The development of language-like communication without a language model
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语言交流英语作文Title: The Importance of English Language Communication。
Introduction:English language communication plays a vital role in today's globalized world. As the most widely spoken language, it serves as a bridge between different cultures, facilitates international business, and opens up a plethora of opportunities for personal and professional growth. In this essay, we will explore the significance of English language communication and how it impacts various aspectsof our lives.Body:1. Enhancing Cultural Exchange:English language communication enables people from different countries and backgrounds to connect andunderstand each other's cultures. It promotes mutual respect, tolerance, and appreciation for diversity. Through English, individuals can share their traditions, customs, and values, fostering a sense of global community.2. Facilitating International Business:English has become the lingua franca of international business. It enables companies to communicate effectively with clients, partners, and stakeholders from around the world. Proficiency in English language communication is crucial for negotiating contracts, conducting meetings, and building strong business relationships. It also enhances employability and career prospects, as many multinational corporations require employees who can communicate fluently in English.3. Expanding Educational Opportunities:English language communication is essential for accessing quality education. Many renowned universities and educational institutions offer courses and programs inEnglish. Proficiency in the language allows students to pursue higher education abroad, opening doors to a wider range of academic opportunities. Moreover, English language skills facilitate research, collaboration, and the exchange of knowledge among scholars and students globally.4. Enriching Travel Experiences:English serves as a common language for travelers worldwide. Whether exploring new destinations, interacting with locals, or seeking assistance, English language communication enables individuals to navigate foreign countries with ease. It enhances the overall travel experience by facilitating communication, understanding local customs, and immersing oneself in different cultures.5. Enabling Access to Information:The majority of the world's information is available in English. Proficiency in English language communication allows individuals to access a vast array of resources, including books, research papers, news articles, and onlinecontent. It empowers individuals to stay informed, broaden their knowledge, and keep up with the latest developments in various fields.Conclusion:English language communication is indispensable in our interconnected world. It bridges cultural divides, facilitates international business, expands educational opportunities, enriches travel experiences, and enables access to information. Mastering English not only enhances personal and professional growth but also fosters global understanding and cooperation. Therefore, it is crucial to invest time and effort in improving our English language communication skills to succeed in today's globalized society.。
英语成为国际语言的原因英语作文Why English is the International LanguageHi there! My name is Tommy and I'm going to tell you all about why English has become the international language that everybody uses.First, let me ask you a question - do you speak any other languages besides your native one? Maybe you know a little Spanish from watching cartoons or taking a class. Or perhaps you understand some French because your parents or grandparents spoke it at home. Well, I know quite a few languages myself - English, of course, but also a little bit of Chinese, Spanish, and even some Japanese from watching anime!But you know what language I use the most, and the one that pretty much everyone across the world tries to learn? English! It's crazy how English has spread to become the global language, don't you think? People use it for business, travel, science, entertainment...pretty much everywhere you go, someone is going to understand at least a little English.So why did English get to be so widespread and important? There are actually quite a few reasons for that! Let me break it down for you.Reason #1: The British EmpireA long time ago, way before you or I were born, there was this huge empire called the British Empire. The British ruled over tons of different countries and territories all around the world. Wherever they went, they brought the English language with them.The British colonized places like the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and parts of Africa. Even after those places became independent from British rule, English still remained one of the main languages spoken there. That's because the British had already spread English to those areas during colonial times.Reason #2: The United States Became a SuperpowerAfter World War II ended in 1945, the United States emerged as one of the most powerful and influential countries in the world, along with the Soviet Union. But when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the US was left as the sole superpower.As an economic and cultural superpower, the US helped spread English even further through business, media, internet, and technology. American movies, TV shows, music, websites - you name it - they all use English and reach audiences globally. So English became hugely important as the language of this world superpower.Reason #3: It's a Common LanguageHave you ever tried to communicate with someone who didn't speak the same languages as you? It's really hard, right? You have to use hand gestures, drawings, or one of those translation apps on your phone. But if you both know