英国文学选读第四版复习资料

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What is the French influence over English literature?The French influence is most marked in the drama。

Rimed couplets instead of blank verse, the unities, a more regular construction，and the presentation rather than individual - these were some of the French requirements which the English dramatists had more or less in mind。

The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest。

What is the main theme of Sonnet 18？This poem asserts the power of literature to combat the ravages of time and declare the greatness of man and his immortality. Shakespeare expresses that as long as there are breaths in mankind, his poetry will also live on，and ensures the immortality of his thought。

What are the features of Dickens’s works?Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age。

Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学历史悠久而丰富多样，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各个时期和流派。

在这篇文章中，我们将探索英国文学史的一些重要时期和作品，并提供一些选读复习资料，帮助读者更好地了解和掌握英国文学。

中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，其代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。

《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗，描写了勇敢的英雄贝奥武夫的冒险故事。

《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部讲述了一群人在前往坎特伯雷朝圣途中分享故事的作品，通过这些故事，揭示了中世纪社会的各个层面。

文艺复兴时期是英国文学史的重要里程碑，该时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，充满了人文主义的精神。

莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的作品包括诗剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

这些作品以其深刻的人物刻画和复杂的情节而闻名，被认为是世界文学的瑰宝。

17世纪是英国文学史上的黄金时代，其中最重要的作家是约翰·米尔顿。

他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学的巅峰之作，以其对人类自由意志和权力的思考而著称。

此外，约翰·多恩也是这一时期的重要作家，他的诗歌作品以其独特的形式和思想深度而受到赞誉。

18世纪是英国文学史上的启蒙时代，这一时期的作品强调理性和科学思维。

亚历山大·蒲柏是这一时期最重要的作家之一，他的诗歌作品《诗人的墓》和《奥德赛》被广泛阅读和研究。

此外，詹姆斯·汤姆森的长诗《四季》也是这一时期的重要作品，描绘了大自然的美丽和变化。

19世纪是英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期，作家们追求情感和个体的表达。

威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是浪漫主义诗歌的代表作家，他们的作品强调对自然和内心世界的关注。

此外，查尔斯·狄更斯是这一时期最重要的小说家之一，他的作品《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等揭示了当时社会的不公和人性的复杂性。

20世纪是英国文学史上的现代主义时期，作家们挑战传统文学形式和观念。

英国⽂学复习资料The Anglo-saxon period(450-1066)⼀，historical background1, History: The earliest settlers of British Isles were the Celts.2, Old English poetry.⼆，Northumbrian school and Wessex literature.1, Two Highlight in the development of Anglo-saxon literature:(1). Northumbrian school (2), Wessex literature.2,The first Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedmon —“paraphrase”3.Bede: —“the father of English History.”The Ecclesiastical History of English people. 4.King Alfred —the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle三．Epic1. Definition: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style.2. Anglo-Saxon Poetry—Beowulf (heroic epic)3.The earliest one is Widsith and last is Maldon .4.The plot: (1)fight with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, Firedrake.(2)the death and funeral5.the significance:6.National epic: Homer’s epic poetry(Greek);V irgil(Roman)7.Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.8.Kenning: A kind of metaphor usually used a phrase instead of a concrete noun.The Norman Period(1066-1350) ⼀．History background1. Norman conquest ended the Anglo-Saxon period2.the influence of Norman Conquest:(1)accelerated the development of feudalism in England.(2)the Anglo-Saxon, low position; English, despised thing.(3)three languages co-existed in England(French ,Latin, Old-English)⼆．Middle English1.the development of English Language2.the unique situation of language using during this time:French ,Latin, Old-English三．R omance1.Norman Conquest’s influence on English languageRomance——Frence——nobbles;lordsNo writtern——English——English subjet（⾂民）Chronicles,religious poem——Latin——scholar2.Definition: the Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England which described the life andadventures of knights and reflects the spirit of chivalry in the form of verse. It’s usually about love, chivalry and religion.3.Rhyme:4.Bob: a line of two syllables.5.Wheel: a poem of four lines(a.b.a.b.)6.Three categories of Romans(1),The matter of France—Chanson de roland.(2), the matter of Rome—Alexander(3), The matter of Britain—Arthurian7. Sir Gawain and Green KnightAge of Chaucer⼀，History background1.The hundred years war between England and France(two kings for France throne)2, The peasant uprising of 1381,during the reign of king Richard 2⼆，John wycliff—The father of English prose.1,Contribution:(1),dedicated to religious reform(clergymen had no right to hold property and the civil authority had the right to deprive the church of property, if it proved unworthy of the people’s trust.),(2),Great contribution to English language (translated Bible into standard English)2,William Langland—the vision of Piers Plowman ; Allegory3, Allegory: A story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper meaning.(primary meaning and secondary meaning)三，Chaucer—the father of English poetry(why?)1, Contribution to English literature:(1), Chaucer proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods.(2)，Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.(3) Chaucer’s works gave a comprehensive picture of his time.(4), the dramatic structure of his work has been highlycommended by critics.(5)Chaucer made a big improvement of English literature.2,Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)（1），couplet （两⾏诗⼀押韵）（2），iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3，Canterbury Tales(1) Structure：24 tales connect by “links”(2)His plan; Chaucer met a group of 29 pilgrims at Canterbury on his way. To kill the time on their journey, they play a game that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the outward trip and another two on the way back. Chaucer and their host joined them, the host will be a judge and give a reward to the one who give the best tale.4,The significance of the Canterbury tales(1), it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.(2).the dramatic structure of his work has been highly commended by critics.（3），It reflects the Chaucer’s humor.(4),It’s a great contribution that Chaucer gave to the English language.The 15th century⼀,Historical background1. The Hundred Years War:(in1415,at the battle of Agincourt ,King Henry 5 defeated French Army)2,The War of the Rose s—Thirty Y ears War:(break out between two families ,at last King Henry 7 defeated Richard 3 ,and then married Elizabeth)3,The discovery of America and the new sea routes —Columbus4,Reformation of the church（the church Henry 8 founded is Anglican church新教）⼆，Popular Ballads(民谣)(belongs to folk literature)1.Definition：a narrative poem that tells a story2. the characters of ballad:(1), the beginning is abrupt (2),strong dramatic elements(3),using dialogue and action (4), the theme is often tragic(5),using ballad meter3, Ballad Meter(1), four-line stanzas(2), the odd numbered(奇数) lines have 4 feet each(3), the even numbered （偶数）lines have 3 feet each(4)，rhymes fall on the even numbered lines4，the popular ballad:Sir Patrick Spens帕特⾥克斯本⼠爵⼠Robin Hood and the three squires罗宾汉和三个乡绅三，Sir Thomas Malory——The Death of King Arthur 四，Early English palys1,The first comedy—Ralph Roister Doister(作者：Nicholas Vdall)2, History: In ancient Greece and Rome , drama was one of the popular forms of entertainment. And then used as part of religious services. By the 14th century, it developed into mystery plays (神秘剧)and miracle plays.（神话剧）3,Dramatic Terms.(1),script剧本（2）stage directions舞台说明（3），monologue 独⽩（4），aside旁⽩（5）,soliloque独⽩(6)act 幕（7）scene场（8）set布景4. Drama’s Definition: Drama is “a composition in prose or verse, adapted to be acted upon a stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery, as in real life.”The English Renaissance英国启蒙运动⼀，history backgroundEnglish navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.⼆,the enclosure movement(圈地运动)Definition: with development of wool trade, some of the nobles and burghers turned vast arable land into their pastures and many peasants became landless.三，H umanism1, renaissance(⽂艺复兴):the rebirth of literary movement that begin in the 14th century in Italy and later to France ,Spanish ,the Netherlands and English and its idea was humanism.2，Humanism: support the idea that man should be given the full freedom to enrich their emotional life,and in praise of man and pursuit of happiness in their life.四，William Shakespeare—playwright, poet, dramatist,actor.1.works: (1)sonnets(2)Mid-summer Nights Dream(3)Romeo and Juliet(4),The Merchant of V enice(5)As Y ou LikeIt(6),Hamlet(7),Othello(8),KingLear(9)Macbeth(10)The winters tale2, Sonnet Definition: is a short poem of 14 lines ,uauslly in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) with various rhyming schemes(韵脚)。

