Unit 8 Governing Law and Forum

UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power硬实力，软实力，巧实力People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these something more to the concept of power?The answer ia in the affirmative ,at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.人们常常把国家权力与军事或经济实力。

这些东西更多权力的概念？在肯定的答案是，至少对那些政治学研究。

本单位探讨复杂的权力的性质和它如何影响国际关系。

The complex nature of power复杂的权力的性质1.“Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relations,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with suvh a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most power.1。

英文采购合同范文4篇篇1Purchase AgreementThis Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into as of [date], by and between [Seller], with its principal place of business located at [address] (the "Seller"), and [Buyer], with its principal place of business located at [address] (the "Buyer").1. Purchase and Sale of Goods: Seller agrees to sell, transfer, and deliver to Buyer, and Buyer agrees to purchase, accept, and pay for the goods set forth in Exhibit A (the "Goods") in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.2. Price: The purchase price for the Goods shall be as set forth in Exhibit A, which includes all taxes, customs, duties, transportation, and other charges related to the sale and delivery of the Goods.3. Payment Terms: Buyer shall pay the purchase price for the Goods within [number] days of the delivery date. Payment shall be made in [currency] by wire transfer to Seller's bank account as specified in writing by Seller.4. Delivery: Seller shall deliver the Goods to Buyer's specified location by [delivery method] on or before the delivery date as set forth in Exhibit A. Seller shall bear all costs and risks of transporting the Goods to Buyer.5. Inspection and Acceptance: Buyer shall have [number] days from the delivery date to inspect the Goods and notify Seller in writing of any defects or nonconformities. If Buyer fails to notify Seller within such period, the Goods shall be deemed to have been accepted by Buyer.6. Warranty: Seller warrants that the Goods shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of [number] days from the delivery date. Seller's sole obligation under this warranty shall be to repair or replace, at Seller's option, any defective Goods.7. Limitation of Liability: In no event shall Seller be liable to Buyer for any indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or punitive damages, including without limitation lost profits, loss of business, or loss of reputation.8. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [state], without regard to its conflict of laws principles.9. Entire Agreement: This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the purchase and sale of the Goods and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous agreements and understandings, whether oral or written.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.Seller: [signature]Buyer: [signature]Exhibit A - Goods:[Description of Goods]篇2Purchase AgreementThis Purchase Agreement (“Agreement”) is entered into on [Date] between [Seller], with a principal place of business at [Address] and [Buyer], with a principal place of business at [Address].1. Agreement to Purchase and Sell: Seller agrees to sell, transfer, and deliver to Buyer, and Buyer agrees to purchase from Seller, the goods set forth in Exhibit A attached hereto (the“Goods”) in the quantities and at the prices set forth in Exhibit A.2. Payment Terms: Buyer agrees to pay Seller the total purchase price set forth in Exhibit A within [number] days of the date of this Agreement. Payment shall be made by [payment method] to the bank account designated by Seller.3. Delivery: Seller wil l deliver the Goods to Buyer’s designated address on or before [Delivery Date]. All delivery costs shall be borne by Seller.4. Inspection: Buyer shall have the right to inspect the Goods upon delivery. If Buyer determines that any Goods are defective or do not conform to the specifications set forth in Exhibit A, Buyer shall provide written notice to Seller within [number] days of delivery. Seller shall promptly replace or repair any defective or nonconforming Goods at Seller’s expense.5. Title and Risk of Loss: Title to the Goods shall pass to Buyer upon delivery. Risk of loss shall pass to Buyer upon delivery.6. Warranties: Seller represents and warrants that the Goods shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship. Sellerfurther warrants that the Goods shall conform to the specifications set forth in Exhibit A.7. Indemnification: Seller shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Buyer, its affiliates, and their respective officers, directors, employees, and agents from and against any and all claims, damages, liabilities, losses, costs, and expenses (including attorneys’ fees) arising out of or related to Seller’s breach of this Agreement.8. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [State].9. Entire Agreement: This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the purchase and sale of the Goods and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements and understandings, whether written or oral.10. Counterparts: This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first set forth above.Seller: ___________________ [Signature]Buyer: ___________________ [Signature]EXHIBIT ADescription of Goods[Insert description of Goods, quantities, and prices]篇3Purchase ContractThis Purchase Contract ("Contract") is made and entered into on this ___ day of ____, 20XX, by and between:Seller: [Name of Seller]Address: [Address of Seller]Contact Number: [Contact Number of Seller]Email: [Email of Seller]Buyer: [Name of Buyer]Address: [Address of Buyer]Contact Number: [Contact Number of Buyer]Email: [Email of Buyer]Whereas, the Seller agrees to sell the goods or services identified below to the Buyer, and the Buyer agrees to purchase said goods or services from the Seller, pursuant to the terms and conditions set forth herein:1. Goods or Services to Be Purchased:The Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to purchase the following goods or services:- Description of Goods or Services- Quantity- Price per unit- Total Price2. Delivery Terms:The Seller agrees to deliver the goods or services according to the following terms:- Delivery Date- Delivery Location- Shipping Method- Risk of Loss3. Payment Terms:The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller according to the following terms:- Total Purchase Price- Payment Method- Payment Schedule- Taxes and Duties4. Inspection and Acceptance:The Buyer shall have the right to inspect the goods upon delivery and accept the goods if they conform to the Contract. Any discrepancies or defects shall be reported to the Seller within a reasonable time frame.5. Warranties:The Seller warrants that the goods or services shall be free from defects in material and workmanship and shall conform to the specifications outlined in the Contract.6. Governing Law:This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction].In witness whereof, the undersigned parties have executed this Purchase Contract as of the date first above written:Seller:[Signature][Printed Name][Date]Buyer:[Signature][Printed Name][Date]This Purchase Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior agreements or understandings, whether oral or written. Any amendments or modifications must be in writing and signed by both parties.篇4Purchase ContractThis Purchase Contract (the "Contract") is entered into on [Date] by and between [Buyer], located at [Buyer's Address] and [Seller], located at [Seller's Address].1. Item Description: The Buyer agrees to purchase and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods: [Description of Goods], in the quantity of [Quantity] units.2. Price: The total purchase price for the goods shall be [Price] per unit, for a total of [Total Price]. The payment shall be made in [Currency] and shall be paid in full upon delivery of the goods.3. Delivery: The goods shall be delivered to the Buyer's premises located at [Delivery Address] on or before [Delivery Date]. The Seller shall be responsible for all costs associated with packaging, transportation, and insurance of the goods.4. Inspection and Acceptance: The Buyer shall have the right to inspect the goods upon delivery. The Buyer shall have [Number of Days] days from the delivery date to inspect the goods and notify the Seller of any defects or nonconformities. If the goods are found to be defective or nonconforming, the Seller shall replace the goods at no cost to the Buyer.5. Warranty: The Seller warrants that the goods shall be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of [Warranty Period] from the delivery date. If any defects are discovered within the warranty period, the Seller shall replace the goods or refund the purchase price at the Buyer's discretion.6. Governing Law: This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising out of this Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in [Arbitration Forum], in accordance with the rules of [Arbitration Rules].7. Entire Agreement: This Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the Buyer and Seller with respect to the purchase and sale of the goods and supersedes all prior agreements, representations, and understandings, whether oral or written.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Buyer and Seller have executed this Contract as of the date first written above.Buyer:________________________(Signature)Seller:________________________(Signature)。