English, even just a little bit, it becomes way easier to understand each other.That's why so many people from different parts of the world have decided to use English as a common language or "lingua franca." It allows people who speak different native languages to communicate with one another. Just think about at big events like the Olympics or the United Nations - there are people from all over the globe, so English is essential as a shared means of communication.Reason #4: Easy to Learn?Okay, I know some people might disagree with me on this one. But in my opinion, English is one of the easier languages to pick up, at least compared to something super complex like Russian or Mandarin Chinese. Don't get me wrong, it definitely has its quirks and weird inconsistencies that can be confusing. But the basic grammar rules, lack of too many differentcases/genders, and the fact that we use the same alphabet as a lot of European languages makes English more approachable for a lot of learners around the world.Reason #5: It's UsefulAt the end of the day, one of the biggest driving forces behind English's rise as a global language is just how useful and practical it is. If you want to get a good job, travel the world, do business internationally, read the latest research, or succeed in many different career fields, knowing English is absolutely essential. It opens up so many doors and opportunities that speakers of other languages don't have easy access to.So those are the major reasons why English went from just being the native language of countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Australia to becoming the predominant language used for communication worldwide. From its colonial roots to America's superpower status to just being a convenient common language,English has cemented itself as the true global lingua franca of the 21st century.Of course, I'm not saying that other languages aren't important too. All languages and cultures are valuable and should be learned, appreciated, and preserved. But there's no denying that if you want to communicate and integrate yourself with our highly interconnected world today, having a solid grasp of English is absolutely crucial.Who knows, maybe one day another language will surpass English as the global lingua franca. But for now and the foreseeable future, English reigns supreme as the international language of the world. Let me know if you have any other questions! I may be just a kid, but I sure know a lot about why English rose to such incredible global dominance.。
关于口语能力的重要性和如何发展的英语作文The Importance of Oral Skills and How to Develop ThemIntroductionIn today's globalized world, having strong oral communication skills is becoming increasingly essential. Whether it's in the workplace, social settings, or even just everyday interactions, being able to effectively express oneself verbally can make a huge difference. In this essay, we will explore the importance of oral skills and discuss some strategies for developing and improving them.The Importance of Oral SkillsStrong oral communication skills are crucial for a variety of reasons. Firstly, being able to articulate your thoughts and ideas clearly can help you build strong relationships with others. Whether it's with colleagues, clients, or friends, effective communication can enhance understanding and lead to better collaboration.Secondly, strong oral skills can also boost your professional prospects. Employers value employees who can communicate effectively, as this skill is key to everything from pitching ideas to negotiating deals. In fact, a survey conducted by the NationalAssociation of Colleges and Employers found that communication skills were the most important quality employers look for in job candidates.Furthermore, oral skills are also important for personal growth and self-confidence. Being able to express yourself confidently can help you navigate social situations with ease, and can also boost your self-esteem.Strategies for Developing Oral SkillsNow that we've established the importance of oral skills, let's discuss some strategies for developing and improving them.1. Practice, practice, practice: Like any skill, oral communication requires practice to improve. One way to practice is by engaging in conversations with others, whether it's in person, over the phone, or even online. The more you practice, the more comfortable and confident you will become.2. Seek feedback: Another way to improve your oral skills is by seeking feedback from others. Ask a friend, family member, or colleague to listen to you speak and provide constructive criticism. This can help you identify areas where you can improve and give you specific areas to focus on.3. Focus on listening: Effective communication is a two-way street, so it's important to also focus on listening. Pay attention to what others are saying, ask questions, and show that you are actively engaged in the conversation. This can help you better understand others and improve your own communication skills.4. Take a public speaking course: If you struggle with public speaking, consider taking a course or workshop to improve your skills. Public speaking courses can help you learn techniques for overcoming nerves, structuring your speech effectively, and engaging your audience.5. Use technology: Finally, consider using technology to help you improve your oral skills. There are numerous apps and tools available that can help you practice pronunciation, improve your vocabulary, and even have virtual conversations with others.ConclusionIn conclusion, developing strong oral communication skills is crucial for success in today's world. By practicing regularly, seeking feedback, and focusing on listening, you can improve your ability to communicate effectively. Remember, effective oral communication is not just about speaking, but also about listening and engaging with others. By following these strategies,you can become a more confident and articulate communicator in no time.。
