语法专讲

语法专讲----定语从句（初中阶段）
1、定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的句子（从句）叫做定语从句，在
句中作定语。

2、先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。

定语从句在句中作定语放在先行词的后面。

3、引导定语从句的词有：
（1）关系代词that(指人或物) , which（指物）, who（指认）【宾格whom（指人）, 所有格whose (指人或物)】
（2）关系副词when（时间）, where（地点）, why（原因）.
4、关系词的位置：关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，
同时又作从句的一个成分。

Eg. I can’t find the book ( that ) I bought yesterday .( 作宾语) 我找不到我昨天买的书。

She was not on the train that arrived just now .（作主语）她不在刚到的那列火车上。

He is looking for the keys (which) he lost on his way home . (作宾语)他正在寻找他在回家的路上丢掉的钥匙。

5. 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词的人称和数
保持一致。

①Tom is one of the boys that are from the USA.
②Tom is the only boy that is from the USA.
③I love singers who write their own music.
④I like music which has great lyrics.
6.关系代词的用法
（1）、指物的关系代词
①that 指物（有时也指人），在从句中作主语或宾语。

（作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine that can fly.（A plane is a machine. It can fly.）
He is the man (that) I told you about.（He is the man. I told you about him.）
②which指物，不指人，在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.（作主语）
This recorder （which）he is using is made in Japan. （作宾语）
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from? （作宾语）
Is this the library from which you borrow books? （作宾语）
West Lake that / which lies in Hangzhou is one of the most famous lakes in China .(作主语)位于杭州的西湖是中国最有名的湖泊之一。

（作主语，指物，不可省）
The coat (which / that ) I put on the desk is black. 我在桌上的那件大衣是黑色的。

（作宾语，可省略）
（2）、指人的关系代词
①. who指人, that也可指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语可省略。

The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is having a rest in his office .刚才在会上讲话的老师正在他办公室里休息。

（作主语，不可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher
A person who steals things is called a thief.
②. whom指人,为who的宾格形式，在句中只能作宾语。

当它前面没有介词时，也可
用who / that代替，也可省略。

（如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
The girl (whom / who / that ) I like isn’t here now .我喜欢的那个女孩现在没在这儿。

(作宾语可省略）
The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous .上月与她同去美国的那位医生非常有名。

(作介词宾语，介词with 提到了whom 前，whom在此不能省略，也不能用who代替。

③. whose 指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，不可省略。

The girl whose father is a doctor is our classmate .父亲是医生的那个女孩是我的同学。

（作定语，不能省略）
7、关系副词的用法：
when , where, 和why 在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。

Eg . I will never forget the day when we first met in a park .（作时间状语）
This is the house where Deng Xiaoping once lived. (作地点状语)
This is the reason why you should leave .（作原因状语）
8.常用that 引导的定语从句
①先行词是不定代词all, everything, nothing , anything, none, much, little, few等时。

e.g Finally, the thief handed in everything that he had stolen.
Is that anything (that) you don’t understand ?
That’s all that I could do at that time .
②先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，用that 。

e.g I spent all the money that I have.
I want to read all the books that were written by Lu Xun .
③先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时。

e.g This is the most beautiful city ( that ) I have seen.
This is the best book (that) I have ever read .
④先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same 修饰时。

（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who, whom ）He is the only person that / who can help you out .
⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。

Maria took photos of the things and people that she was interested in .
⑥当先行词被last, any, only ,few, much ,no, very 等修饰时，常用that .
⑦主句是以who, what, which 开头的特殊疑问句时。

Who is the person that is making this lecture ?是谁做报告？
I can remember the people and some pictures that I saw in the room.
8.只用which不用that的情况：
①在介词后用which，不用that。

e.g Is this the library from which you borrow books?
②先行词本身是that时，用which，不用that。

e.g The clock is that which tells the time.。