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Unit 2With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。
正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。
事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。
我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。
1 Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。
Unit 2With the amazingly rapid development in transportation and information communication, people from different cultures interact more often than ever before, but misunderstandings even conflicts caused in the process of this interaction also grow increasingly. Just for this reason, much concern is focused upon the problem of how to help people interact and communicate successfully in a transcultural way. As a matter of fact, culture is not strange to us all. We hear, read and talk of it, such as Chinese culture, English culture, tea culture, campus culture and so on. But when it comes to the meaning of culture, it is notoriously difficult to define what culture really is or should be.随着交通运输和信息交流的飞速发展，不同文化背景下的人们交往越来越频繁，但在交往过程中产生的误会甚至冲突也日益增多。
正因为如此，人们关注的焦点是如何帮助人们以跨文化的方式成功地进行互动和交流。
事实上，文化对我们大家来说并不陌生。
我们听、读、谈它，如中国文化、英国文化、茶文化、校园文化等。
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic equivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also soldabroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic inChinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(asstrong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at least achieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际下的语义传递与翻译本文主要是要通过分析语言和文化之间的关系，来说明语言交际之中字词，短语以及篇章段落之间的怎样传递文化内涵，同时针对汉语和英语两种语言分析思维模式以及价值观念的差异，借此说明翻译语言的过程中应该注意文化意识，从而推动文化的交流以及交际的发展。
标签：跨文化；语义传递；翻译；语言交际；文化内涵2014 — 09 — 16高校讲师，研究方向：英语教育。
如今，中国正在逐渐的和世界融合成一体，在走出去的同时也在引进来，中国在吸收为外国的优秀文化成果的同时，也在将自己展现给世界，这样的背景之下，我们能够看到，跨文化交际逐渐成为一门单独的需要我们认真学习的课程。
人类重视语言的最重要的功能就是交际的功能，只有在交际过程中，语言的内涵能够被双方准确的理解，才能够形成有效的交流。
一、语言和文化我们都知道的是，语言是在人类发展过程中流传下来的交际的符号，深深的烙上了文化的印记，很多事实都能够证明，如果一种语言脱离了文化的土壤，那么就失去了它所有的价值。
文化是凝固的交际，而交际则是流动着的文化，广义的文化是应该包含人类的物质和精神创造两部分的，狭义的文化仅仅是指人类世代相传的精神，语言就是从这样的精神之中生长出来的，并且每一种语言都有自己独特的语言环境。
因此我们也要认识到，在不同的文化背景之下，就必然要产生不同的语言。
这也就将语义如何跨文化传递提出了新的命题。
两种语言显示的两种文化，反应两种迥异的民族风格，不同的文化地区语言会有一定的差异，对于交际产生一定的障碍，如果不正视这种障碍的话，那我们的交际注定是失败的，因此，文化的内涵传递才是语义传递的基础，在此基础上才能完全理解语义，理解双方的对话交际，形成完整的交际。
二.语义的传递和文化的内涵通常说来，语言的每一层除了具有表面上的字面意义之外，还有文化的内涵，不同的文化内涵通过不同的形式所表现出来，甚至到每一个字词都能表现出自己民族文化的特征，在两种迥异的语言之间，想进行交流，需要一种媒介，或者说是一种桥梁，这就是翻译，翻译在语言之中起到沟通的作用，对于翻译的结果必须要保证高度的责任感，尽可能的表现双方的民族文化。
COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics跨文化交际----翻译理论与对比篇章语言学Basil Hatim出版前言这是一部将对比语言学、篇章语言学和翻译理论结合起来研究跨文化交际的学术专著。