The development of languageLanguage is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex syste ms of communication, and a language is any specific example of such a syst em. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.Estimates of the number of languages in the world vary between 6,000 and 7,000. However, any precise estimate depends on a partly arbitrary disti nction between languages and dialects.Human language is unique because it has the properties of productivity, recursivity, and displacement, and because it relies entirely on social convention and learning. Its complex structure the refore affords a much wider range of possible expressions and uses than any known system of animal communication.Language is thought to have originated when early hominins started gr adually changing their primate communication systems, acquiring the ability to form a theory of other minds and a shared nguage is proc essed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Broca 's and Wernicke's areas. Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are appr oximately three years old.Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evol ution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine wh ich traits their ancestral languages must have had in order for the later stages to have occurred.A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known a s a language family. The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family, which includes languages such as Engli sh, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and Hindi; the Sino-Tibetan family, which includes Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese, and many others; the Afro-Asiatic f amily, which includes Arabic, Amharic, Somali, and Hebrew; and the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona, and hundreds of other langu ages spoken throughout Africa.Theories about the origin of language differ in regards to their basic ass umptions about what language is. Some theories are based on the idea that la nguage is so complex that one cannot imagine it simply appearing from noth ing in its final form, but that it must have evolved from earlier pre-linguistic systems among our pre-human ancestors. These theories can be called conti nuity-based theories.The opposite viewpoint is that language is such a unique human trait th at it cannot be compared to anything found among non-humans and that it m ust therefore have appeared suddenly in the transition from pre-hominids to early man. These theories can be defined as discontinuity-based. Similarly, t heories based on Chomsky's Generative view of language see language most ly as an innate faculty that is largely genetically encoded, whereas functional ist theories see it as a system that is largely cultural, learned through social i nteraction.The study of language, linguistics, has been developing into a science s ince the first grammatical descriptions of particular languages in India more than 2000 years ago. Today, linguistics is a science that concerns itself with all aspects of language, examining it from all of the theoretical viewpoints d escribed above.The academic study of language is conducted within many different dis ciplinary areas and from different theoretical angles, all of which inform mo dern approaches to linguistics. For example, descriptive linguistics examines the grammar of single languages, theoretical linguistics develops theories o n how best to conceptualize and define the nature of language based on data from the various extant human languages, sociolinguistics studies how langu ages are used for social purposes informing in turn the study of the social fu nctions of language and grammatical description, neurolinguistics studies ho w language is processed in the human brain and allows the experimental test ing of theori .The formal study of language is often considered to have started in Ind ia ,the 5th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology. However, Sumerian scribes already studied the differences bet ween Sumerian and Akkadian grammar around 1900 BC. Subsequent gram matical traditions developed in all of the ancient cultures that adopted writin g.In the 17th century AD, the French Port-Royal Grammarians developed the idea that the grammars of all languages were a reflection of the universa l basics of thought, and therefore that grammar was universal. In the 18th ce ntury, the first use of the comparative method by British philologist and exp ert on ancient India William Jones sparked the rise of comparative linguistic s.The scientific study of language was broadened from Indo-European to lan guage in general by Wilhelm von Humboldt. Early in the 20th century, Ferdi nand de Saussure introduced the idea of language as a static system of interc onnected units, defined through the oppositions.By introducing a distinction between diachronic and synchronic analys es of language, he laid the foundation of the modern discipline of linguistics. Saussure also introduced several basic dimensions of linguistic analysis that are still fundamental in many contemporary linguistic theories, such as the distinctions between syntagm and paradigm, and the Langue-parole distincti on, distinguishing language as an abstract system, from language as a concre te manifestation of this system.In the 1960s, Noam Chomsky formulated the generative theory of langua ge. According to this theory, the most basic form of language is a set of synt actic rules that is universal for all humans and which underlies the grammars of all human languages. This set of rules is called Universal Grammar; for Chomsky, describing it is the primary objective of the discipline of