政治与行政古德诺英文全文Good governance is an essential component of a functioning political and administrative system. It involves the efficient and effective management and decision-making processes that contribute to the development and well-being of a country and its citizens.In order to achieve good governance, several key principles must be followed. Firstly, transparency is crucial. This means that information, decisions, and actions of the government and public administration should be accessible and readily available to the public. Transparency not only promotes accountability but also fosters trust and confidence in the government.Accountability is another important principle of good governance. Public officials and institutions should be responsible and answerable for their actions and decisions. They should act in the best interest of the public and be held accountable for any misconduct or violation of laws or regulations.Participation and inclusiveness are also critical in ensuring good governance. Citizens should have the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and have their voices heard. It is important to involve all segments of society, including marginalized groups, in the political and administrative system. This helps to ensure that policies and decisions are more representative and responsive to the needs and concerns of the population.Efficiency and effectiveness are essential aspects of goodgovernance. Public resources should be used efficiently and effectively to achieve the desired outcomes. This includes ensuring the delivery of public services in a timely and cost-effective manner and minimizing waste, corruption, and inefficiency.In addition, the rule of law is a fundamental principle of good governance. The government and public administration must uphold and enforce laws and regulations in a fair and impartial manner. This ensures equal treatment and protection of rights for all citizens, regardless of their social status or political affiliations.Lastly, good governance requires integrity and ethics. Public officials and institutions must act with integrity, honesty, and transparency. They should have a strong ethical framework and adhere to ethical standards in their decision-making and actions.In conclusion, good governance is essential for the functioning of a political and administrative system. It requires transparency, accountability, participation, efficiency, effectiveness, the rule of law, and integrity. By following these principles, governments can promote development, well-being, and trust in their society.。

Unit One Legal SystemListeningI. c a d a bII. statutes, constitutions, cite, interpreted, civil, cases, liability, created, modified, repealedText A.Building up your vocabularyI. Match the items in the following two columnsA-civil law b-code c-validity d-jurisdiction e-clusterf-decree g-codification h-statute i-parliament j-legislatureII. Fill in the blanks:1. subdivision2. maxim3. federal4. enforcement5. statutes6. precedent7. Legislation8.Stare decisis9. legal ,legal 10. judicial , judicialClozeDocuments lawsuit trial attorneys advisors,Clients juries alternative practice representationTranslation1. 根据美国宪法，联邦政府分为行政、立法和司法三大部门，每个部门都被认为是独立的，并且能够相互制衡。

2. 通常有三类案件可以到达最高法院，即：牵涉到诉讼当事人分属不同的州的案件，牵涉到解释联邦法案的案件和解释美国宪法的案件。

3. 大律师事务所的律师平均收入最高；他们常常代理那些最有钱且最有社会地位的当事人；而且同高层次的法官和政府官员有着密切的联系。

个人执业者和小律师事务所的律师收入最低，代理那些既没钱又没社会地位的当事人，而且主要同最低级别的法院和行政机构打交道。

预约合同法律英语Appointment Contract Legal English。

An appointment contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties that outlines the terms and conditions of an appointment. This contract serves to protect the rights and interests of both parties involved. In this article, we will discuss the key elements of an appointment contract and the importance of using clear and concise language to ensure a comprehensive and effective agreement.1. Introduction。

An appointment contract is a formal agreement between a service provider and a client, establishing the terms of an appointment. This contract is essential to ensure that both parties understand their rights and obligations. It is crucial to use clear and concise language to avoid any misunderstandings or disputes in the future.2. Parties Involved。

The appointment contract should clearly identify the parties involved. This includes the service provider, who will be providing the services, and the client, who will be receiving the services. It is important to include their full legal names and contact information to establish their identities.3. Scope of Services。

