中西方饮食文化差异与中餐菜单的英译
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中西方饮食文化差异和中餐菜单的翻译
1.餐桌礼仪:西方餐桌礼仪通常注重使用刀叉等餐具,每个人在自己
的盘子里吃自己的食物。
而中餐则强调共同分享,通常使用筷子,将餐盘
中的食物夹到自己的碗里。
2.食物种类:中西方饮食文化中,食物种类存在很大差异。
西方菜单
中常见的有牛排、炖肉、鸡腿等,而中餐菜单则涵盖了面食、米饭、豆制
品等更多种类的食物。
3.食物搭配:西方菜肴通常会将主食和配菜分开摆放,例如披萨的面
饼和酱料分开装盘,而中餐通常将主食和菜肴一起摆放在同一盘中。
4.调味品:中西方在调味品的使用上也存在差异。
西方人通常使用盐、胡椒粉、醋等进行调味,而中餐则会使用生姜、葱、蒜、酱油等更多种类
的调料。
5.餐后甜点:西方菜单上通常会有餐后甜点的选项,如蛋糕、冰淇淋等。
而中餐菜单一般没有专门的餐后甜点,而是以水果或甜点点心作为饭
后的甜品。
中餐菜单的中文翻译:
中餐菜单的中文翻译通常根据不同的菜品和食材命名,以下是一些常
见中餐菜单的中文翻译示例:
1. 炒鸡丁:Stir-fried chicken cubes
2. 麻婆豆腐:Mapo tofu
3. 宫保鸡丁:Kung Pao chicken
4. 糖醋排骨:Sweet and Sour Spare Ribs
5. 葱油拌面:Scallion oil noodles
6. 酸辣汤:Hot and Sour Soup
7. 炒米饭:Fried rice
8. 红烧肉:Braised pork belly
9. 酸菜鱼:Fish in sour cabbage soup。
中西餐菜单的区别英语介绍Differences between Chinese and Western Menus Introduction:Chinese and Western cuisines are known for their distinct flavors and cooking techniques. The menus of these twoculinary traditions reflect their unique cultural backgrounds and culinary preferences. This article aims to explore the differences between Chinese and Western menus and shed light on the various elements that set them apart.1. Cuisine Characteristics:1.1 Chinese Cuisine:Chinese cuisine boasts a rich culinary history datingback thousands of years. It emphasizes the balance of flavors, textures, colors, and shapes in a dish. Chinese menus often include a variety of dishes that are served family-style, promoting communal dining.1.2 Western Cuisine:Western cuisine, on the other hand, is known for its diversity of flavors and cooking techniques. It is heavily influenced by European culinary traditions, with a focus on individual portions and plated presentations. Western menus often consist of appetizers, main courses, and desserts, allowing diners to enjoy a multi-course dining experience.2. Ingredients:2.1 Chinese Cuisine:Chinese menus are characterized by the use of fresh,locally sourced ingredients such as vegetables, meat, and seafood. Popular ingredients include soy sauce, oyster sauce, ginger, garlic, and a variety of spices and herbs. Vegetablesplay a significant role in Chinese cuisine, providing a wide range of flavors and textures.2.2 Western Cuisine:Western menus often feature ingredients like beef, pork, chicken, fish, and a variety of vegetables and grains. Dairy products, such as cheese and butter, are also commonly used. Western cuisines make use of herbs and spices such as thyme, rosemary, and basil to enhance the flavors of a dish.3. Cooking Techniques:3.1 Chinese Cuisine:Chinese cooking techniques include stir-frying, steaming, boiling, braising, and deep-frying. Stir-frying is a popular technique that quickly cooks ingredients over high heat while retaining their textures and flavors. Steaming is another common technique used in Chinese cuisine, preserving the natural taste and nutrients of the ingredients.3.2 Western Cuisine:Western cooking techniques vary depending on the region and culinary tradition. Techniques such as grilling, roasting, baking, and sautéing are commonly employed. Grilling impartsa smoky flavor to meats and vegetables, while roasting and baking use dry heat in an oven to cook ingredients. Sautéing involves quickly frying ingredients in a small amount of oilor butter over high heat.4. Menu Structure:4.1 Chinese Cuisine:Chinese menus often offer a wide range of dishes, categorized into various sections such as appetizers, soups, meat dishes, vegetable dishes, and rice or noodle dishes. These dishes