linguistic s. Thus, he considered that the grammars of individual languages are only of importance to linguistics insofar as they allow us to deduce in opposition tothe formal theories of the generative school, functional theories of language propose that since language is fundamentally a tool, its structures are best a nalyzed and understood by reference to their functions.Formal theories of grammar seek to define the different elements of lan guage and describe the way they relate to each other as systems of formal ru les or operations, while functional theories seek to define the functions perfo rmed by language and then relate them to the linguistic elements that carry t hem out.Physiological and neural architecture of language and speech of their S peaking is the default modality for language in all cultures. The production o f spoken language depends on sophisticated capacities for controlling the lip s, tongue and other components of the vocal apparatus, the ability to acousti cally decode speech sounds, and the neurological apparatus required for acq uiring and producing language.The study of the genetic bases for human language is still on a fairly ba sic level, and the only gene that has been positively implied in language pro duction is FOXP2, which may cause a kind of congenital language disorder i f affected by mutations.。
(一)Essay 1:The Importance of Language LearningLanguage learning holds immense importance in our increasingly interconnected world. It not only facilitates effective communication but also fosters cultural understanding and appreciation. In a globalized society, being proficient in multiple languages provides individuals with a competitive edge in the job market. Moreover, language learning enhances cognitive abilities, such as memory and problem-solving skills. It expands our horizons, allowing us to engage with people from different backgrounds and experiences. Language learning is not merely about words and grammar; it is about building bridges between cultures, promoting empathy, and breaking down barriers. By investing in language learning, we invest in our personal and professional growth while contributing to a more inclusive and interconnected global community.(二)Essay 2:Language as a Tool for CommunicationLanguage is a powerful tool for communication that transcends borders and connects individuals from diverse backgrounds. It enables us to express our thoughts, emotions, and ideas, fostering understanding and collaboration. Effective communication is built on the ability to convey messages clearly and comprehend them accurately. Language learning equips individuals with the necessary skills to navigate various social and professional contexts. It empowers us to engage in meaningful conversations, share knowledge, and build relationships. Language is not only a communication tool but also a means to nurture cultural appreciation, as it allows us to explore different perspectives and traditions. By harnessing the power of language, we can bridge gaps, foster unity, and create a more inclusive and harmonious society.(三)Essay 3:The Role of Language in Cross-Cultural CommunicationLanguage plays a pivotal role in cross-cultural communication. When individuals from different linguistic backgrounds come together, the ability to understand and communicate effectively becomes crucial. Language learning enables us to navigate cultural nuances, customs, and values. It facilitates mutual understanding, empathy, and respect. Learning a new language broadens our horizons, exposing us to different worldviews and ways of life. It encourages us to view diversity as a strength and promotes a global mindset. By embracing language learning, we break down barriers and build bridges of connection and collaboration. Language is more than words; it is a channel for cultural exchange, fostering meaningful relationships and promoting a harmonious coexistence in our multicultural world.。
九年级英语科技发展完形填空题40题1Technology is changing our lives in many ways. We can see the influence of technology everywhere. In the past, people communicated by writing letters. Now, with the development of technology, we can use smartphones to talk to others easily. Technology also makes our lives more convenient. We can use apps to order food, shop online and pay bills.1. Technology brings us a lot of ___.A. problemsB. advantagesC. challengesD. difficulties答案:B。
科技给我们带来了很多好处,而不是问题、挑战或困难。
advantages 表示“优势、好处”,符合语境。
problems 是“问题”,challenges 是“挑战”,difficulties 是“困难”。
2. Smartphones are an important part of our ___.A. workB. lifeC. studyD. hobby答案:B。
智能手机是我们生活中很重要的一部分。
life 表示“生活”,符合语境。
work 是“工作”,study 是“学习”,hobby 是“爱好”。
3. With technology, we can do many things ___.A. slowlyB. quicklyC. carefullyD. hardly答案:B。
有了科技,我们可以很快地做很多事情。
中外语言发展对比英语作文英文回答:As a language enthusiast, I have always been fascinated by the development of languages both in my native language, English, and in foreign languages. The comparison between the two is quite interesting, as they each have their own unique characteristics and challenges.In terms of the development of the English language, it has a rich history that dates back to the Anglo-Saxon period. Over the centuries, English has evolved and borrowed words from various languages such as Latin, French, and German. This has resulted in a diverse vocabulary and a complex grammar system. English has also become a global language, spoken by millions of people around the world and used as a lingua franca in many international settings.On the other hand, when we look at the development of foreign languages such as Chinese, we see a differenttrajectory. Chinese is one of the oldest languages in the world, with a writing system that dates back thousands of years. The characters in Chinese are logographic, meaning each character represents a word or a morpheme. This makes Chinese writing quite different from alphabetic languages like English.In terms of vocabulary, Chinese has also borrowed words from other languages, particularly from English in recent years due to globalization. However, the grammar system in Chinese is quite different from English, with a focus on word order and particles to indicate grammatical relationships.Overall, both English and Chinese have their own unique characteristics and challenges in terms of development. It is fascinating to see how languages evolve over time and how they adapt to the changing needs of their speakers.中文回答:作为一个语言爱好者,我一直对母语英语和外语的发展感到着迷。