英国文学期末考试复习指南考试题型及分值安排试卷共5部分part I 作家作品搭配10% （该部分全部来自课本讲过的作家及其代表作品）part II 判断正误10%part III单项选择30% （50%出自下面给出的参考题目）part IV作品辨析40% （给出8题中考4题，另有1题出自课堂讲过的作品）part V 简答10% （从下面给出的复习资料中考1题）Part I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period1.______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A. The Wife's ComplaintB. BeowulfC. The Dream of the RoodD. The Seafarer2. It's Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society in his masterpiece ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The Legend of Good WomenC. The Romaunt of the RoseD. Troilus and Criseyde3. The Elizabethan ______, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.A. poetryB. novelC.humanismD. drama4. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the ______legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. GermanB. BritishC.FrenchD. American5. Christopher Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in the fact that he perfected ______and made it the principal medium of English drama.A. the heroic coupletB. the free verseC.the blank verseD. the Spenserian stanza6. ______, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare's most popular play on the stage.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. HamletC. King LearD. Julius Caesar7. ______ is based on a widespread legend in northern Europe.A. TamburlaineB. The Jew of MaltaC. HamletD. The Winter's Tale8. ______ Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.A. John Milton'sB. Francis Bacon'sC. Montaigne'sD. Thomas Gray's9. ______is the leading figure of the metaphysical school.A. John MiltonB. John DonneC. John BunyanD. John Keats10.______ is indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. The Faerie QueeneChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period1. ______is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. Genesis AB. ExodusC. The Pilgrim's ProgressD. The Holy War2. ______has been regarded by some as "Father of the English novel" for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A. John BunyanB. Henry FieldingC. Daniel DefoeD. Jonathan Swift3. Of all the 18th century novelists ______was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose."A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. John BunyanD. Jonathan Swift4.______brings Henry Fielding the name of the "Prose Homer".A. The Pilgrim's ProgressB. Tom JonesC. Robinson CrusoeD. Colonel Jack5. The poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is regarded as the most representative work of______.A. the Metaphysical SchoolB. The Graveyard SchoolC. the Gothic SchoolD. the Romantic school6. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard", ______ best and most representative work, has been ranked among the best of the 18th century English poetry.A. Alexander Pope'sB. Thomas Gray'sC. Samuel Johnson'sD. William Blake's7. In his novel, Robinson Crusoe, Defoe describes the hero of the______.A. aristocratic classB. enterprising landlordsC. rising bourgeoisieD. hard-working peopleChapter 3 The Romantic Period1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, written by Wordsworth and______.A. KeatsB. ColeridgeC. SoutheyD. Byron2. ______defines poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility."A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. John Keats3. For the Romantics, ______ is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.A. loveB. manC. natureD. death4. The two major novelists of the English Romantic Period are ______and Walter Scott.A. Washington IrvingB. Jane AustenC. Herman MelvilleD. Charles Dickens5. The principal elements of ______ novel are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion.A. GothicB. RomanticC. SentimentalD. Realistic6. Byron’s masterpiece is ____.A. Don JuanB. ManfredC. CainD. Queen Mab8. Who is a novelist among the following writers? ____A. Jonathan SwiftB. Christopher MarloweC. Jane AustenD. Alfred TennysonChapter 4 The Victorian Period1. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens's works lies in his ______.A. social criticismB. optimismC. character-portrayalD. social setting2. ______is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the underworld in the 19th century London.A. Oliver TwistB. Great ExpectationsC. David CopperfieldD. Hard Times3. ______ is Robert Browning's best-known dramatic monologue.A. "My Last Duchess"B. "Meeting at Night"C. "Parting at Morning"D. "Pippa Passes"4. Most of Hardy's novels are set in______, the fictional primitive and crude region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.A. LondonB. YoknapatawphaC. WessexD. Paris5. ______works are known as "novels of characters and environment. "A. Charles Dickens'sB. Thomas Hardy'sC. Jane Austen'sD. George Eliot's6. ______could be classified to be both a naturalistic and a critical realistic writer.A. Charles DickensB. George EliotC. Thomas HardyD. T. S. Eliot7. ______ believes that man's fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of "nature", both inside and outside.A. Charles DickensB. Thomas HardyC. Bernard ShawD. T. S. Eliot8. During the Victorian period, the____ became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.A dramaB sonnetsC poetryD novel9. “My Last Duchess” is ____.A. a sonnetB. a short lyricC. an essayD. a dramatic monologue10. Choose the literary trend that belongs to Modernism.A expressionismB surrealismC DadaismD all of the above11. Which of the following is not a stream-of-consciousness novel? ____A. Lord JimB. UlyssesC. Mrs. DallowayD. The Wave12. ____was the most gifted dramatist of the Irish National Theater Movement.A. William Butler YeatsB. Lady GregoryC. J.M. SyngeD. George Bernard ShawPart II. Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Passage OneWhen the sweet showers of April fall and shootDown through the drought of March to pierce the root,Bathing every vein in liquid powerFrom which there springs the engendering of the flower,When also Zephyrus with his sweet breathExhales an air in every grove and heathUpon the tender shoots, and the young sunHis half-course in the sign of the Ram has runQuestions:1. Identify the author and the work.2. What’s the form of this passage? Explain it briefly.3. Paraphrase the first four lines in your own words.Passage TwoThe earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against theirenterprises stars and planets circled in their orbits, to preserve inviolate a system of which they were the centre.Questions1. Identify the author and the work.2. What is the personality of the protagonist in this novel?3. What can this passage be classfied? Realism or romanticism?What are thecharacteristics of this literature form?Passage ThreeBut as to myself, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately tell upon this proposal, which, as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expense and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, the flesh being of too tender a consistence to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.Questions:1. Identify the author and the work.2. What is the “commodity” mentioned in this passage?3. Wthat does “a country” refer to?4. What is the real purpose of the writing of this article?Passage FourA little black thing among the snowCryi ng “weep! Weep! In notes of woe!”“Where are thy father & mother? Say?They are both gone up to the church to pray.Questions:1. Identify the author and the work.2. What does “a little black thing” in the first line refer to?3. What is the theme of the poem?Passage FiveTess, like her compeers, soon discovered which of the cows had a preference for her style of manipulation, and her fingers having become delicate from the long domiciliary imprisonment to which she had subjected herself at intervals during the last two or three years, she would have been glad to meet the milcher’s views in this respect. Out of the whole ninety-five there were eight in particular--Dumpling, Fancy, Lofty, Mist, Old Pretty, Young Pretty, Tidy, and Loud--who, though the teats of one or two were as hard as carrots, gave down to her with a readiness that made her work on them a mere touch of the fingers. Knowing, however, the dairyman’s wish, she endeavored conscientiously to take the animals just as they came, expecting the very hard yielders, which she could not yet manage.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a novel entitled____.2. The name of the author is____.3. What's the theme of the novel?Passage SixFor oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dances with the daffdiles.Questions1. Identify the author and the work.2. What does “inward eye” mean?3. What can this poem be classfied? Realism or romanticism? What charactersabout this literature form can you get from the poem?Passage SevenO, well for the fisherman’s boy,That he shouts with his sister at play!O, well for the sailor lad,That he sings in his boat on the bay!And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanish’d hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Questions1. Identify the author and the work.2. What kind of feeling is expressed in this poem?3. List at leat three rhetorical devices used in the poem.Passage Eight…Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,Whene’ver I passed her; but who passed withoutMuch the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;Then all smiles stopped together. There she standsAs if alive.Questions1. Identify the author and the work.2. What’s the form of this poem? Explain this form briefly.3. What happened to the “She” in the poem?4. What kind of person is the speaker in the poem?Part III. Write a short essay on the following topic.1. Give a brief analysis of Satan's characterization in Paradise Lost.2. Comment on the characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.。

10对外《英国文学史作品选读》期末考试复习材料10对外《英美文学史及作品选读》期末考试复习材料一、名词解释1. Enlightenment:With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other Europe an countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. They fought against inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the servi ce of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.（启蒙运动）2. Ode:A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on so me lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a pers on or a season or to commemorate an event.（赋；颂歌；颂诗）3. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism.（浪漫主义）4. Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral traditi on and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）5. Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.（冒险故事；传奇）6. Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written inrhymed iambic pentameter. A s onnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.（十四行诗）7. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an ia mb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.（抑扬格五音步）8. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic p entameter couplet.（两行诗；对句）9. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly differe nt things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical co nceit.（奇喻）10. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. （头韵）二、考试大纲Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period (449—1066)1.Literature characteristicsLiterary divisions : pagan &Christian2 .Representative achievement of Anglo-Saxon period—The Song of Beowulf(了解Beowulf 的文学地位，主题，故事梗概等内容。

英国文学史复习资料整理篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)? historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1thJulius CaesarA.D.43ClaudiusC. mid-5thAnglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagasChristian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★ Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf– national epic★ the longest and most monument of A-S poems★ the oldest surviving epic in British literature.? oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)? set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive peo ple’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism.? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land? on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants? on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The developmentof romance and knights’ legends★ Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.? Themes of romance:the matter of Britain— king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France— Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome— from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature;＊legendary hero in ? Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain” ?Layamon:“Brut”? Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”? Anglo-Saxon? Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knig ht‖ (four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。

英国文学复习资料上课讲义英国文学复习资料1Chapter One （一般掌握）Chapter Two English Literature of the Late Medieval AgesI．可出选择题有：( ) 1. Apart from original poems, Chaucer translated various works of French authors, among them is the famous __________________A. The Canterbury TalesB. The Romance of the RoseC. The Parliament of FowlsD. The House of Fame( ) 2. Generally speaking, Chaucer’s works fall into three main groups corresponding roughly to the three periods of his adult life, which period is wrong?A. The period of French influenceB. The period of Italian influenceC. The period of his maturityD. The period of American influence( ) 3. Which of the following information about Chaucer is wrong?A. He died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in the write r’s corner of Westminster AbbyB. He was considered as “father of English Poetry”C. He was one of the narrative poets of EnglandD. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales( ) 4. Of the following, the one which employs the form of romance is____.A. AmorettiB. Venus and AdonisC. The TempestD. Sir Gawain and Green Knight( ) 5. The characters in the Canterbury Tales can be divided into the following groups except_____.A. rural dwellersB. church membersC. tradesmanD. nobles( ) 6. Piers the Plowman is similar in form to the work written byA. ChaucerB. ShakespeareC. MarloweD. BunyanChapter Three English Literature in the RenaissanceI．可出选择题有：( ) 1. English Renaissance Period was an age of ______________A. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs( ) 2. “Romeo, Romeo, Wherefore art thou Romeo?” is one of the most famous lines from Romeo and Juliet. Which of the following comments on the line is NOT true?A. Juliet speaks the line in the balcony scene.B. She is unaware of Romeo’s presence.C. She asks him to deny his family for her love.D. A major theme in Romeo and Juliet is the tension between social and family identity and one’s inner identity (representedby one’s name). ( ) 3. The Elizabethan literature____________A. had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to thequeen.B. witnessed a decline of degenerationC. expressed age and sadness, even the brightest hours were followed bygloom and pessimism.D. was not romantic.( ) 4. One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinese historyA. Henry IVB. MacbethC. TamburlaineD. Alchemist( ) 5. Dr Faustus sells his soul to the devil because he_________.A. is faced by MephistophelesB. wants to gain more moneyC. wants to live an extravagant lifeD. wants to know more about the world( ) 6. Shakespeare is a poet , playwright and ______.A. criticB. novelistC. an actorD. both b and c( ) 7. Of the following, the one which employs the form of romance is____.A. AmorettiB. Venus and AdonisC. The TempestD. Sir Gawain and Green Knight( ) 8. The difference of Surrey’s contribution to English poetry from that of Wyatt lies in that Surrey________.A. wrote the first English sonnetB. introduce the couplet into EnglandC. wrote the first English blank verseD. made the sonnet popular( ) 9. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama isA. SurreyB. MarloweC. ShakespeareD. Jonson( ) 10. The recurrent theme of Marlowe’ s play is the p raise of ____.A. capitalismB. feudalismC. individualismD. nationalismII．可出填空题有：1. Rough winds do shake the _______________of May,And _____________has all too short a date.2. Sometimes too hot the ______________shines, and often is his __________dimmed.3. Shakespeare produced __________plays and ____________sonnet.4. ___________is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English Materialism”.III．可出简答题有：Analyze Shakespeare’s four periods of career concisely.Chapter Four English Literature of the Seventeenth Century I．可出选择题有：( ) 1. __________was a progressive intellectual movement which began in France and had a wide impact throughout Europe in 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. The EnlightenmentC. The Religious ReformationD. The Chartist Movement( ) 2.Which of the following comment on the image of Satan in Paradise Lost is NOT correct?A. The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of Hell and Satanwas the real hero.B. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angelsC. He remains obeyed and admired by all the angelsD. It is he who makes man revolt against God.( ) 3. Which of the following information about John Donne is NOT true?A. He was born in a Roman Catholic family.B. He received his education at Oxford and Cambridge.C. Later he gave up his Catholic faith and took orders in the AnglicanChurch.D. He wrote only religious poems.( ) 4. Dryden’s contribution to English literature lies in the following except_____.A. he established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse formB. he clarified the English proseC. he raised the English literature criticism to a new levelD. he raised English comedy to a higher level( ) 5. Apology for Poetry is ______.A. a poemB. a romanceC. a criticismD. a sonnetII．可出判断题有：( ) 1. John Donne is famous for his metaphysical conceit, that is, a comparison between the two strikingly resemblant objects.( ) 2. Newspaper was born in 17th century.( ) 3. One of the characteristics of the English bourgeois revolution was that it was carried out under the cloak of religion.III．可出填空题有：1．________________is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry.IV．可出术语有：metaphysical poetsChapter Five English Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyI．可出选择题有：( ) 1. In the 18th century, satire was much used in writing, English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as ____________A. SwiftB. DefoeC. BlakeD. Burns( ) 2. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were_____________A. Blake and WordsworthB. Burns and ColeridgeC. Blake and BurnsD. Wordsworth and Coleridge( ) 3. Which of the following information about William Blake is NOT true?A. He was born in London, the son of Irish hosier.B. He was a poet as well as an engraver.C. His first book of poem was Songs of Innocence.D. His later poems are mysterious and hard to understand.( ) 4. The main literary stream of the 18th century was___________.A. RomanticismB. RealismC. Pre-romanticismD. Critical realism( ) 5. __________was considered as “father of English Novel”.A. SwiftB. FieldingC. ChaucerD. Jane Austin( ) 6. In 1704, ___________founded the periodicals “the Review”.A. SwiftB. BlakeC. MiltonD. DefoeII．可出判断题有：( ) 1. Pope established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms.( ) 2. Burn’s poems are largely based on imitation andrevision of folk ballads of his motherland.( ) 3. Neo-classicism means restraint, thus it is unfit for the requirement of French Revolution, which aroused the age of Romantic Revival to unfetter spirit of humankind.( ) 4. Swift is known as a pioneer novelist of English and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on variety of subjects.( ) 5. The Houyhnhnms represent an ideal rational existence, a life governed by sense.III．可出填空题有：1. ________________is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry.2. People in 18th century believed in ___________and their watchword was。

