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农业信息技术参考答案一．名词解释题1．农业信息技术答：农业信息技术是指利用信息技术对农业生产、经营管理、战略决策过程中的自然、经济和社会信息经行采集、存储、传递、处理和分析，为农业研究者、生产者、经营者和管理者提供资料查询、技术咨询、辅助决策和自动调控等多项服务的技术的总称。
2.3S技术答：3S技术是遥感技术(Remote sensing，RS)、地理信息系统(Geography informationsystems，GIS)和全球定位系统(Global positioning systems，GPS)的统称，是空间技术、传感器技术、卫星定位与导航技术和计算机技术、通讯技术相结合，多学科高度集成的对空间信息进行采集、处理、管理、分析、表达、传播和应用的现代信息技术。
3.数字地球答：数字地球是一个以地球坐标为依据的、具有多分辨率的海量数据和多维显示的地球虚拟系统，是关于整个地球、全方位的GIS与虚拟现实技术、网络技术相结合的产物。
4.农业专家系统答：农业专家系统是把专家系统知识应用于农业领域的一项计算机技术，是农业信息技术中的一项重要技术。
它是运用人工智能的专家系统技术，结合农业特点发展起来的一门高新技术。
5.精确农业技术答：“精确农业”（Precision Agriculture），指的是利用全球定位系统（GPS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、连续数据采集传感器（CDS）、遥感（RS）、变率处理设备（VRT）和决策支持系统（DSS）等现代高新技术，获取农田小区作物产量和影响作物生长的环境因素（如土壤结构、地形、植物营养、含水量、病虫草害等）实际存在的空间及时间差异性信息，分析影响小区产量差异的原因，并采取技术上可行、经济上有效的调控措施，区域对待，按需实施定位调控的“处方农业”。
二．简答题6.遥感技术有哪些特点？答：①综合性②宏观性③时效性④经济性⑤客观性⑥局限性7.现代信息技术包含哪些内容？答：①微电子技术②传感技术③信息存储技术④计算机技术⑤多媒体技术⑥通信技术⑦计算机网络技术8.作物智能栽培学的主要研究内容有哪些？答：1、作物生产数据库及信息系统2、作物生长预测与检测系统3、作物管理决策支持系统4、作物空间信息系统5、虚拟作物和虚拟农业6、精确农业支持系统7、作物智能教学系统8、网络服务系统9.数据采集管理系统的典型结构由哪几部分组成？答：（一）信号调理器（二）数据采集器（三）计算机I/O接口（四）数模转换器（五）应用软件与监控程序10.根据植被的光谱反射率特性，光谱被分为哪几个阶段？答：1、400-700nm可见波段2、700-800nm波段3、780-1350nm波段4、1350-2500nm波段11.列举5个常见的GIS工具软件的名称。
网络农业专家咨询系统的研究与实践张士萍1，张振东 1（1. 辽宁农业职业技术学院，辽宁营口115009)摘要：本文介绍了“网络农业专家咨询系统”开发设计的重要性，重点介绍系统的特点和主要的框架结构，旨在利用计算机网络WEB平台搭建一个师生互动，专家与农民通过网络交流的系统。
从而取得最大的教学实效性，促进计算机网络技术在农业生产上的应用。
关键字：农业专家咨询系统；网络平台；网上交流；知识数据库；1 问题的提出农业是关系到国计民生的的重要行业，在我国国民经济中占有相当重要的地位，为了实现农业现代化，科技兴农显得尤其重要。
依据学院教育教学立项要符合“继续重点鼓励和支持运用新方法、新技术的实验研究与实证研究；对具有代表性问题破解的实用有效对策研究；着眼于专业改革发展的特色化、创新性研究”和《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010～2020年）》（公开征求意见稿）精神，为进一步推动我院教育教学成果的研究，加大农业信息化发展的力度，结合本系的改革与发展实际，我们选择了“农业专家咨询系统的研究与开发”作为研究项目。
本课题从高职教育的特点出发，力图使这项研究适合农业、农村和农民的需要；便于农业专业技术人员与农民的及时沟通；尽快将农业科技及时应用于生产一线，提高农业生产效率，解放生产力；及时反馈农业、农村、农民所需技术，调整农业生产产业方向，避免不必要的缺失；有利于及时调整农业高职院校课程内容和教学计划，以实际应用带动理论教学，以行业论证推动课程设置和建设，以与农民相互沟通和交流带动专业建设发展。
实现师生互动，专家与农民网上交流，从而取得最大的教学实效性，同时也促进了计算机网络技术在农业生产上的应用。
师生共同努力完成的专家系统也促进了师生间的交流，提高了网络技术专业学生网站管理和网页制作水平。
2 网络农业专家咨询系统的构建2.1农业专家咨询系统特点及设计方向专家系统（Expert System,ES）亦称专家咨询系统，农业专家系统是把专家系统知识应用于农业领域的一项计算机技术。
Georgian Electronic Scientific Journal: Computer Science and Telecommunications 2006|No.4(11)81A Study on Various Expert Systems in Agriculture1G.N.R. Prasad, 2Dr. A. Vinaya Babu
1Asst. Professor (sr), Dept. of Computer Science & Engg, C.B.I.T, Hyderabad, INDIA
2Director, SCDE, Prof. C.S.E., JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad
AbstractAn Expert System also called a Knowledge Based System is a computer programdesigned to simulate the problem-solving behavior of an expert in a narrow domain ordiscipline. In agriculture, expert systems unite the accumulated expertise of individualdisciplines, e.g., plant pathology, entomology, horticulture and agriculturalmeteorology, into a framework that best addresses the specific, on-site needs of farmers.Expert systems combine the experimental and experiential knowledge with the intuitivereasoning skills of a multitude of specialists to aid farmers in making the best decisionsfor their crops. The various expert systems were developed since evolution of ArtificialIntelligence. This paper compares the availability of various expert systems inagriculture for last 30 years.
