演奏),导演11. fat 脂肪a. 胖的；肥的12. figure数字/目，图形；身型；人物13. form 表格；形式；结构14. grand 宏伟的,重大的15. great .伟大；重要的；好极了16. ad. （口语）好极了，很好17. high 高的；高度的ad. 高地18. height 高，高度19. huge 巨大的，庞大的20. large 大的；巨大的21. length 长，长度，段，节22. little 小/少的n. 没有多少，一点23. long 长的ad. 长久vi. 渴望24. low 低,矮的,粗俗,卑贱的25. round 圆形，形物, [体]一轮26. shallow 浅的,不深,肤浅的27. shape 形状v. 制造，塑造28. short 短的,矮的,不足的,不够29. short wave n. 短波30. slight 轻微的，细小的31. small 小的，少的32. splendid 灿烂的,极好33. square 平方的,方形的34. straight 一直的，直的35. surround 围绕；包围36. surrounding 围绕物, 环境37. tall 高的, 长的38. thick 厚的,粗的,稠的,浓的39. thin . 薄的；瘦；稀40. tiny [极小的，微小的41. vast 巨大的，广阔的42. wide 宽的, 广阔的, 张大的21．Move1. dip 浸，蘸；把…放入又取出2. drop 滴v. 掉下，投递；放弃3. fall vi. 落，降落；倒4. firm a.,adv. & v. 坚固，坚定5. firmly ad. 牢牢地6. fog 雾7. leak 漏；渗,<俚>撒尿8. lean 倚，倾斜9. leap 跳, 跳越, 跳跃10. mobile 活动的，可移动11. mobile phone手提电话，手机12. move 移动，搬动，搬家13. movement 运动，活动14. pour 倾泻,涌入,流,倾盆大雨15. quake 震动，颤抖16. rock .摇动，摇滚17. roll 滚动, 卷起, 摆动, 名单18. roller 滚筒；辊19. roller skating n.滑旱冰20. shake 摇动,摇,颤抖,震动21. shock 打击,震动,使震惊22. sink 水槽vi. 下沉；消沉23. slide 幻灯片,滑道v. 滑行24. slip 滑倒, 事故, 片, 纸片25. steady 稳固的, 坚定的26. tremble 颤抖, 战栗27. wag 摇动；摆动22．life1. alive 活着的，存在的2. asleep a. 睡着的，熟睡3. awake v. 唤醒醒着的4. bear v. 生育，结果5. danger n. 危险6. dangerous a. 危险的7. dead a. 死的；无生命的8. deadly adj 致命的9. death n. 死10. die v. 死11. drown vi. 溺死；淹没12. energetic 精力旺盛的13. energy n. 精力，能量14. fate n. 天数, 命运, 运气15. fatal a. 致命的；重大的16. fierce [] a. 猛烈的17. fortunate a.幸运的,侥幸18. fortune n. 财产；运气19. force vt. 强迫，迫使20. full 充满的；完全的21. hang 绞刑；上吊/悬挂22. hatch v. & n. 孵蛋, 孵出, 策23. hibernate vi. 冬眠24. hibernation n. 冬眠25. hunger n. 饥饿,欲望,渴望26. hungry a.（饥）饿的,荒年的27. kill v. 杀死，弄死, 杀伤28. life n.生命,生涯,传记,寿命29. lifetime n. 一生，终生30. live a. 活的,现场（直播）的31. lively a. 活泼的；充满生气的32. luck n. 运气，好运33. lucky a. 运气好，侥幸34. magic [] a. 有魔力的35. mental a. 精神的；脑力的36. moral a. n.道德,寓意,精神的37. murder n.&vt. 谋杀38. part-time a.& ad. 兼职的39. physical a. 身体的；物理的40. power 力，动力，电力41. powerful a.强有力,强大的42. safe a. 安全的n.保险柜,饭橱43. safety n. 安全，保险44. sleep n. 睡觉vi. 睡觉45. sleepy a.想睡的,困倦,瞌睡的46. spirit n. 精神, 灵魂, 幽灵47. starvation n.饥饿,饿死48. starve v. 饿死49. soul n. 灵魂；心灵；气魄50. stay 停留，逗留，呆51. thirst n. 渴；口渴52. thirsty a.口渴的,渴望,热望的53. tire vi.&n. 使疲劳,使厌烦54. tired a. 疲劳的，累的55. unfortunate 不幸, 不吉利的,56. unfortunately ad. 不幸地57. violence n.强烈,暴力,暴虐58. violent a. 暴力的,激烈的59. wake N.& v. 醒，叫醒, 激发60. weak a. 差的，弱的，淡的61. weakness n. 软弱62. will n. 意志, 决心, 意向, 遗嘱v.&aux.将, 愿意, 必须23．moment1. accelerate vt.加速,促进2. delay 拖延,延期,耽搁3. early 早的ad. 早地4. fast 快的，迅速的；紧密的5. ad. 快地，迅速地；紧密地6. final 最后的；终极的7. n. 结局, 决赛, 期末考试,8. first 第一；首次；最初9. immediate 立即的,马上10. immediately ad. 立即11. instant a.瞬间,刹那,方便的12. just 刚才,恰好,不过,仅13. last 持续, 支持, 维持14. late 晚的/迟的ad. 晚地，迟15. lately 最近，不久前16. later 晚些的，迟些的17. latest 最近的,最新,最晚的18. moment 片刻，瞬间19. new 新的；新鲜的20. old 老的，旧的21. quick .快,敏捷的,急剧22. rapid 快的,飞快的,险峻的23. recent 近来的，最近的24. shortly 立刻, 不久, 简略25. slow 慢慢地，缓慢地26. soon 不久，很快，一会儿27. speed 速度v. （使）加速28. swift 快的，迅速的29. young 年轻的30. youth . 