are meant to be shared among diners, creating a communal dining atmosphere.4.2 Western Cuisine:In contrast, Western menus typically follow a structured format. They begin with appetizers, followed by main courses, and conclude with desserts. Each course offers a distinct set of dishes, allowing diners to savor a variety of flavors and textures throughout the meal.Conclusion:In conclusion, Chinese and Western menus differ in cuisine characteristics, ingredients, cooking techniques, and menu structures. Chinese menus focus on the balance offlavors and communal dining experience, while Western menus emphasize individual portions and a multi-course dining experience. Understanding these differences allows diners to appreciate the unique aspects of each culinary tradition and broaden their gastronomic horizons.。
中西餐桌文化差异英文简短Differences in the Dining Culture between Chinese and Western CuisineThere are significant differences in the dining culture between Chinese and Western cuisine. These differences can be seen in the way meals are structured, the types of food served, the table manners, and the overall dining experience. Let's delve into these cultural disparities and gain a better understanding of the contrasting dining traditions.One of the major differences lies in the way meals are structured. In Chinese cuisine, a typical meal consists of rice or noodles, served alongside several dishes that are shared amongst the diners. The dishes are usually placed in the center of the table, and everyone helps themselves to the food. This communal eating style fosters a sense of unity and togetherness, emphasizing the importance of harmony within the family or group.In contrast, Western cuisine follows a more structured approach to dining. A typical Western meal consists of several courses, starting with an appetizer, followed by a main course, and ending with a dessert. In some cases, a soup course may also be included. Each individual is typically served their own portion of food, which is placed in front of them. This individual serving style reflects the Western value of individualism and personal space.The types of food served also differ greatly between Chinese and Western cuisine. Chinese cuisine is known for its wide variety of ingredients and flavors. It incorporates a multitude of spices, such as ginger, garlic, and chili, resulting in dishes that are bold, aromatic, and often spicy. Rice and noodles are staple foods in China and are consumed in large quantities. Vegetables, seafood, and tofu are also commonly found in Chinese dishes.On the other hand, Western cuisine tends to be more diverse in terms of ingredients and flavors. It emphasizes the use of fresh produce, meats, and dairy products. Herbs such as basil, thyme, and rosemary are frequently used to enhance the flavors of the dishes. Western cuisine also places a strong emphasis on presentation, with careful attention to detail in plating and garnishing.Table manners also vary significantly between Chinese and Western dining culture. In Chinese culture, it is customary to make loud slurping sounds while eating noodles, as it is seen as a sign of enjoyment. Burping, on the other hand, is considered impolite. When using chopsticks, it is important not to leave them standing upright in a bowl of rice, as it symbolizes death and is considered bad luck.In Western culture, table manners are more formal and stringent. It is considered impolite to slurp or make loud eating noises, as it is seen as