Chapter 11.Earliest settlers---Celts2.55 B.C. TO 407 A.D. ---Roman EmpireLondon was founded3.演变Celts- Romans – Anglo-Saxon – English4.Julius Caesar ; the first general came to British5.500A.D. THE founder of the kingdom wessex; the Celts King Arthur. His followers ; who were know as the knights of the round table;fight for their kingdom against the AS invaders.6.9th century; King Alfred ; the great of Wessex lead the AS kingsto defeat the invaders by uniting their forces.7.the Norman Conquest1066; Duck of Normandy came from Normandy to attack England to gets the land promise to be given to him for protecting from the Danes invasion by Edward Ⅱ. And Normandy beat the Harold at the Hesting.8.Two highlight in the development of AS literatureA. Northumrian School错误!the first AS poet ---CaedmonThe earliest English poet. According to Bede; he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.错误!Vernerable Bede; A monk write in Lain <The Ecclesiastical History of the English People> Father of English HistoryB. the reign of Alfred Contribution错误!translate a number of Latin books into West Saxon dialect 错误!<The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle>错误!created a style of Anglo-Saxon Prose9. A long epic poetry 长篇叙事诗<Beowulf>A.the earliest heroic poetryB.the most significant poetryC.existed in oral form as early as the 6th centuryD.Beowulf is a mixture of paganism and Christian elements10.Difference between Old Eng poetry ; later poetry is technicalstructure11.There are two poetic features of Old English poetry:alliteration and kenning.Chapter 21.流行Romance 主要写Knights2.Duke William of Normandy. The Norman Conquest in 1066 acceleratedthe development of feudalism 封建主义in ENG3.Categories of Romances: The matter of Erance ;the matter of Rome ;the matter of Britain4.Middle ENG:A.words that are related with enjoyment and pleasure are usuallyof the French originB.many inflectional form of words were droppedC.formal grammar simplified5. Medieval Romance Subject MattersA. matter of French Charlemagne the Great; Roland; <Chanson de Roland>B. matter of Rome Alexander the Great; The siege of TroyC. Britain the Arthurian LegendBy Sir Gawain; Launce lot; Marlin; the quest for Holy Grail; the Death of King Arthur.Chapter 3 Age of Chaucer1.The Hundreds’Years War is an awakening of nationalConsciousness in ENG;the French heroine Joan of Arc贞德2.Geoffrey Chaucer Buried in the Poets’ Conner in WestminsterAbbeyA.Father of Eng poetryB.The work of Geoffrey Chaucer错误!influenced by French literature<The Book of the Duchess>错误!influenced by Boccaccio <Travius and Cryseyde>错误!<The Canterbury Tales >坎特伯雷故事集The general prologue 总序is the best part of it.3.the significances of <The Canterbury Tales>A.Gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s timeB.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended高度赞赏by criticsC.Geoffrey Chaucer’s humorD.Chaucer’s contribution to ENG languageE.Perhaps the greatest work in Middle English4.John WycliffA.father of ENG proseB.one of the first figures who demanded to reform churchC.the one translate Bible into standard ENG5.William Langland<Sir Gawain> <Green Knights><The Vision of PiersPlowman>Chapter 41.main eventsA.The war of the Rose ;the thirty Years Warthe house ofLancaster/Red; the house of YorkB.The discovery of American and the new sea routesC.Reformation of church. HenryⅧ found the Anglican Church;break away from the church of Rome.2.Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story3.Characters of BalladsA.the beginning is often abruptB.have strong dramatic elementsC.the story is told through dialogue and actionD.the theme is often tragicE.the meter格律is used contains four-line stanzas; the oddnumbered line奇数four feet; the even numbered line偶数three feet. Rhymes fall on the even numbered lines.4.BalladsA.<Robin Hood> A legendary hero living during the reign ofRichard the Lion Heated 金雀花王朝B.<The Death of King Arthur>By Sir Thomas Mallory prefect theking Arthur5.Early ENG Playsthe 14th developed intomystery Plays神秘剧;miracle plays 奇迹剧6.The flourishing of dramathe reason: no other entertainment ;both rich and poor can go to thereChapter 5英国文学史上三次高潮 15th ENG Renaissance— 19th上Romantic —19th 下 Victoria1.The BackgroundQueen Elizabeth ; defeat the Spanish Armada 无敌舰队; mighty naval power强有力的海军.2.Humanism 人文主义Rebirth文艺复兴的时代精神Humanism Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth ”in ENG3.人文主义的解释及价值观According to the Humanist scholars it was against human nature to 错误!sacrifice the happiness of the life for an after life. They argued that 错误!man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church; In art and literati on; instead of happiness in his life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman catholic church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.4.Edmund Spenser <The Faerie Queen>5.The University WitsA.Robert GreeneB.Thomas Kyd <The Spanish Tragedy>C.Christopher Marlowe<The tragic History of Doctor Faustus> Theblank Verse无韵诗Unrhymed iambic pentameter6.William ShakespeareA.发展错误!Early years of his apprenticeship学徒期错误!Growth and development错误!gloom and depression错误!restored serenityB.achievement错误!represented the trend of history in giving write to the desires and aspiration of people错误!S’ humanism: He had firm belief in the mobility of human nature and in the power of love错误!S’ characterization; S’ characters are round 丰满的而非flatter 扁平错误!originality错误!as a great poet in sonnets错误!master of the Eng language7.Four Tragedy : Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; The Tragedy of Macbeth8.Sonnets Italy/Petrarch’s —the first one; S’sA.definition A short song in the original meaning of the wordbecome a poet of 14 lines. Usually in iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步 with various rhyming schemes.B.Sonnet; 3 quatrains; 1 couplet Shakespeare’s <Mr.W.H><DarkLady>9.S’s sonnets are different from Petrach’s.Petrach’s sonnets is divided into an octave八音which typically rhymes abba abba ; and a sestet; which may have varying rhyme schemes.Shakespeare’s sonnets English sonnetsconsists of 3 quatrains and 1 couplet ;which typically rhyme abab cdcd efef gg .ends witha surprised conclusion or a shift of ideas.Petrach abba abba / cde cdeShakespeare abab cdcd efef / gg10.Hamlet —Humanist melancholy忧郁 procrastination优柔寡断Chapter 6From Age of Elizabeth to Glorious Revolution1.Backgroundthe ENG bourgeois revolution 资产阶级革命;农民与贵族阶级;Anglican church 与Puritanical Church2.Glorious Revolution 1688In 1688; William signed <The Bill of Rights> presented by Parliament; which greatly restricted the power of English King hence four ENGLAND has become a country of constitutional monarchy.君主立宪制3.The King James Bible of 1611Old Testament in HebrewsNew Testament in GreekThe earliest English translations of the Bible date back to Caedmon; Bade and King Alfred.4.Francis Bacon. Praised by Marx as “the pioneer of EngMaterialism唯心主义”5.<Of Studies>目的：Studies serve for delight; for ornament; for ability.功效：History make man wise; poetry witly; mathematics subtitle;natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.方法：Books are able to be tasked; others to be swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested.6.玄学派特点Metaphysical PoetsJohn DonneMetaphysical Poets describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by hold and ingenious conceits 奇思妙喻incongruous imagery. Complexity of thought; frequent use of Paradox; and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.7.Main theme of Metaphysical Poets: love; death and religionMain theme of Cavalier骑士派：Carpe Diem及时行乐8.Cavalier: Carpe diem<ＡValediction：forbidding mourning >A breach; but an expansionLike gold to airy thinness beatIf they be two; they are two so.As stiff twin compasses are two.THEME; 他人物质化的爱情与我柏拉图式的真爱..9.John MiltonPuritan Writer<Paradise Lost>10.<Paradise Lost>ton ’s master piece and one of the greatest poems in worldliterate.B.Satan; the most impressive character Better to reign inHell than Serve in HeavenC.Meaning:错误!rebellion spirits叛逆精神错误!defiance of authority对权威的藐视错误!excessive pride极端自负11.John BunyanPuritan <The Pilgrim’s progress>天路历程iswritten in the old fashioned medieval form of allegory and drama. Chapter 71.Glorious Revolution2.Two Parliaments: The Tory & The Whig3.The characters of neo-classicismOfficialA.People emphasized reason理智rather than emotion; form ratherthan contentB.As reason was stressed; most of the writings of the age weredidactic 说教性and satirical讽刺C.As elegance 优雅性correctness正确性appropriateness 恰当性and restraint 节制性were preferred ; the poet found closedcouplet the only possible verse form for serious work.D.It’s almost exclusively a “town” poetry catering to theinterests of the “society” in great cities.E.It is entirely wanting in all these elements that are relatedwith the “romantic”CivilianA.Emphasized reason rather than emotion ; form rather thanContentB.Didactic and satiricalC.The poet found closed couplet the only for seriousD.Town poetry show no love of nature; landscape or countrythingsck of all Romantic Elements4． Geoffrey Chaucer; first use couplet—Pope5. Classicisms ; a drama; 3 unities: action; place; time6. Daniel Defoe; know as a pioneer novelist of ENG<Robinson>is based on a real incident.<Moll Flanders> a lowly women as the subject of literature who for her first time has committed theft and robbery.7. Jonathan Swift<Gulliver’s Travels>8.Joseph Addison & Richard Steele; periodical essays期刊写作. 2periodical 期刊the tattler; the spectator9.Alexander Pope 新古代表/英雄双韵顶峰<Whatever is ; is right >deist view 自然神论观点10.Samuel Johnson<A Dictionary of English Language>11.Henry Fielding playwright; novelist<The History of Tom Jones; A Founding>12.Robert Burns 抒情诗人From Scotland; write in Scottish and intraditional of Scottish folk songs. Besides; love lyrics; most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political Themes.Burns had a profound love for the common Scottish people and their literature. And his poems or songs are permeated with the Scottish natural spirit.<A Red; Red Rose>13.William Blake 神秘主义者同Burns 为前期浪漫主义代表<Songs of Innocence> <Songs of Experience>Chapter 8 Romanticism1.From Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 tothe death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2.Characters: The glorification of instinct and emotion a deepveneration 崇拜of nature; and a flaming zeal to remark the world.3.Rousseau 卢梭 French Philosopher . The Father of Romanticism/The Nobel Savage4.Characteristic features of the romantic movementA.Subjectivism主观主义B.Spontaneity 自发性C.Singularity 奇特性D.Worship of natureE.SimplicityF.There is a dominating note of melancholy / in the poems ofRomantic poets人道主义理想、忧郁气质G.An age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelingand emotion free verse form5.William Wordsworth —Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人6.WW <I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud>A.Sing of harmony between things in nature and between thenature and the poet himselfB.Personification; Simile; Metaphorke poets William Wordsworth; Robert Southey;Taylor Coleridge8.Samuel Taylor Coleridge <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子咏9.George Gordon Byron <Don Juan> <The Isles of Greece>10.<Don Juan> the adventure of a Spanish liberationByron’s fiery passion for the liberation of Greek people; and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love; religion and the social relation of his time.11.Percy Bysshe Shelley <Song to the man of England>希望英国人认识到自己的悲惨地位起来奋斗12.John Keats Last poet<On the First Looking into Chapmen’s Homer>13.Charles Lamb 剧作家With his sister 写了<Tales formShakespeare>Contribution to Familiar Essay14.Thomas de Quincy<On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth>15.Walter Scott—Historic Novel . 1832 die ; the end of RomanticismContribution <Ivanhoe>Chapter 9 Queen Victoria1.Two Queens:A.both were on a throne for a long period of time. Elizabeth40s; Victoria 60s.B.Developed rapidly in both politically ; economicallyC.Literature flourishedE’ - SB; drama. V’-novel2.The reason why novel rise quickly in V’s AgeA.the growth of urban population bring a new reading in publichB.the development of printing and making papers and the priceof books droppedC.people can make a living by writingD. a large part class who need recreation and entertainmentE.the novel provided a marvelous mechanism for all sort ofthings——explorisy the conditions of poor and the manners of society; satirizing individuals or institution ;advocating social reform and providing diversion for people at all levelsF.the feminist movement3.Characterized by the common featuresA.plot is unfolded against a social backgroundB.the cause-effect sequence much more striking than in previousnovelsC.published in serial form连载D.the spirit of Puritanism 清教主义E.characterized by their moral purpose hypocrisy 伪善 V’时期的共同特点F.critical realism 批判现实主义/ critical realistic novelist批判现实主义小说4.Charles Dickens <Oliver Twist><David Copperfield>artistic technique错误!a tendency to describe ugly characters or events错误!loves to instill life into inanimate things错误!description of pathetic scenes5.William Makepeace Thackeray<Vanity Fair>“A novel without hero”6.Difference between Thackeray and DickensA.Thackeray descript a different world from Dickens T; descriptpeople of upper and middle classes; D; descript the underdogs and the unprivilegedB.T is a cynic ; D is a sentimentalist 感伤主义者C.T against affectation. D is a Romanist7.The title Vanity Fair is taken from John Bunyan’s <ThePilgrim’s Progress>8.Lord Alfred Tennyson Laureate Poet<Break; Break; Break> 挽歌Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.9.Robert Browning the dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗<My lastDuchess>10.The Bront SisterA.Charlotte Bront —<Jane Eyre>B.Emily Bront —<Wuthering Height>C.Anne Bront —<Agnes Grey>11.Some critics said that the Bront inherited their strong emotionfrom their parents.A.The Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and theiraudacity in the search for spiritual integrity.B.Another factor was the moorland which was not yet corruptedby the evils of society.C.The Third factor their writing career was the fact that theywere greatly influenced by Romantic Poets.12.The works of Charlotte and Emily Bront and different from thoseof other Victorian writers in the aspects below:A.their works are marked by strong romantic elementsB.the role of nature is very significant in their workC.marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vitalstrength and passionate feelings.13.<Jane Eyre> first most powerful ENG novel which represents themodern view of women’s position in society.14.Emily Bront <Wuthering Heights>Heathcliff Catharine EmilyBront portrays the conflict between the privileged and the hire hand.15.Thomas Hardy; the last important novelist of the Victorian ageWessex novels.<Tess of the D’Urbervilles><Jude the Obscure>自然主义、社会达尔文主义 pessimisticThe dominate theme of his novel is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance; which are all predestined by Immanent Will. 16.George Bernard Shaw Irish <Major Barbar’s><Pygmalion><HeartBreak House>17.Oscar Wilde—<The Picture of Dorian Gray>decadence颓废主义名词解释1.Alliteration头韵is the repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.例子： of man was the mildest and most belovedTo his kin the kindest ; keenest for praise代表作：Sir Gawain &Green Knight2.Kenning隐喻A kenning is a metaphor usually composed two words; which becomes the formula 准则for a special object.3.RenaissanceA French word; means “Rebirth”.The art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being rediscovered after long years of neglect. English Re had two impulses —humanist reverence for the classics and English pride and sense of national identity. Emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.4.RomanceR is a type of literature that is very popular in the Middle age. The great age of medieval romance is the 12th and early 13the centuries and its chief breeding ground起源地is the aristocratic贵族的society in France.5.Allegory 寓言An allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underling meaning; and serve to spread moral teaching.6.Heroic Couplet英雄对偶句HC is a pare of rhyming 押韵的 iambic pentameter五步抑扬格lines. AA BB CC DD EE7.Ballad 民谣B is a narrative poem that tells story.8.The blank Verse无韵诗Unrhymed iambic pentameter; used in his dramas ; was the chief verse for; used by SB.16世纪的英国戏剧主要表现形式9.An ode 颂诗It’s a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings; often addressed toa person or celebrating an event.10.Dramatic monologue戏剧独白诗It’s a poem in which there is one imaginary speaker; addressing an imaginary audience.11.Allegory:A tale in verse or prose in which characters; actions; or settingsrepresent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings; a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.12.Anapest抑抑扬:Its made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables; with the two unstressed ones in front.常用资料修辞名称：meter格律; rhyme韵; sound assonance谐音; consonance 和音; alliteration头韵; form of poetry诗歌形式; allusion典故; foot 音步; iamb抑扬格; trochee扬抑格; anapest抑抑扬格; dactyl扬抑抑格; pentameter五音步。