The Connotation of Language and Culture Language and culture are interdependent and have influence on each other. Language is the very important carrier of culture; but culture has constrains on language.The connotation of culture is extensive. Culture involves everything. All social phenomena can be regarded as cultural content. Therefore, there are many definitions of culture. Language plays an important role in all kinds of activities of human being, is an indispensable part of social activity. Further more, it is a magical phenomenon, which has not been made out yet.The relationship between language and culture is a kind of interactive selection of language and cultural filtration. Culture can shape language, language can affect culture and how they thinking. If we accept that language is an expression of culture, beliefs, customs, behaviors and rituals constituting the cultural identity of a group of people, then it is crucial that phraseology and cultural features are not separated in the analysis and production of meaning.As an important aspect of social life, language is naturally just like law, art, and religion. Besides, language is the most important symbolic system of culture. The other part of culture are recorded and reflected by language. For culture to be fully communicated, inherited, studied, and shared, language is essential. Language is a means of transmitting culture. If we are in different countries, we must know their cultures, thus, we can use the language freely. For example, the way Chinese addresses the elderly. They address elders as "Old Li" "Old Wang" to show their respect. But to western people this addressing way is disrespectful. The westerners generally associate aging with disability. So if we don't know these conventions, misunderstanding will probably occur during communication. On the other hand, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the culture changes in return. Hence, language is called the "fossil" of culture. Meanwhile, construction and usage of language is determined by culture. Values, thought pattern, behavior norms, and other aspects of society leave their traces in language.Culture is the foundation upon which language survives. Culture is the source of language. It restricts and influences communication. Certain language may be stopped due to some culture reason. For instance, after liberation, our country advocated equality among people and opposed exploitation and oppression, so the Chinese word "LAO YE" (Lord) is no longer used and has become dead language. Culture environment has great influence on language. The indigenous people of Alaska and Northern Canada live in ice and snow throughout the year, year in and year out. The extremely cold environment has a tremendous impact on their lives. Thus they have unique language to express their unique snow culture. Another phenomenon is that there are many loan words that reflect cultural communication. The introduction of these foreign words into English also leads to introduction of foreign culture which enriches and develops native culture.Culture determines language. It exists in every aspect of language. Thedifferences of two cultures will inevitably affect communication and understanding. The differences become obstacles in intercultural communication and arouse misunderstanding and sometimes conflict. The preceding examples illustrate that optimum intercultural communication depends on a sound understanding of culture as well as a know ledge of language. It can be conclude that communicative competence at least consists of language knowledge, language technique communicative technique and cultural background knowledge.There are two parlances in the study of language and culture: “languag e and culture” and “language of culture”. To distinguish language and other cultural phenomenon, some linguistics cans divide culture into two parts: “big culture” and “small culture”. Among them, the relation between language and “big culture” is subordin ate, and juxtaposed with “small culture”Language is a special component of culture. If seeing culture as an all-embracing general idea, language belongs to the general culture of human being, which is the category of big culture. But it stands in a special position in general culture, being against with other part of general culture, small culture. Therefore, we may consider that language be a social phenomenon, a communicating tool, a medium melting human and culture as a whole. It forms with the forming of human, develops and changes with the human society. From the angle of small culture, language and culture have the same step; without language, culture will not exist language is the premise of culture’s shaping and developing. The development of cultur e promotes the great development of language. When language appearing, culture comes out. Language is the big sign to distinguish man from animal. From the angle of biology, primitive man has many similarities with animal. However, man created language, while animals did not. Primitive man had the things of cultural category, like religion, morality, custom, etc., while animals could not have. Human created culture by language and culture influences mankind