disrespectful to other diners. Burping is also considered highly impolite in Western culture. Using utensils, such as a knife and fork, is the norm in Western cuisine, and it is important to hold them correctly and use them in the appropriate manner.Lastly, the overall dining experience also differs greatly between Chinese and Western cuisine. In Chinese culture, meals are seen as a time for family and friends to gather, socialize, and bond. It is common for meals to last for extended periods of time, with multiple dishes being served. Eatingtogether is a way to strengthen relationships and foster camaraderie.In Western culture, meals are often viewed as a more functional activity. It is common for individuals to eat alone or grab a quick meal on the go. Meals tend to be shorter in duration, with a focus on efficiency. However, in certain Western cultures, such as in France or Italy, dining experiences can be more leisurely and extravagant, resembling the Chinese approach to dining.In conclusion, the dining culture between Chinese and Western cuisine exhibits significant disparities. These differences can be observed in the way meals are structured, the types of food served, the table manners, and the overall dining experience. Though these cultural disparities may seem vast, they serve as a testament to the rich diversity and uniqueness of the culinary traditions around the world.。
[文章编号]1000-3541(2003)02-0107-04[收稿日期]2002-10-09[作者简介]周湘萍(1963-),女,文学硕士,中南民族大学外语学院讲师,从事语言与文化研究。
中西饮食文化差异与中餐菜单的英译周 湘 萍(中南民族大学外语学院,湖北武汉 430074)[摘 要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来。
传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑。
[关键词] 文化差异;烹饪;菜单;翻译原则[中图分类号]H31519 [文献标识码]A 饮食乃人之生存根本,中西概不例外,但如何“饮食”,中西方却存在很大差异,有着两种不同风格的饮食文化,并形成了文化系统的一个重要组成部分,它综合性地表现出人的物质和精神生活的社会特性。
一、中西饮食文化的差异由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来。
传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑。
两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面。
(一)原料种类。
西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类。
随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显。
中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的“食谱”范围比西方人的丰富得多。
(二)烹饪方式。
这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素。
中西方饮食文化差异与中餐菜单的英译摘要:由于地域、政治、经济、技术等诸多因素的影响,中西方文化呈现出风格迥异的姿态,同时,中西方文化的差异也造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。
地域特征、气候环境、民俗风情等条件都潜移默化地左右着中西方饮食文化的发展,使其在原料选取、口味偏好、烹调方式、饮食习惯等方面呈现不同程度的差异。
本文着眼于中西方饮食文化在饮食观念、饮食内容、烹饪方式、进餐方式、菜单命名等方面的差异,分析中西菜单翻译面临的问题与瓶颈,提炼出更为精准适宜的翻译原则与翻译方法,使中国菜单更科学合理地被西方友人理解接受。
关键词:饮食文化;文化差异;中餐菜名;翻译手法一脉相承、历久弥新的中国饮食文化是中华文明的重要组成部分,它不仅与人们日常生活息息相关,也是博大精深中华文化的载体。
随着国家博物馆对外交流活动的不断增加,国博餐厅成为展示中国饮食文化的首要窗口。
长期以来,许多到中国畅游的外国游客都以能享受到正宗地道的中国美食为主要目的,中餐已成为中外文化交流的重要媒介。
合理准确的菜名翻译不仅可以使国外友人正确理解菜单所要传达的信息,而且还能使中华美食在他们心中留下美好印象,进一步促进中华饮食文化传播。
然而,由于中西方的饮食文化存在巨大的差异,中餐菜单的英译会产生一些问题。
为了更好地向西方用餐人士传播中国饮食文化,如何更精准传神地翻译中餐菜单,避免不必要的误解便成为亟需解决的问题。
因此,只有熟悉中西方饮食文化的差异,了解中式菜肴的内涵,灵活运用相应的翻译方法,才能使外国客人更好地了解中国的饮食文化。
一、中西方饮食文化的差异饮食文化是人类不断开拓食源和制造食品的各生产领域和从饮食实践中展开的各种社会生活,以及反映这二者的多种意识形态的总称。
(林乃焱:《中国古代饮食文化》)饮食文化也是一种广谱文化,反映着人类生存与发展现状,是一种日常可见可闻的身边文化。
中西方文化的差异衍生出不同的饮食文化,使其具有浓郁的地域性和民族性。
比较中西方饮食文化的差异以及探究这些差异所产生的内在渊源,有助于从理论和实践两个方面来研究中餐菜单的英译问题,从而使西方友人更便捷直接地理解并接受中餐菜名。
首先,本文主要从饮食观念、饮食内容、烹饪方式、进餐方式和菜式命名等几个方面浅释中西两种饮食文化的差异。
(一)饮食观念不同西方的饮食观念偏重理性与科学,他们在意每餐食物的营养价值,力求通过一日三餐摄取足够的蛋白质、脂肪、热量和维生素,讲究各种营养搭配科学合宜,能量供给恰到好处。
而对于食物的色、香、味、形则退居其次。
相比而言,中国人在饮食上追求的是味感美学,是视觉、味觉、触觉三者调和圆融的“意境”,而对食物的营养搭配不太讲究。
同时,繁缛的烹调方法也加速了食物营养的流失,使得中餐的营养价值稍打折扣。
(二)饮食内容不同西方人的饮食以荤食为主,喜爱使用牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉、羊肉和鱼等作为主料,蔬菜则作为辅料出现。