INTRODUCTIONAgricultural production has evolved into a complex business requiring the accumulation andintegration of knowledge and information from many diverse sources. In order to remaincompetitive, the modern farmer often relies on agricultural specialists and advisors to provideinformation for decision making. Unfortunately, agricultural specialist assistance is not alwaysavailable when the farmer needs it. In order to alleviate this problem, expert systems were identifiedas a powerful tool with extensive potential in agriculture.
Characteristics of Agricultural Expert System• It simulates human reasoning about a problem domain, rather than simulating the domainitself.• It performs reasoning over representations of human knowledge• It solves problems by heuristic or approximate methods.The expert system applied to the problems of diagnosing Soybean diseases is one of the earliestexpert systems developed in agriculture. A unique feature of the system is that it uses two types ofdecision rules:1) The rules representing experts diagnostic knowledge, and2) The rules obtained through inductive learning from several hundred cases of disease.
POMME is an expert system for apple orchid management. POMME advises growers about whenand what to spray on their apples to avoid infestations. The system also provides advice regardingtreatment of winter injuries, drought control and multiple insect problems. In 1987 expert systemtechnology was identified as an appropriate technology to speed up agricultural desert developmentin Egypt. CALEX system has been developed for agriculture management. It is domain independentand can be used with any commodity. CALEX consists of three separate modules: an executive, ascheduler, and an expert system shell.
In the nineties, several expert systems have also been developed. An agro forestry expert system(UNU-AES) was designed to support land-use officials, research scientists, farmers, and otherindividuals interested in maximizing benefits gained from applying agro-forestry managementtechniques in developing countries. UNU-AES is a first attempt to apply expert systems technologyto agro-forestry.Georgian Electronic Scientific Journal: Computer Science and Telecommunications 2006|No.4(11)82In 1991, serious efforts have been started in Egypt to develop crop management expert systems fordifferent crops. A prototype for an expert system for cucumber seedlings productions has beendeveloped. This prototype has six functions: seeds cultivation, media preparation, controlenvironmental growth factors, diagnosis, treatment, and protection. In Italy, an expert system forintegrated pest management of apple orchards , POMI, has been developed.
Expert Systems Implemented at CLAES:The Central Laboratory for Agricultural expert Systems (CLAES) is helping farmers through outEgypt optimize the use of resources and maximize food productionSome of the Expert Systems developed at CLAES are :• Cuptex: An Expert System for Cucumber Crop Production• Citex: An Expert System for Orange Production• Neper Wheat: An Expert System for Irrigated Wheat Managment• Tomatex: An Expert System for Tomatoes• Limex: A Multimedia Expert System for Lime Production
CUPTEX currently provides the following services:• Disorder Diagnosis• Disorder Treatment• Irrigation Scheduling• Fertilization Scheduling• Plant care