青春；青年24．feeling1. admire v. 钦佩；羡慕2. anger n. 怒，愤怒3. angry a. 生气的，愤怒的4. appreciate v. 欣赏,感激5. ashamed a. 惭愧, 害臊6. bitter a.有苦味,痛苦,严酷7. boring 乏味的，无聊的8. clear a. 清晰的；明亮；清楚的9. clearly ad. 清楚地，无疑地10. content 甘愿的，满意的11. delight n. 快乐；乐事12. delighted a. 高兴,快乐的13. difficult a.(艰)难的；不易相处的14. difficulty n. 困难，费力15. dislike vt. 不喜爱；厌恶16. disappoint vt. 使失望17. disappointment n. 失望；沮丧18. disturb vt. 扰乱；打扰19. ease v. 减轻；缓解20. easily ad. 容易地21. easy a. 容易的，不费力的22. easy-going a. 随和的23. enjoy vt. 欣赏,享受,喜欢24. enjoyable a. 愉快的；有趣的25. envy vt.& n. 忌妒；羡慕26. excite vt. 使兴奋，使激动27. feel 感觉，觉得；摸，触28. feeling n. 感情；感觉29. fond a. 喜爱的，爱好的30. gay （男）同性恋的；快活的31. glad a. 高兴的；乐意的32. happily ad. 幸福地，快乐地33. happiness n. 幸福，愉快34. happy a. 幸福的，高兴的35. hard ad. 努力地；猛烈36. 地a.硬的；困难的；艰难的37. hardship n. 困难38. hardworking a. 努力工作的39. hate vt.& n. 恨，讨厌, 不愿40. hatred n 仇恨, 憎恨, 乱意41. hobby n. 业余爱好，嗜好42. honour (美honor) 荣誉，光荣43. humble a. 谦逊的；谦虚的44. joy n. 欢乐，高兴，乐趣45. lazy a. 懒惰的46. like vt. 喜欢，喜爱47. like prep. 像，跟……一样48. likely a.很可能的,合适的49. love n.& vt. 爱,热爱,,爱慕50. lovely a. 美好的，可爱的51. merry a. 高兴的，愉快的52. modest a. 谦虚的, 适度的53. naughty a.顽皮, 淘气, 不听话54. pleasant a.令人愉快的,舒适55. please v. 请,使高兴,使人满意56. pleased a. 高兴的, 满足的57. pleasure n. 高兴，愉快58. pride n. 自豪，骄傲, 傲慢59. proud a. 自豪的；骄傲的60. puzzle v.&n. 难题, (使)为难61. respect vt.& n. 尊敬，尊重62. sad a. 忧愁的, 悲哀的63. sadness n. 悲哀，忧伤64. satisfaction n. 满意65. satisfy vt. 满足，使满意66. shame n. 遗憾的事；羞愧67. shy 怕羞的畏缩的68. soft . 软的，柔和的, 温柔的69. sorrow n. 悲伤，悲痛70. sorry a. 对不起.难过的71. simple a. 简单的, 朴素的72. simple-minded 纯朴,头脑简单73. simply ad. 简单地，的确74. simplicity n. 简单；朴素75. simplify vt.简化,单一化,76. steep a.&n. 险峻的,陡峭,悬崖77. sweet .糖a.甜的,可爱,亲切的78. tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的79. tense . 心烦意乱的，紧张80. tension n.紧张(状态),张力81. trap n. 陷阱vt. 使陷入困境82. trouble vt.&n 苦恼,忧虑,麻烦83. troublesome a. 令人烦恼；讨厌84. tough a. 坚硬的,棘手, 凶恶的85. unhappy 不高兴的,伤心86. worship n. &v. 崇拜，礼25．sportsbasketballfootball 排球handball 手球baseball 棒球soccer 英式足球ice hockey 曲棍球water polo水球golf bowling保龄球badminton 羽毛球tennis table tennis= ping-pongathlete 运动员sportsman运动家player 比赛者gymnast 体操运动员the Olympic Games go cycling26．entertainment 娱乐movie(film) play戏opera 歌剧dance ballet芭蕾舞stage 舞台curtain 幕scenery setting 布景actor actress heroheroine 女英雄comedy喜剧tragedy 悲剧tourism 旅游journey trip短途旅行tourvoyage travel27．cooking tools ：knife fork 叉plate glassspoon 勺子pan 平底锅stove 炉bowl chopsticks 筷子bottlebasketbasin 盆steam 蒸boil 煮fry 煎bake 烘28．machinestelevision computer fridge 电冰箱cupboard 橱柜microwave 微波炉diswasher air-conditioner 空调digital camera 数码相wahsingmachine; drawer 抽屉wastebaket垃圾桶video 录相机sofa carpet地毯curtain窗帘violin piano guitar29．clothestrousers shirt skirtdress hat sweater 毛衣tie collar 衣领suitsleeve 袖子jeans necklacejacket socks 短袜stocking长袜blanket 毛毯shoe30．fruits:strawberry 草莓grape 葡萄orange lemon 柠檬watermelon 西瓜pineapple 菠萝mango 芒果coconuts 椰子banana pear peach 桃子vegetableonion 洋葱potatoes 马铃薯tomatoes cucumber 黄瓜pumpkin 南瓜peas 豌豆ginger 姜carrot胡萝卜cabbage 卷心菜pepper 辣椒eggplant 茄子mushroom蘑菇29.