这与西方人游牧民族,航海民族的文化特点紧密相连。
而中国受农本经济的影响,在饮食内容方面,以五谷为主食,辅之以蔬菜和少量肉食,植物类菜品在饮食结构中占着主导地位。
据植物学家调查,中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种,比西方多6倍。
(三)烹饪方式的不同这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐形因素。
烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓“食不厌精、脍不厌细”,基础就是原料的粗加工。
西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体(whole)、块(cubes)、片(slices)、丁(dices)、泥(mash)等几种形状;中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料除有与西餐相同的几种形状外,还有卷(rolls)、条(strips)、段(segments)、丝(shreds)、粒(grains)、末(mince)、浆(thick liquid)、汁(juice)等。
中餐的烹饪方法也比西餐形式更复杂,有煮(boiling)、煲/炖(stewing)、烧/焖/烩(braising)、煎(frying)、炒(stir-frying)、炸(deep-frying)、煨(simmering)、熏(smoking)、蒸(steaming)、白灼(scalding)等。
其次是火候,西餐烹调火温适中,中式烹调特别讲究火候,火候到味道好。
三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用。
(四)进餐方式《礼记?礼运》言:“夫礼之初,始者饮食。
”中国人用餐喜欢热闹,人们团团围坐、相互敬酒、夹菜,营造出人与人之间活跃热情。
中国人一起用餐,避讳只顾自己埋头苦吃,不能融入集体。
而西方人用餐时讲究情调,他们注重自己的言谈举止,喝酒或咀嚼食物时都不发出声音,互相之间干杯也点到为止,席间宾客很少大声喧哗。
主人很少给客人夹菜,通常由客人自主食用。
西方人在用餐时虽也围桌而坐,但是他们习惯分餐制,以自助餐为典型,个人的食物都是单盘独碟盛放。
(五)菜式命名中式菜肴命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重寓意,使用多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如“佛跳墙”等。
西式菜肴命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中餐命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性。
当然,西式菜肴命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名。
“When we talk of meat on our table we use French words,when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty, it is pork (pore) on the table. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poulty(poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not written in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English.”《大学英语:高级英语,P28》这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种?{雅。
二、中餐菜单英译原则由于中西方饮食文化客观存在的差异性和中国菜肴本身的文化韵味,要把中餐菜单中的菜名从中文翻译成英文,并非只是语言层次上的浅显转化,也是文化层次上的进一步转化。
中餐菜单的服务对象是外国客人,所以翻译时,应认真考虑他们对英译菜单的要求和喜好,设法克服因中西方饮食文化差异给翻译带来的不利影响,为外国客人的就餐提供尽可能多的方便。
从而使中华美食在外国客人心中留下美好的印象。
因此,在英译中餐菜单时,应该注意以下三种原则。
(一)通俗易懂,确保准确达意要解决中餐菜单的英译问题,首先应明确中餐菜单的语篇类型及功能。
中餐菜单作为一个完整而独立的语篇,是“信息类语篇”。
因为,通常情况下,菜单只是一系列可供选择的菜名方面的信息。
从语篇功能方面看,英译的中餐菜单是“传递信息”的,其预期译文功能是让外国客人用餐时,能够看懂菜单上的菜名,了解这些美味佳肴是用什么原料做的,方便他们的用餐。
这也是英译中餐菜单的目的之一。
(二)典雅规范,弘扬中华文化英译中餐菜单时,还要达到弘扬民族文化的目的。
“译者在对汉语原文及其文化理解透彻的同时,还要对英语运用自如,并对英语国家的文化和风俗习惯有一个全面的了解。
”(冯庆华:《实用翻译教程》)因此,翻译中餐菜单时,应遵循英语语言习惯,参照西餐菜单的特点,让外国客人了解菜单中所包含的文化层次的表层现象,如:原料、烹饪方法、特点等内容。
(三)兼顾文化,避免文化冲突中餐菜名为了吉祥,借用一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名。
曾经看到过这样一个故事:有位华人来到新西兰,雄心勃勃地开了一家中餐馆。
谁料想开业还没到三天,餐馆就被抗议者围了个水泄不通。
究其原因,竟然是老板将其中的一道菜“红烧狮子头”直接翻译成了“red burnt lion head”。
当地的动物保护组织无法容忍中国人竟然公开叫卖狮子头。
最后老板只有公开道歉并予以澄清,并把菜名改为了“braised pork ball with brown sauce”。
这个故事听起来令人啼笑皆非。
它反映出中国餐饮业要走向世界首先要解决的问题就是菜名的准确翻译。
因此,菜名的英译要避免文化冲突,跨越中西方语言和文化上的双重障碍。
三、中餐菜单的英译方法通过对英译中餐菜单应该遵循的原则的分析,我们理解了翻译时,既要保留中式菜肴中原有的文化韵味,准确得传递和反映菜肴内容和特色,还要考虑的菜单的特点,顺从外国客人的文化习惯与接受能力。
鉴于中餐菜单英译的特点,我们灵活地采用不同的翻译方法。
由于参与了国博餐厅中餐厅和自助餐厅的菜单翻译工作,结合实践经验,我认为中餐菜单的英译方法大体可归纳为以下四种:直译法、意译法、音译法及几种方法并用的翻译法。
(一)直译法直译法,顾名思义就是按照中文菜名译出其意。
对于能够从中国菜的菜名中可以直接了解到菜肴的原料、刀法、烹制方法、口感、配料、配汁等内容的,可以采用直译法。
例如:a.烹调法+原料清蒸桂鱼:steamed mandarin fishb.烹调法+主料+with+配料(in+配料)红烧肉:braised pork in brown saucec.口味+主料(+配料)糖醋排骨:sweet and sour spareribsd.主料+配料+器皿铁板蒜子黄鳝:spiced eels with garlic on iron boarde.人名/地名+烹饪方法+原料北京烤鸭:Beijing roast duck(二)意译法中式菜肴中,有些菜名讲究文雅,往往不直接以菜的原料命名,也不能全面、完整地反映菜肴的具体风格。
有些菜名中,用一些代表吉祥如意的词来表达人们对美好生活的向往和祝愿。
在翻译这些菜名时,要避虚就实,用意译将主配料和烹饪方式等译出。
如:翡翠虾仁:fried shelled shrimp with green vegetable,“翡翠”是指青菜。
鱼香肉丝:shredded pork with garlic sauce,“鱼香”在餐桌上并非指“鱼”,而是指辣味的“蒜酱”。