作者巴兹尔•哈蒂姆是英国爱丁堡赫利奥特----沃特(Heriot-Watt)大学阿拉伯语研究中心主任，篇章语言学界的权威人士、著名理论家，一直走在该研究领域的前列。
本书是他长达10年的科研成果。
针对目前翻译理论、对比语言学、话语分析三个学科自成一体的学术局面，作者试图将三者融会贯通，明确提出在跨语言、跨文化的交际过程中，如果将母语语言、修辞的习惯表达应用与篇章转化，比如翻译实践当中，并在另一语言体系寻求对应表现法，其结果将是大有裨益的。
本专著共分17章。
全书说理透彻，脉络清晰。
首先，作者简单介绍了对比语言理论应用于翻译过程的可行性，即句法与语义性质等语言结构的重要意义，指出文本类型是进行上下文分析研究的中心课题，篇章才是有效信息交流的根本单位；进而，作者从功能语言学的角度，对修辞、文本风格、语域等因素进行了深入讨论。
由于阿拉伯语具有悠久独特的修辞风格，作者通过现在篇章语言学以及传统的阿拉伯语修辞学在语言研究分析中的有利地位，对篇章类型提出了自己的见解。
除此以外，作者还就文本类型、礼貌表达、交际文化、文学作品中的意识形态的分析与翻译、非小说类的散文文学中反语用法的翻译以及口译研究等问题从对比篇章语言学的角度进行了系统化的分析探讨。
本书贯穿书中的指导思想，就是将语篇分析的理论模型应用于笔译、口译及语言教学实践之中，并通过这些目标在实际中的结合来证明翻译的介绍可以加大对比语言学和语篇分析研究的广度和深度。
总之，本书论述系统全面，资料翔实，从理论到实践环环相扣，是一部侧重语言实际运用的学术著作，对于从事语言学、文学理论、话语分析、翻译以及文化等学科研究的人员提供了建设性的知道，是一本不可多得的好书。
fully by letter, telephone, fax or e-mail in such cultures. It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done.完全在这种文化的信函，电话，传真或电子邮件。
满足面对面与同事把事情做好是没有必要的。
High-context cultures are the exact opposite. Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering the message as to the message itself. In high-context cultures---most of Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa---personal encounters are essential before business can begin.高语境文化是完全相反的。
沟通往往是不精确的，对提供消息的人比对消息本身关注的更多。
高语境文化中---大多数拉丁美洲，亚洲，中东和非洲---个人遭遇实在业务开始之前必不可少的。
These people need as much ancillary information as possible. They pay more attention to physical surroundings, how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---the general ambiance of the negotiations---than individuals from low-context countries. Body language, facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion.这些人需要尽可能多的辅助信息。
跨文化视角下的翻译策略研究摘要：自从上世纪90 年代将文化研究纳入翻译研究的范畴里以来，从文化角度探讨翻译成为翻译研究的重要转向。
翻译不仅是从一种语言到另一种语言的转化，更是从一种文化到另一种文化的转化。
从跨文化角度研究翻译策略具有重要的意义。
关键词：跨文化翻译策略1 引言21世纪是一个商品社会和市场经济的世纪。
文化交流的背后是商业社会的利益驱动。
任何一种文化都不再是高高在上的，妥协是文化交流成功的必备因素之一。
跨文化翻译作为联系两种文化交流的目的，担负着文化传播的职责。
在这样的历史条件下，跨文化翻译的基本出发点就是要能以目标语受众能够接受的方式来进行。
翻译从本质上说不仅仅是语符表层指称意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的相互沟通，相互影响，相互理解。
从广义上来说，任何翻译都是跨文化的翻译，跨文化翻译指的是从翻译的角度对两种或多种不同的文化进行比较并且进行以文化交流和传播为目的的翻译。
作为翻译，我们面对的是外国的文化，这些文化里充满着文化独有的词汇、谚语、俗语等等地道的表达。
这些表达方式的渊源和使用是这些文化固有的。
跨文化交流成功与否，必须要取决于对外国文化的理解的程度。
而不同的译员又因为其翻译的目的而对文化采取了不同的态度。
有人认为译者应该以译出语为目标，有人认为译者应该以译入语中心，这样的争论必然也会使得跨文化的翻译变的多样化，同时也使得翻译的策略往往难以掌握。
[1]对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意义。
不了解对方文化，翻译出来的只是语言；了解对方文化，才能翻译出符合对方文化需求的文章。
2 跨文化翻译的影响因素分析从跨文化角度解读翻译是全面认识和评价翻译的重要途径。
而同时值得注意的是从文化视角来研究翻译涉及到各方面复杂因素的影响。
2.1思维差异尽管生活在同一个世界，不同文化背景的人对待同一事情会有不同的方法。
普遍认为西方人的思维是分析的、逻辑而客观的，而中国人是综合、象征和主观的。