雅思8分范文S o c i e t y i s b a s e d o n r u l e s a n d l a w s-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANSociety is based on rules and laws. It could not function well if individuals were free to do as they please. To what extent do you agree or disagreeOverall, I agree with the view that laws and rules set down by the government are necessary for the well-being of society. Society would be in complete chaos without due restrictions.There two reasons for this. Firstly, as the earth’s resources are limited and there are not enough to satisfy everyone, laws provide the necessary criteria to help people to address conflicts of interest. For example, property law helps citizens to identify property ownership, and help them to avoid fights over a piece of land or personal property as was common in early history. Secondly , laws and rules force people to live up to their obligations. Without the deterrent effect of heavy fines, drivers would be more likely to exceed the speed limit, despite the possibility of hitting other cars or pedestrians. Similarly, without environmental laws and regulations, more factories may discharge toxic sewage directly into rivers and lakes, resulting in serious ecological consequences.On the other hand, although laws and rules are the cornerstone of an orderly society, regulations should be a means rather than an end. It is possible that some laws and rules are so harsh that most citizens feel their rights are violated. When this happens, the government should respect the will of the majority and change these laws and rules.In conclusion, I believe that the rule of law is essential for any properly-functioning society because it makes society more stable, efficient and fair. Nevertheless, laws and rules shouldbe changed if most citizens believe that they are too strict , so that laws and rules can be enforced without denying citizens the freedom that they deserve. (276字，8分范文)。

制作法律文书英语作文模板Title: Template for Drafting Legal Documents in English。

Introduction。

Drafting legal documents in English requires a highlevel of precision, clarity, and attention to detail. Whether you are a lawyer, legal assistant, or law student,it is essential to have a solid understanding of the key components and structure of legal documents. In thisarticle, we will provide a comprehensive template for drafting various types of legal documents in English, including contracts, agreements, pleadings, and more.1. Heading。

The heading of a legal document typically includes the following information:Title: The title should clearly indicate the type ofdocument, such as "Contract for Sale of Goods" or "Settlement Agreement."Parties: The names and addresses of the partiesinvolved in the transaction or legal matter should beclearly identified.Date: The date of the document should be clearly stated, including the day, month, and year.2. Introduction。

《高级法学英语》李剑波主编Unit 8 Section B content of an EIA 译文第一段(1-2自然段)：什么是环境影响评估，它的目的和作用是什么。

1对环境影响评价的内容的充分讨论应当建立在理解它的目的的基础之上。

《埃斯波公约》将环境影响评价描述为“评估一项提议可能会对环境造成的影响的程序”。

这类环境影响评估的目的是，当国家决策者要决定是否批准某活动以及对该活动采取何种控制措施时，为国家决策者提供可能产生的跨界环境影响的信息。

一项环境影响评价是任何旨在确定环境风险、将环境问题纳入发展活动、促进可持续发展的管理体系的基础。

2它是一种工具,目标是明智的决策,但它不决定一个活动是否应该继续或如何被管理。

这些决定是为相关的公共部门制定的，平衡环境影响评价所提供的信息与其他被认为是决定性的因素，包括经济发展。

从这个角度看,很明显，一个“令人满意的”环境影响评价不需要显示一个活动不会有跨界损害的风险。

只要环境影响评价能提供有关活动可能的跨界影响的必要信息，并遵循适当的流程，就足够了。

第二段（3-7自然段）：联合国国际法院和（联合国）国际法委员会对于环境影响评价的内容提出了什么样的观点和解释。

3一项环境影响评价具体应该由什么内容构成，是一个应该由律师来回答的法律问题，而不是技术人员需要回答的技术问题。

在纸浆厂案件的判决中，联合国国际法院指出:每一个活动的环境影响评价的具体内容，应该根据活动的性质、规模、活动可能给环境带来的不利影响以及执行这样一个环境影响评价程序所耗费的尽职调查精力等等，由每个国家在制定国内法或者批准这个活动的过程中自行决定。

4这份判决传达了两个很重要的观点。

第一，环境影响评价不是仅仅只能由法律事先规定，也可以在授权或批准一个活动的过程中提出。

重要的是有一些实实在在的手段来确保环境影响评价的实施。

第二,尽管每个环境影响评价的具体内容由国家确定,但是(一项重大活动启动之前)必须进行环境影响评价，而且环境影响评价必须与活动的性质、规模、活动可能给环境带来的不利影响等息息相关。