John WycliffFather of English proseReform the church to away with the corruption and rottenness; translate Bible into standard English; maintain church must not interfere in temporal matters; fixes a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects.William LanglandpoetThe Vision of Piers Plowman(takes form of allorgory but gives realistic picture of 14th century)Sir Thomas MalorypoetLe Morte d'Arthur/The Death of ArthurGoeffrey Chaucerthe father of English poetryborn in rising family, join army then prisoned. smooth in political life.1st imitated French poetry and translated French poem, influenced by Italian,famous for his tales by linksThe Book of Duchess, Troilus and Cryseyde, The Parliament of Fowls, The House of Fame, The Canterbury TalesRenaissanceEdmund Spenser“the poet’s poet”born poor, became part of noble family, secretary of influential political members, queen son-in-law, boss burn down, he die in poorThe Shepheard's Calender(poem in 12parts, Virgil's verse dialogues, different descriptions of the English countryside, theme of love, poetry, religion);The Faerie Queene(allegorical romance, 7 deadly sins)Christopher MarloweThe greatest of pioneers of English drama in Renaissancehave been cooperate with Shakespeare.write all tragedies, works are remarkable for their imagination, burning passion, sensuous richness, variety of pace and response to varying emotions. his verse is known for its stateliness and its poetic beauty. Perfect blank-verseTamburlaine the Great(1587,Tamburlaine represent the Renaissance desire for infinite power and authority); The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus(1592, reflect the desire for infinite knowledge and express his atheism and patriotism, conforms with the orthodox teachings of the church)William ShakespeareThomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism.rich,help father of his shop, 18 married. left native town,a rising actor, disappear, write plays2 narrative poems: Venus and Adonis(1593),The Rape of Lucrece(1594)1st period of experimentation about history plays and comedies(imitation of exciting plays, by the spirit of youthfulness and rich imagination): King HenryVI(3parts, Richard III(1593),Two Gentlemen of Verona(1594), Love's LabourLost(1594))2nd period show more careful and artistic work, better plot and a marked increase in the knowledge of human nature: Midsummer Night's Dream(1595); Romeo and Juliet(1596); The Merchant of Venice(1597); two parts of Henry IV( As You Like It(1598), Julius Caesar(1599)); Henry V(1599)3rd period of gloom and depression: Hamlet(1601), Othello(1604),KingLear(1605),Macbeth(1605)4th period of restored serenity, a calm after storm: The Winter's Tale(1610), The Tempest(1611)17th centuryFrancis BaconThe first important essayist and the founder of modern science in Englandchief figure in 1700-1750, father is Lord, be a Lord but corruption and dismissed. pursuit of literary and scientific works; stress the importance of experience, or experiment, which is oppoed to common belief in Middle Ages,58essays. his essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulnessOf Truth, Of Friendship, Of RichesJohn DonneCatholic family. write religious sermons and poems; love lyrics with bothpositive(purify love as sth holy) and nagetive attitude(cynical tone to satirize women's inconstancy反复无常).Representetive of Metaphysical poet sSongs and SonnetsGeorge Herbertpoetfollows John DonneThe TempleBen Jonsonalso a dramastist,representitve of CavaliersRobert Herrickpoetfollows Ben JonsonHesperidesJohn Miltonchief Puritan poet, enthusiasm of bougeois revolution & bitter hatred for the despotic ruler；allusion to classic works, Miltonic style。