in return, promoting them to get a further improvement. From time immemorial, the culture heritage accumulated by human society made a great brand to language. Human language is the language in human society culture; it has a great number of close relations with human society human culture.Daily life, behavior norms, and social customs are all parts of culture. Language must comply with these norms and customs to achieve the most successful communication between two different cultures. English native speakers and Chinese people greet each other in their own ways, no matter how correct the language is, misunderstanding will properly take place. So, they should learn the other's culture while mastering the other's language. Only integrating culture with language can produce meaningful communication.Language is closely related to culture. Language expresses and embodies cultural reality. Culture integrates with language. Language is the prerequisite of social formation and development. Without language there would be no culture. Language emerges and develops to meet the demand of communication and culture transmission.Reference:[1] M. William F. Hanks: Language and Communicate Practices. Westview Press,1996.[2] M. Claire Kramsch: Context and Culture in language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.[3] M. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson: Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980[4] M. Joyce Merrill Valdes, Culture Bound: Bridging the Cultural Gap in Language Teaching. London: Cambridge University Press, 1986.。
英语成为国际语言的原因英语作文The Reasons Behind the Dominance of English as an International Language English has emerged as the foremost international language in today's globalized world, playing a pivotal role in cross-cultural communication, business transactions, and academic exchanges. Its prevalence is not accidental but rather a result of historical, political, economic, and cultural factors that have converged to propel English to its current status.Historically, the expansion of the British Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the widespread use of English across its colonies. This "imperial legacy" established English as the lingua franca in many regions, particularly in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The influence of the British Empire, coupled with the industrial revolution and the subsequent growth of trade and commerce, necessitated a common language for international transactions, and English filled this void. Politically, the dominance of English-speaking nations in international affairs, especially after World War II, has reinforced the language's position. The establishment of institutions like the United Nations and the Bretton Woods system, with English as one of their official languages, has further solidified its status. The influence of these institutions, along with the diplomatic and strategic alliances formed by English-speaking countries, has ensured the continued prominence of English in international politics.Economically, the rise of the United States as a global superpower after World War II, followed by the economic might of other English-speaking countries like the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, has been a significant factor in the spread of English. The language of business and finance tends to be the language of the most powerful economic players, and English has filled this role for much of the modern era. Trade agreements, international markets, and the proliferation of English-speaking multinational corporations have all contributed to the widespread adoption of English in the business world.Culturally, English has been a beneficiary of the "soft power" exerted by English-speaking nations through their popular culture, including music, films, television, and literature. The global reach of Hollywood, the popularity of British and American music, and the international bestseller lists dominated by English-language authors have all enhanced the appeal of English and contributed to its adoption by non-native speakers.Technologically, the advent of the digital age and the internet has been a game-changer for the spread of English. The language of the internet, with its roots in English-based programming languages and the early dominance of English-speaking countries in cyberspace, has meant that English has become the default language for much of the world's online communication. This has facilitated the learning of English by millions who have access to educational resources and communities ofpractice through the internet.In the realm of education, English has become the preferred medium of instruction in many non-English-speaking countries, particularly at the tertiary level. The widespread belief that English proficiency is essential for academic and professional success has led to a significant demand for English language education, further fueling its international spread.The linguistic simplicity and adaptability of English have also contributed to its widespread adoption. English has a relatively straightforward grammar compared to many other languages, and its vocabulary, while extensive, is flexible and easily adaptable to borrow words from other languages. This linguistic plasticity has allowed English to evolve and adapt to the needs of its diverse speakers, making it a truly global language.In conclusion, the reasons for English's emergence as the leading international language are multifaceted and interconnected. Its historical, political, economic, cultural, technological, and linguistic factors have all played a part in propelling English to its current position of global prominence. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the role of English as the lingua franca of international communication is likely to endure.。