基数词基数词：1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22twenty-two 23 twenty-three24 twenty-four 25 twenty-five26 twenty-six 27 twenty-seven28 twenty-eight 29 twenty-nine30 thirty 31 thirty-one 32 thirty-two33 thirty-three 34 thirty-four35 thirty-five 36 thirty-six37 thirty-seven 38 thirty-eight39 thirty-nine 40 forty 41 forty-one42 forty-two 43 forty-three 44 forty-four45 forty-five 46 forty-six 47 forty-seven48 forty-eight 49 forty-nine 50 fifty51 fifty-one 52 fifty-two 53 fifty-three54 fifty-four 55 fifty-five 56 fifty-six57 fifty-seven 58 fifty-eight59 fifty-nine 60 sixty 61 sixty-one62 sixty-two 63 sixty-three64 sixty-four 65 sixty-five 66 sixty-six67 sixty-seven 68 sixty-eight69 sixty-nine 70 seventy71 seventy-one 72 seventy-two73 seventy-three 74 seventy-four75 seventy-five 76 seventy-six77 seventy-seven 78 seventy-eight79 seventy-nine 80 eighty81 eighty-one 82 eighty-two83 eighty-three 84 eighty-four85 eighty-five 86 eighty-six87 eighty-seven 88 eighty-eight89 eighty-nine 90 ninety 91 ninety-one 92 ninety-two 93 ninety-three94 ninety-four 95 ninety-five96 ninety-six 97 ninety-seven98 ninety-eight 99 ninety-nine100 one hundred30序数词第1 first 1st第2 second 2nd第3 third 3rd第4 fourth 4th第5 fifth 5th第6 sixth 6th第7 seventh 7th第8 eighth 8th第9 ninth 9th第10 tenth 10th第11 eleventh 11th第12 twelfth 12th第13 thirteenth 13th 第14 fourteenth 14th第15 fifteenth 15th第16 sixteenth 16th第17 seventeenth 17th第18 eighteenth 18th第19 nineteenth 19th第20 twentieth 20th第21 twenty-first 21st第22 twenty-second 22nd第23 twenty-third 23rd第24 twenty-fourth 24th第25 twenty-fifth 25th第26 twenty-sixth 26th第27 twenty-seventh 27th第28 twenty-eighth 28th第29 twenty-ninth 29th第30 thirtieth 30th第31 thirty-first 31st第32 thirty-second第33 thirty-third第34 thirty-fourth第35 thirty-fifth第36 thirty-sixth第37 thirty-seventh第38 thirty-eighth第39 thirty-ninth第40 fortieth第41 forty-first第42 forty-second第43 forty-third第44 forty-fourth第45 forty-fifth第46 forty-sixth第47 forty-seventh第48 forty-eighth第49 forty-ninth第50 fiftieth第51 fifty-first第52 fifty-second第53 fifty-third第54 fifty-fourth第55 fifty-fifth第56 fifty-sixth第57 fifty-seventh第58 fifty-eighth第59 fifty-ninth第60 sixtieth第61 sixty-first第62 sixty-second第63 sixty-third第64 sixty-fourth第65 sixty-fifth第66 sixty-sixth第67 sixty-seventh第68 sixty-eighth第69 sixty-ninth第70 seventieth第71 seventy-first第72 seventy-second第73 seventy-third第74 seventy-fourth第75 seventy-fifth第76 seventy-sixth第77 seventy-seventh第78 seventy-eighth第79 seventy-ninth第80 eightieth第81 eighty-first第82 eighty-second第83 eighty-third第84 eighty-fourth第85 eighty-fifth第86 eighty-sixth第87 eighty-seventh第88 eighty-eighth第89 eighty-ninth第90 ninetieth第91 ninety-first第92 ninety-second第93 ninety-third第94 ninety-fourth第95 ninety-fifth第96 ninety-sixth第97 ninety-seventh第98 ninety-eighth第99 ninety-ninth第100 one hundredth【学英语必看】《英语语法手册》（全）在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。