Lecture1Ⅱ. Recommended Novels for Reading (British)18th-centuryGulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift; social satire/fantasy/;Part I, II, and IV interesting; language difficulty ***.Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe; an account of the process of the building of the British Empire in the 18th century;diary-like detailed description and narration; language difficulty **.19th-centuryGreat Expectations:Charles Dickens; about moral corruption and loss of innocence and honesty in growing up; the Cinderella pattern in structure; language Dif ***; a bit too long.Jane Eyre:Charlotte Bronte; a poor, plain governess struggling for self-dignity and personal happiness; language dif **.Wuthering Heights:Emily Bronte; one of the best novels in the world; a presentation of the most primitive, natural, powerful, touching as well as the most destructive love human beings are capable of; language dif **.Silas Marner:George Eliot; a religious fable about religion of humanity;language dif **; small.Tess of D’Urbervilles:Thomas Hardy; tragic fate of a “pure” young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the country in the 19th-century England; language dif ***.20th-centurySons and Lovers: D.H. Lawrence; Oedipus Complex; the study of man-woman relations; language dif ***.Mrs Dalloway, Virginia Woolf; about the spiritual journey of Mrs Dalloway; typical stream of consciousness fiction;language dif ***, not longThe Fifth Child: Doris Lessing; about distortion or horror of human nature/ a human-born monster; Language dif **, small.Ⅲ. ContentsChapter One: Old English LiteratureChapter Two: Middle English LiteratureChapter Three: Geoffrey ChaucerChapter Four: The RenaissanceChapter Five: The Revolution and RestorationChapter Six:Enlightenment in EnglandChapter Seven: The Romantic PeriodChapter Eight: The Victorian AgeChapter Nine: Twentieth Century LiteratureⅣ.Development of LiteratureThree stages of English language development:i. Old English /Anglo-Saxon (OE. As the language up to 1066 is usu. called)ii. Middle English (about 1100-1500)iii. Modern English (about 1500-present)Part One: Old and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical background3 conquests/invasions--- Romans (4th to the 6th cen.):politics of self-government, transportation system, cities, Latin language and Christianity (little remained)---English/Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( Angles, Saxons, Jutes)A. Germanic tribes from the Mediterranean coast:Scandinavia, Denmark and GermanyB. the Pagans/heathens异教徒C. enslaved the Celts and drove others to Wales,Scotland and IrelandD. began feudalism; new social strata: serfs 农奴—freemen自由民—farmers农民--thanes乡士--earls爵爷—kings王爷E. a medley of different races/ethnic groups; ofmultiple influences and cultural and political orders ---Norman Conquest in 1066 by William,Duke of Normandy from Northern France:A. further established feudalism, and ended the slave system in 14th cen.B. powerful Popedom 教皇制established(1/3 of land, political right, wide moral degeneration of the clericals; penances or pardons 赦罪令C. highly centralized royal power, but conceded in the13th cen. with establishment of parliament(1215the Magna Carta/King John)D. communication with the outside world: diplomaticrelations, development of trade and increasing strength for tradesmen and skilled professionalsE. influence from outside world in ideologyF. coexistence of 3 languages: Latin, the clerical andlearned; French, noblemen and royal court; A-S nativeEnglish/ Celtic dialect (vernacular) for the common[Not until the 13th century did English enter the worldof official discourse 官方用语. 1258 Henry III issued aproclamation布告in 3 languages, 14th cen.,parliament and court allowed English.](The Dark Age: blind belief of Roman Catholicism and after-life and stagnant philosophical and artistic development)Ⅴ.Literature (secular)---the Old English (until A-S period) and Middle English (after 1066)---tales passed on orally by gleemen or minstrels 吟唱诗人until Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyOld English Period : Beowulf, an EpicA. the most important existent work; the national epic of Anglo-SaxonsB. written in 7-8 cen.C. partly-historical and partly-legendaryD. not about England but their homeland in DenmarkE. epic form: a long verse narrative on the exploits of a national hero, BeowulfF. the primitive people’s heroic struggle against hostileforces of the natural world under a wise leaderG. pagan elements + Christian coloring: “fate”, “God’,“Lord”H. alliteration and Germanic languageMiddle English LiteratureA. Romance 罗曼史---Roman, French matters for subjects: Trojan War, Charlemagne, Roland and the knights; chivalric;---English romance: King Arthur and his round-table knights;“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight” (1360-1370), “Le Morte d’Arthur” by Sir Thomas MaloryB. Religious writings and translations(from Hebrew to Latin):Langland’s “Piers the Plowman”C. Poetic form:alliterative poetry头韵诗metrical poetry韵律诗Lecture 2 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)Father of English poetry /literature3 periods of creation:French Romaunt of the Rose, translationItalian (after Dante Divine Comedy, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Decameron; The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde)British (1386-1400) The Canterbury Tales●Contributions:A.the first to present a comprehensive and realistic pictureof the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury TalesB.introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of varioustypes to replace the Old English alliterative verseC.the first to use the rhymed couplet of iambicpentameter/heroic couplet●Canterbury Tales:The story: 29 pilgrims, and the poet on the way to Canterbury, stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Tabard Inn each was to tell 4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. Host be the guide and judge, the best teller gets a free supper at the cost of all the rest upon their return to the inn. Should have been 120stories, but only 24 completed and preserved, 2 incomplete, 2 unfinished. Theme: influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, he affirmsman’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism 禁欲说; praises man’s energy, intellect, and love of life; exposes and satirizes the social evils, esp. the religious abusesstructure: General prologue (occasion, characters) followed by stories; a separate prologue between two stories characterization:vivid portrayal of individualized个性化characters of the society and of all professionsand social strata except the highest and thelowest1. shows respect for the two landed gentry,the plowmanand the parson;2. satirizes all the religious people，except the parson，whoare guilty of sins: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, and Sloth3. shows a growing sense of self-importance of the trades/towns people, reflecting the changing social status, esp.in towns and citiesStyle:lively, vivid Middle-Age English, satire, humour, Heroic Couplet; of unequal meritst he 3 famous tales:A. the Wife of Bath’s tale of an Arthurian knightB. the Oxford clerk’s of a patient young ladyC. the Franklin小地主’s about a wife’s full submission toher husbandIV. Text study:Comment:●This is a satirical picture of a vain, pretentious nun. Thoughsupposedly in a religious capacity, she had many worldly weaknesses and was in no way a true Christian, let alone a devout clergy person.●The portrait is pervaded by ironical depictions, and the toneis light-hearted and humorous. Readers can only smile in amusement.●In heroic couplet.Text study Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales / The Prioress Pre-readingYou are going to read Chaucer’s description of a prioress, a nun who is the head of a religious order or a religious house (e.g. an abbey). Before reading Chaucer’s description, we could try to create a picture of a nun from our knowledge or imagination.1. Imagine the facial expression of a nun, what words wouldyou use to describe it?2. A nun, especially a prioress, is usually remarkable for thefollowing characteristics (tick the words/expressions of your choice):a solemnity, charm, kindnessb serious/ pleasant/ easy-going/ sombre mannersc full of sense / sensibility3. If she carries a motto, which do you think is more likely tobe her choice?a All that glisters is not gold.b Glory belongs to the King.c God helps those who help themselves.d Love conquers all.Discussion1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed?How?3. What figures of speech are used?Language and Style1. Select a detail which contains humour or irony. What makes it comic or ironic?2. What do you notice about the rhyme at the end of the lines Key information for Memory:3 conquestsBeowulf(A-S national epic/Old English literature/native subject/alliteration)“Sir Gawain and the Greenknight”, anonymousWilliam Langland’s Piers the Plowman, religiousChaucer’s Canterbury Talesromance; heroic couplet; alliteration; epic; metric poem Assignment:Reference questions for Renaissance:1.What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2.What is the development of drama? What were the originalforms and content and practice of drama?3.Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are themajor playwrights of the time?4.Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to Englishdrama?5.Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history,comedy, tragedy)? What features?6.What did Jonson write about? Representative work?7.Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (p.31-32). What is it mainlyabout? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8.What was the most important translation of the time? Lecture 3-4 Renaissance English LiteratureHistorical background⏹Hundred Years’ War with France from 1337 to 1453⏹War of Roses from 1455 to 1485 between the House ofLancaster and the House of York⏹Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty⏹the enclosure movement, the commercial expansion andthe war with Spain⏹16th century -- a period of the breaking up of feudalrelations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalismEngland – an absolute monarchy⏹Religious Reformation-- end the rule of the Catholic Church-- king as both the head of Church andthe head of state⏹Protestantism --the official national religionHenry 8 ( a Tudor Monarch )In religion, the far-reaching movement of Reformation began in England during Henry VIII’s reign. He declared the break withthe Roman Catholic Church and confiscated the property of the Church. Protestantism began to gain ground among the English people.King James BibleIn 1611, appeared in England. It was the work of many learned scholars headed by Bishop Lancelot Andrews, an eloquent orator with an exquisite ear for the cadences of language. King James Bible became the monument of English language and literatureGenesis, or the Creation⏹God made Adam and Eve and let them live in Garden ofEden.⏹God warned Adam and Eve not to eat the forbidden fruiton the Tree of Knowledge.⏹Adam and Eve were all naked. They lived a happy life.They had no feelings of shame.⏹Satan, in the disguise of a serpent, sneaked into Garden ofEden. He succeeded in inducing Eve to eat the Forbidden Fruit.⏹Eve gave Adam some fruit, and Adam accepted it gladly.⏹They realized that they were nude, so they put on figleaves to cover their body.⏹God got very angry. They had violated God’s will, sothey were punished.⏹Adam and Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden.They had to gain their bread by the sweat of their brow.⏹Adam and Eve’s descendents must work hard forredemption, otherwise they would never be allowed to go back to heaven.Revelations⏹ORIGINAL SIN⏹With Adam and Eve’s fall, we sin all. That’s whywe must work hard to make a living.⏹God’s will is everything.⏹Those who violate God’s will must be punished, nomatter what the underlying reason is.The Tower of Babel⏹Long, long ago, all the world spoke the same languageand used the same words.⏹Tired of hard work, people decided to build a city and ahigh tower with its top in the heavens.⏹God feared that the people would challenge his authority.⏹He s aid to his followers, “Let us go down there andconfuse their speech, so that they will not understandwhat they say to one another.”⏹God made people speak different languages. People hadto give up the plan of building the tower because they could not understand each other. They were dispersed all over the world.Queen Elizabeth – the summit of absolute monarchy⏹Elizabethan age:-- progress of bourgeois economy-- victory in the Spanish War-- commercial expansion abroad-- development of art and literature-- an unsettled time: peasants’ uprisingsRenaissance: The DefinitionThe rise of the bourgeoisie showed its influence in cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of literature. Renaissance sprang in Italy and spread to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and lastly to England. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for classical literature, the other is the rise of Humanism.HumanismHumanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceasedto look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.Drama: Origin and Development (1)English drama1.Origin: religious ceremony, church plays2.DevelopmentReligious periodmystery plays and miracle plays biblical stories and the stories of the saints; they were played at churches at first; Then with the increasing numbers of actors and plays, the players went to the market places. Miracle plays are the further development of mystery plays.The Second Shepherd’s PlayMoral periodmorality plays: focused on the conflict between good and evil through allegorical characters. They were too abstract. So Vice, a lively figure approximated the modern clown, was introduced. (such as Everyman, Good Deeds, Death, Knowledge);EverymanInterludes--- a short performance during thethe intervals to enliven the audience aftera solemn scene---end of the 15th century---a transition to Elizabethan drama⏹Classical-style comedy and tragedy was in the making inEngland.⏹Three unities (unity of time, place and action byAristotle)3.Renaissance drama⏹---comedy and tragedy were⏹established as types of drama⏹---development of theaters⏹---growth of acting culture4.University wits⏹---John Lyly, Robert Greene, George peele, ChristopherMarlow, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Nashe, Thomas Lodge---technical innovations⏹Free Renaissance tragedy from classical restraints⏹Develop a comedy tradition more close to lifeJohn Lyly: write for a refined, aristocratic audience⏹Thomas Kyd: start the tradition of revenge tragedy5.Christopher Marlow(1564-1593)---most gifted “university wit”---The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus⏹Cause of the tragedy: blind faithin human intellect⏹Theme: praise of individuality; conviction of thepossibility of human efforts in conquering the universe---make blank verse the principal instrument of English drama 6. William ShakespeareAll the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.1)Dramatic career:---the first period: apprenticeship---the second period: full of sunshine and laughter---the third period: full of storm and clouds---the fourth period: principal tragicomedies2)Great comedies:---sing of love, youth, and ideal of happinessA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It, Twelfth Night---two groups of characters:⏹Young men and women⏹Simple and shrewd clowns and other common people---respect women3)Great tragedies:social contradictions and social evilsHamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth4) Historical playspolitical plays:the necessity for national unity under one sovereignHenry 5, the only ideal king, a symbol of English glory5) Features of his dramatic works:⏹Shakespeare is a realist.---authentic panorama of his age---characters are representatives of the people of his time⏹Shakespeare is a master of English language.---language reveals the peculiarities of his character---use about 16,000 words in his writings---create a lot of new words and expressions⏹Shakespeare is good at many poetic forms.blank verse6）Literary TermsComedy⏹Comedy is a light form of drama, which aims primarily toamuse and which ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smiles and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot. Viewed in another sense, comedy may be considered to deal with people in their human state, restrained and often made ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions, and animal nature. The general spirit of these comedies is optimism.Tragedy⏹ a serious play or novel representing the disastrousdownfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in the protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.Blank Verse⏹unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexibleEnglish verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this form.无韵诗Monologue⏹an extended speech uttered by one speaker, either toothers or alone. Significant varieties include the dramatic monologue(a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience), and the soliloquy(in which the speaker is supposed to be “overheard” while alone).独白Soliloquy⏹ a dramatic speech delivered by one character speakingaloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.内心独白Hamlet Text StudyThe Story of HamletHamlet is the prince of Denmark. He is a great scholar and a brave soldier/swordsman.Denmark is at war with another country. So the sentry is on duty at night. The sentry saw the ghost of the Old King.The sentry told the news to Hamlet. The next night, Hamlet went to the sentry post.He saw the ghost. It was his father.The ghost ran away. Hamlet followed him. The ghost told Hamlet that it was Claudius, his uncle, who had murdered him and married his mother Gertrude. The ghost told Hamlet to revenge him.Hamlet is a humanist. He would never follow the ghost’s words without a second thought.Hamlet pretended to be mad. One day, a dramatic troupe came to the court. Hamlet directed a play in which a king is murdered by his younger brother. The younger brother married his sister-in-law.Everyone has a kind of guilty conscience. While watching the play, Claudius got restless. During the interval, he went out of the room and did his prayers.(repentant)Hamlet followed Claudius. Claudius was doing his prayers. But he did not take action. It is believed that if you kill a personwhile he is praying, his soul will go to heaven, not to go to hell. It is not revenge in its real sense.So the king let his queen (Hamlet’s mother) have a talk with Hamlet. While they were talking, a minister named Polonius (Hamlet’s would-be father-in-law) was eavesdropping behind the screen.Hamlet heard the noise behind the screen. He mistook the person for his uncle. So he stabbed at the screen with his sword. Polonius was killed.On the voyage to England, Hamlet met some pirates. The pirates abducted Hamlet and went back to Denmark. He rewrote the letter in imitation of his uncle’s handwriting, in which he told the English king to kill the two messengers upon arrival.While they reached the seashore, Hamlet killed the pirates and went back to the court.Claudius heard the news that Hamlet had come back. He got worried. Just then, Polonius’s son, Laertes came back to Denmark, too. He wanted to have a duel with Hamlet.The tournament began. To make sure that Hamlet would be killed, Claudius p ut poison in Laertes’s weapon. What’s more, he put a cup of poisonous drink beside Hamlet.Man proposes, God disposes.Laertes hurt Hamlet. They changed weapons. And Hamlet hurt Laertes with the same poisonous weapon. He threw the weapon at Claudius and Claudius was killed.The queen drank the poisonous drink and died.Just then, Hamlet’s friend, the Norway Prince Fortinbras, came to Denmark. Hamlet told the ministers that he would like Fortinbras to become the Danish king.Hamlet died. Fortinbras became the new king. He had a great funeral for the dead.Famous quotations from it⏹“Frailty, thy name is woman!”⏹“For anything so overdone is from the purpose ofplaying, whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ‘twere, the mirror up to natu re; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time her form and pressure.” (“给自然照一面镜子，给德行看一看自己的面目，给荒唐看一看自己的姿态，给时代和社会看一看自己的形象和印记。

一．学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，对19世纪维多利亚时代英国的政治，经济，历史，文化背景，对维多利亚时代的诗歌，散文，小说在创作思想上的进步和创作技巧上的改革，以及对该时代主要作家的生平，观点，创作旨意，艺术品特点及其代表作的主题，结构，语言，人物刻画等都有一个全面的了解。

并通过作品选读加深体会感受，增强对作品的理解和鉴赏能力。

二．考核要求（一）维多利亚时期概述1．识记:（1）维多利亚时期的界定（2）社会政治，经济，文化背景。

2．领会:（1）维多利亚时期的文学特点（2）批判现实主义小说对后世文学的影响。

3．应用：宪章运动，功利主义，批判现实主义，戏剧独自等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1．一般识记：重要作家的生平与创作生涯2．识记: 重要作品及主要内容3．领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

4．应用:（1）狄更斯和萨克雷作品的批判现实主义思想及各自的创作手法，艺术特色。

（2）小说《简·爱》，《呼啸山庄》的主题思想与人物塑造。

（3）"我逝去的公爵夫?quot;中的戏剧独白。

（4）乔泊·艾略特和哈代小说中环境，氛围描述与人物内世界的展示。

A. Introduction to the Victorian Period1. 识记(1) Definition: the Victorian PeriodChronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.(2) Political, Economical & Cultural BackgroundThe early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power. And yet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. The worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science& technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people's religious convictions. Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.2. 领会(1) Features of the Victorian LiteratureVictorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.(2) Features of Victorian novelsIn this period, the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.3. 应用 Definitions of several terms1) The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2) UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.3) Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrumentof human progress.4) Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In " listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his "My Last Duchess" is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.>> 点击下载资料/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-83743-php-1B. Victorian WritersI. Charles Dickens1．一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born at Portsmouth. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay office, was put into the Marsalsea Prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old. The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground cellar at a shoe-blacking factory - a position he considered most humiliating. We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens's novels. In 1827, Charles entered a lawyer's office, & two years later he became a Parliamentary reporter for newspapers. From 1833 Dickens began to write occasional sketches of London life, which were later collected & published under the title Sketches by Boz (1836). Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) appeared in monthly installments. And since then, his life became one of endless hard work. In his later years, he gave himself to public readings of his works, which brought plaudits & comfort but also exhausted him. In 1870, this man of great heart & vitality died of overwork, leaving his last novel unfinished.2. 识记His Major WorksUpon his death, Dickens left to the world a rich legacy of 15 novels & a number of short stories. They offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. In nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery, is his gentleness, his genial mirth, & his simple faith in mankind.The following is a list of his novels & other collections in three periods:(1) Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837); Oliver Twist (1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)(2) Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845); A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)3. 领会 Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such " typical characters under typical circumstances," that they become proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.(4) The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.4. 领会 His Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare's. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens's works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos.5. 应用 Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter III of Oliver TwistThe novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse & life of the underworld in the 19th-century London. The author's intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order & of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens's first child hero & Fagin the first grotesque figure.This section, Chapter III of the novel, is a detailed account of how he is punished for that "impious & profane offence of asking for more" & how he is to be sold. At three pound ten, to Mr. Gamfield, the notorious chimneysweeper. Though we can afford a smile now & then, we feel more the pitiable state of the orphan boy & the cruelty & hypocrisy of the workhouse board.II. The Bronte Sisters1. 一般识记 Their lives & literary CareerCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily Bronte (1818-1848), & their gifted sister Anne Bronte (1820-1849), came from a large family of Irish origin. Their father was a clergyman at Haworth, Yorkshire. When they were young, the Bronte sisters were sent to a school for clergymen's daughters. The oldest two died there due to the poor & unhealthy conditions. This experience inspired the later portrayal of Lowood School in the novel Jane Eyre (1847). After the death of the elder sisters, Charlotte & Emily were brought home to be educated by their father. For some time, they worked in a boarding school & were subsequently governesses in rich families.Charlotte & her two younger sisters had a great fondness for literature. In 1845 appeared a volume of poetry entitled Poems by Carrer, Ellis & Acton Bell (the pseudonyms of Charlotte, Emily & Anne), but received little attention. Then the three sisters turned to novel writing. Charlotte's first novel The Professor was rejected by the publisher. But her second one, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847. In the same year, Emily's single & unique work Wuthering Heights & Anne's Agnes Grey were also published. Soon they were followed by Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848).After the death of Emily & Anne, Charlotte continued writing. Her next important novel Shirley, a work about the industrial troubles between the mill-owners & machine-breakers in Yorkshire in 1811-1812 came out in 1849. Another novel Villette appeared in 1853. This is her most autobiographical work, largely based on her experience in Brussels. In 1854, charlotte married her father's curate. She died a few months later in pregnancy. The Professor, her first written work, was published posthumously in 1857.2. 识记 Charlotte's Literary CreationCharlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization, about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. All her heroines' highest joy comes from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On the one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy & other evils of the upper classes & by showing the misery & suffering of the poor. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by intensity of vision & of passion. By writing from an individual point of view, by creating characters who are possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & some extraordinary personalities, by using some elements of horror, mystery & prophesy, she is able to recreate life in a very romantic way. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization, especially those heroines who are totally contrary to the public expectations & the most truthful presentation of the economical, moral, social life of the time -all this earns her works a never dying popularity.3. 应用 Selected ReadingsExcerpt One: from Chapter XXIII of Jane Eyre by charlotte BronteThe work is one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions, the social discrimination & the false social convention as concerning love & marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical & moral tests to grow up & achieve her final happiness. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre is a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Jane Eyre's character:Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit & a longing to love & be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, & even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love. Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights & equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings & her thought & inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience. The selected part is taken from Chapter XXIII, not long after Jane is back from her aunt's funeral. Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine. Excerpt Two: from Chapter XV of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1) Emily's subject matterAs far as Emily's literary creation is concerned, she is, first of all, a poet Her 193 poems, mostly devoted to the matter of nature with its mysterious workings & its unaccountable influence upon people's life, are works of strange sublimity & beauty. They are ample proof for the poetic genius of this young, reclusive woman. But, to the common readers, she is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.2) The theme of the novelThe novel is a riddle which means different things to different people. From the social point of view, it is a story about a poor man abused, betrayed & distorted by his social betters because he is a poor nobody. As a love story, this is one of the most moving: the passion between Heathcliff & Catherine proves the most intense, the most beautiful & at the same time the most horrible passion ever to be found possible in human beings.3) The structure of the novelThe novel has a unique structure: the story is told through independent narrators unidentical with the author, whose personality is therefore completely absent from the book. The story is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine's old nurse, to Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant at Grange. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heights. And part of the story is told through Isabella's letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing & genuine.The excerpt taken here is from ChapterXV, the death scene of Catherine, narrated by Nelly to Mr. Lockwood. When Edgar is away at church, Heathcliff seizes the chance to see the dying Catherine. The intense love between the two is fully shown in this agonizing scene.III. Alfred Tennyson1.一般识记 His Life & Literary CareerAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892) is certainly the most representative Victorian poet. His poetry voices the doubt & the faith, the grief & the joy of the English people in an age of fast social changes. He was born at Somersby, Linconshire, the fourth son of a rather learned clergyman. In 1827, he & his elder brother published Poems by Two Brothers. In this juvenile work the influence of Byron & an attraction to oriental themes were shown. He was educated at the Trinity College, Cambridge & published his first signed work Poems, Chiefly Lyrical (1830) there. In 1832, one year after he left Cambridge, he published Poems, which contained a variety of poems, beautiful in melody & rich in imagery. In 1842, his next issue of Poems came out, collected in the book are the dramatic monologue "Ulysses", the epic narrative " Morte d'Arthur," the exquisite idylls "Dora" & " The Gardener's Daughter," etc. In 1847, The Princess was published. Written in blank verse, it deals with the theme of women's rights & position. In 1850, Tennyson was appointed the Poet Laureate & he published his greatest work In Memoriam. The rest years of Tennyson's life was comfortable & peaceful, but he never stopped writing. In 1855, Tennyson published a monodrama Maud, a collection of short lyrics. Among the other works of his later period, "Rizpah," "Enoch Arden," " Merlin & the Gleam" & " Crossing the Bar" are worthy of note.2.识记 His major poetic works & their theme1) In MemoriamPresumably it is an elegy on the death of Hallam, yet less than half of its l00 pieces are directly connected with him. The poet here does not merely dwell on the personal bereavement. As a poetic diary, the poem is also an elaborate & powerful expression of the poet's philosophical & religious thoughts - his doubts about the meaning of life, the existence of the soul & the afterlife, & his faith in the power of love & the soul's instinct & immortality. Such doubts & beliefs were shared by most people in an age when the old Christian belief was challenged by new scientific discoveries, though to most readers today, the real attraction of the poem lies more in its profound feeling & artistic beauty than in the philosophical & religious reflections. The familiar trance-like experience, mellifluous rhythm & pictorial descriptions make it one of the best elegies in English literature.2) Idylls of the Kin g (1842-1885)It is his most ambitious work which took him over 30 years to complete. It is made up of 12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legends of King Arthur & his Knights of the Round Table. But it is not a mere reproduction of the old legend, though. It is a modern interpretation of the classic myth. For one thing, the moral standards & sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people. For another, the story of the rise & fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization, which , in Tennyson's mind , is going on a spiritual decline & will end in destruction.3.领会Artistic Features of His PoetryTennyson is a real artist. He has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expressions, & these two with the feelings. He has perfect control of the sound of English, & a sensitive ear, an excellent choice & taste of words. His poetry is rich in poetic images & melodious language, & noted for its lyrical beauty & metrical charm. His works are not only the products of the creative imagination of a poetic genius but also products of a long & rich English heritage. His wonderful works manifest all the qualities of England's great poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake & Coleridge, the melody of Keats & Shelley, & the narrative vigor of Scott & Byron, --- all these striking qualities are evident on successive pages of Tennyson's poetry.4. 应用 Selected Readings(1) Break, Break, Break (1)This short lyric is written in memory of Tennyson's best friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong influence on the poet. Here, the poet's own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children & the unfeeling movement of the ship & the sea waves. The beauty of the lyric is to be found in the musical language & in the association of sound & images with feelings & emotions. The poem contains 4 quatrains, with combined iambic & anapaestic feet. Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme scheme is a b c b.(2) Crossing the Bar (1)This poem was written in the later years of Tennyson's life. Although not the last poem written by Tennyson in his long creative career, this poem appears, at his request, as the final poem in all collections of his works. The scene is sketched with a few strokes: sunset & the evening star, the twilight and the evening bell, & then the dark. The ship is ready to go out of the harbor. It will cross the bar & reach the vast open sea for the long voyage that it is to make. The allegory of the poem is clear. Tennyson is in the evening of life, & the "clear call" of death will come soon. But when he has crossed the border between life & death to go on that voyage beyond the bound of Time & Place, he hopes then to see his "Pilot," God, face to face. From the moving imagery & the pleasant sound of the poem, we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God & an afterlife.(3) Ulysses(1)In Greek mythology, Ulysses is the king of the Ithaca Island. He is the hero in many literary classics. In Homer's Odessey (the Greek name for Ulysses), Ulysses eventually arrives home after the ten-year Trojan war & another ten-year's adventures at sea. However, according to Dante, Ulysses never returns to his home place Ithaca, but urges his men to go on exploring westward. Tennyson combines these two versions. In this poem, Ulysses is now three years back in his homeland, reunited with his wife Penelope & his son Telemachus, & resumes his rule over the land. But he will not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life. Old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him & to sail again to pursue a new world & new knowledge. Written in the form of dramatic monologue, the poem not only expresses, through the mouth of the heroic Ulysses, Tennyson's own determination & courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness & aspiration of the age.IV. Robert Browning1.一般识记His life &Literary CareerRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing's masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet's Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.2.识记His major worksDramatic Lyrics (1842), Dramatic Romances & Lyrics (1845), Bells & Pomegranates (1846), Men & Women (1855), Dramatic Personae (1864), The Ring & the Book (1868-1869) & Dramatic Idylls (1880)3.领会Characteristic of The Ring & the Book: Dramatic M onologueIn this poem, Browning chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In "listening" to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker's personality & about what has really happened.4.领会Robert Browning's artistic characteristics(1) The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity& perfection.(2) Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical(3) The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets. He is like a weather-beaten pioneer, bravely & vigorously trying to beat a track through the jungle. His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.5. 应用 Selected Readings:1) My Last Duchess (1)"My Last Duchess" is Browning's best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.2) Meeting at Night (1)Meeting at Night, together with Parting at Morning, appeared originally under the single title Night & Morning. Browning made them separate poems in a late edition of his work. The speaker。

（完整word版）英国⽂学期末必备复习题Exercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _Cletic____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of___Angles_ , __Saxons__ , and __Jutes___ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part __Anglio___ , or England.2. For nearly __400__ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In__410_, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, __pagan_and__Christian__.4.__The song of Beowulf__ can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _Beowulf___—one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _European Continent___ approximately at the beginning of the _6th___ century , whenthe forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the __ Scandinavian peninsula __ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the__Danes__who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention _Caedmon___ who lived in the half of the ___7th_ century and who wrote a poeticParaphrase of the Bible.7. __Caedmon__ is the first know religious poet of Engla nd . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by __Cynewulf__ .9. The most important work of __a__ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?ca. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ___b_ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of _d__.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below. 1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Exercise:1.In the year __1066__, at the battle of _ Hasting___, the ___Normans_ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,__romantic__ tales of ___love_ and adventures, in marked contrast with the__strength__ and __somberness__ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature of Anglo-Norman period is also a combination of __French__ and _Saxon___ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance (2) Middle EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are __William Langland__ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is __Sir Thomas Malory__ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the “__father of English poetry__” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer’s masterpiece is _The Canterbury Tales__,one of the most works in all literature.5.The _general prologue__ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _his time and his country___.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue” where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at__Tabard__ Inn in Southwark ,a suburbof London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to __earthly__ happiness.9.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The Canterbury Tales is __Harry Bailey__,who proposes that each pilgrim of the__30__ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of __St. Thomas Becket’s __ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general “prologue” and only _24__ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the __alliterative__ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English__Tonico-syllabic___ verse.13. Who is the “ father of English poetry ” and one of the greatest narrative poets of English?bA . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in _a___ the Poet’s Corner. A．Westminster Abbey B. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer’s earliest work of any length is his __c__ a translation of the French “Roman de la Rose”, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named __b___ based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures. Which one is not true?dA. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads _historical___, __legendary__,__fantanstical__, __lyrical__ and ___homorous__.19. In the numerous __border ballads__, the age-long struggle between the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop __Thomas Perry__ was among the first to take a literary interestin ballads.21. Robin Hood, a __Saxon__ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland’s ___Piers the Plowman__.23. Define the literary terms listed below. (1) Ballad (2) Heroic couplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales.Exercise:1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of __feudal __ relation and the establishing of the foundations of __capitalism__.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s timewhen , according to Thomas More , “__shape devoured man__ ”.3. __King Henry the VIII__ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of __Church of England__.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of __Queen Elizabeth I__.5. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the __Renaissance__.6.__Thomas More_wrote his _Utopia__in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people’s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.7._Thomas Wyatt__was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _The Faire Queene___.9. Define the literary terms listed below. (1)renaissance (2)Spenserian StanzaExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s four g reat tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced __37__ plays,__2__ narrative poems and __154___ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of ___Christopher Marlowe__’s best plays.4. __Edmund Spenser__ is often referred to as “ the poet’s poet”.5. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” is one of _Shakespeare’s___ best known sonnets.6. In the __Elizabethan__ Period, William Shakespeare is the greatest writerof England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on William Shakespeare and The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on William Shakespeare and Hamlet.Exercises:1.Pope described Francis Bacon as “ the _wisest__, _brightest__, __meanest_of mankind”.2. Bacon’s works may b e divided into three classes, the _philosophy__, the__professional_, the _literary__ works.3. The final edition of Bacon’s essays contains __58_ essays.4. The 17th century was a period when _absolute monarchy__ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the _bourgeoisie__ could no longer bear the sway of __landed nobility_.5. The government of James I was a __despotism_ based on the theory of the divine right of kings.6. There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people’s Parliament and the Throne---__Puritans_ fighting against the _Cavaliers__ who helped the king.7. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of __Oliver Cromwell_.8. After _Oliver Cromwell__’s death, monarchy as again restored (1660). It was called the period of the Restoration____.9. The Glorious Revolution in _1688__ meant three things the supremacy of_Parliament__, the beginning of _modern England__, and the final triumph of the principle of _political liberty__.10. The Puritans believed in __simplicity_ of life.11. The Revolution Period is also called _the Puritan Age__, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12. Define the literary term – Blank verse.13. The first thing to stri ke the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _frankness__ and penetrating _realism__. The next is the_cynicism__ which marks certain of thelighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme__idealism__ of woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.14. Donne entered the church in 1615, where he rose rapidly to be Dean of _St Paul’s Cathedral__, and the most famous preacher of his time.15. Milton’s father was a __Puritan_, but not so harsh as most of the _Puritans__ of his day.16. Milton opposed the __Monarchic_ party and gave all his energies to the writing of __pamphlets_ dedicated to the people’s liberties.17. Paradise Lost tells how __Satan_ rebelled against God and how _Adam__ and __Eve_ were driven out of Eden.18. Paradise Lost presents the author’s view in an _allegorical__, _religious__ form.19. The poem Paradise Lost consists of _12__ books.20. Paradise Lost is based on the __Bibelical__ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race --- __Adam_ and__Eve_ , and involves God and his eternal adversary _Santan__ in its plot.21. In Revolution period __John Milton__ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer over the Medieval period.22. During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leadersin England, Cromwell, the man of action, and _John Milton__ the man of thought.23. In 1637Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, “__Lycidas_”to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.24. Milton wrote his masterpiece __Paradise Lost_ during his blindness.25. Comment on John Milton and his Paradise Lost.Exercise:1. Milton and Bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic since_Beowulf___, the other gave us the only great_allegry___.2. Bunyan’s most important work is _Pilgrim’s Progess___, written in theold-fashioned medieval form of __allegory__ and ___dream_.3. In The Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called __Christian__setting out with a book in his hand and a great load on his back from the city of__Destuction__.4. Christian has two objects,--- to get rid of his __bureden__, which holds the sins and fears of his life, and to make his way to the __Celestial City_.5. John Bunyan gives a vivid and satirical description of __Vanity Fair__ which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.6. The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of _John Milton___, in the prosewriting of __John Bunyan__, and also in the plays and literary criticism of ___John Dryden_.Exercise:1. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal _Whigs___, and the conservative __Tories__.2. Another feature of the 18th century was the rapid development of __social life__.3. The Enlighteners believed in the power of reason and therefore the 18th century is also called “the age of _Reason___”.4. The Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle of the progressive class of _bourgeoisie__ against__feudalism__.5. The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the __viciousness__ of human nature, and prove that man is born ___kind_ and __honest__, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of _corrupted__ social environment.6. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called __neo-classicism__, the revival of __romatic_poetry, and the beginnings of the ___modern novel__.7. The essays and stories of Addison and Steele devoted not only to social problems, but also to __private_ life_ and__adventures__.8. Pope was a man of extraordinary __wit__ and extensive __learning__, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest __authority__ in matters of literary art.9. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel__Robinson Crusoe__.10. ___Alexander Pope_ is the leading figure of neo-classicism in the early period of the 18th century.11. Robinson Crusoe is largely an _adventure__ story, rather than the study of__human character__ which Defoe probably intended it to be.12. In The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, in a vein of grim _humor__ which recalls Swift’s Modest Proposal Defoe advocated hanging all dissenting ministers, and sending all member of the free churches into exile.13. The full name of Robinson Crusoe is __The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe__.14. The story of Robinson Crusoe itself is real enough to have come straight from a sailor’s __logbook__.15. Robinson named __Friday__ to the saved savage.16. Define the literary term, Picaresque Novels.Exercise:1.The 18th century in English literature is an age of __Prose___.2. Swift is born of English parents in ___Dublin Ireland___.3. Swift was the most remarkable __satirist__ in the 18th centurywho criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with outmercy.4. Jonathan Swift’s masterpiece is __Gulliver’s Travels__.5. Gulliver’s adventures begins with __Liliputians__, who are so small that Gulliver isa giant among them.6. The country in Gulliver’s Travels is __Houyhnhnms__, where horses are the real people and human beings ,__Yahoos___ are their filthy servants.7. In the country of __Brobdingnag __, Gulliver is but pygmy.8. Gulliver’s third voyage is occupied with a visit to the flying island of __Laputa__.9. A Modest Proposal is made to __English__ government to relieve the poverty of _Irish___ people.10. The Tale of a Tub is a satire on the various __churches__ of the day. Exercise:1.Henry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the __18th__ century.2.Fielding’s first novel , _Joseph Andrews___ was inspired by the success ofRichardso n’s novel Pamela.3. Fielding’s later novels are ___Jonathon Wild___, the story of a rogue , which suggests Defoe’s narrative ; __The History of _Tom Jones_, a Foundling_(1749) his best work; and __Amelia____ (1751) , the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.1.In his works Fielding strongly criticizes __social relations__ in theContemporary England.5. Fielding hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under A mask of__morality__.6. The lack of __spirituality__ of the age finds the most ample expression in his page.1.To read Milton’s __Il Penseroso__ and Gray’s is to see the beginning and theperfection of that “literature of melancholy” which largely Occupied Englishpoets for more than a century.8. The author of the famous Elegy is the most scholarly and well-balanced of all the early __romantic__ poets.9. Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most __versatile__ of author and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.10. Goldsmith was born in __Ireland__ , the son of an __Anglican__ clergyman whose geniality he inherited and whose improvidence he imitated.11. As ___essayest_ ,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.12. As a __poet__ he makes the riming couples as natural and simple as his prose.13. The Deserted Village is a (n )__idylice__ story of the family of a clergy-man after they have lost their money and are living in poverty.14. Goldsmith’s two comedies , The Good-natured Man and She Stoops to Conquer met with opposition because the fashion was then for __sentimental__ comedy. 15. The two plays by Sheridan and _Goldsmith___ are the only plays of the18th century that have been kept alive upon the modem stage.16. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was, like Goldsmith ,a (n) _Irish__man.17. His famous comedy , _The Rivals__ , was written in his twenty-four year.18. Sheridan’s famous comedy _The School of Scadal___, written in 1777, is considered his masterpiece.19. Define the literary term, comedy of humors.20. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century ,Blake is the most independent and the most _original___.21. For greater part of his life Blake was the poet of inspiration alone , following no man’ s __lead__, obeying no voice but that which be heard in his own mystic__soul__.22. Beyond learning to __read__ and __write__, he received no education.23. His only formal education was in __art__.24. At 14, Blake apprenticed for seven years to a well-known __engraver__ , James Basire.25. After three years at Felpham ,Blake moved back to London , determined to follow his “__Divine Vision___” though it meant a life of isolation , misunderstanding , and poverty.26. The underlying theme in Songs of Innocence is the all-pervading presenceof divine and __sympathy__ , even in trouble and sorrow.27.In 1790 Blake engraved his principal prose , ___The Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ , in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue , he takes up his Revolutionary position.28. The__Songs of Experienc__ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence.29. The brightness of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _gloom___ and mystery , and of the power of __evil__.30. In Jerusalem we have expounded Blake ‘s theory of__Imagination__ .31. The greatest of __Scottish__ poets is Robert Burns.32. In 1786. when he was 27 years old ,Burns resolved to abandon the struggle and seek position in the far-off island of__Jamaica__.33.Burns wrote some __patriotic__ poems , in which he expressed his deep love for his motherland ,such as “My Heart’s in the Highlands”.34. Burns’ poetry bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh ofthe __Scottish__ common people。

Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。

最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。

到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。

这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。

2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。

文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。

在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。

中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。