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语言学知识点总结语言学是研究语言的科学，旨在探讨语言的结构、使用和发展规律。
本文将对语言学的一些重要知识点进行总结，帮助读者对语言学有更全面的了解。
一、语音学语音学是研究语言声音的科学。
其主要内容包括音位、音节、音系、音变等。
音位是指在某种语言中有区别意义的声音单位。
不同语言的音位系统各有特点，例如英语中的/t/和/d/在不同位置上发音时可能存在音变现象。
音节是指语言中具有独立发音的最小单位。
一个音节通常由一个或者多个音位组成，其中必须有一个元音。
音系是指一个语言中的全部音位的系统。
例如英语的音系包含了辅音和元音，它们可以按不同特征进行分类和描述。
音变是指语音在特定语音环境下发生的变化。
一个音位在不同的语音环境中可能会有不同的发音，这种现象就叫做音变。
二、词法学词法学研究的是词语的形态和构词规律。
词法学主要包括词的分类、词义、派生等方面的研究。
词的分类根据不同的分类标准，词可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词等等。
不同类别的词在语法和词义上有各自的特点。
词义是指词的意义。
一个词可以有多个意义，根据上下文来理解具体的意思。
语境对于词义的理解非常重要。
派生是指通过添加前缀、后缀或者改变词形来创造新词。
派生是词语演化和发展的重要手段。
三、句法学句法学是研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
它关注的是句子中词语的组织和句子之间的关系。
短语结构是指词语在句子中的组织形式。
一个句子可以被分解为若干个短语，它们按照一定的顺序组成句子的结构。
句法关系是指不同短语在句子中的语法关系。
例如主谓关系、动宾关系等。
句法关系对句子的理解和翻译都非常重要。
四、语义学语义学研究的是词语和句子的意义。
它试图解释语言中的概念和关系，了解句子的真实含义。
词义是词语的基本意思，通过词的定义、例句和上下文来解释词的意思。
句义是指句子的意义。
句意可以通过句子的结构和上下文来理解。
语用学研究的是语言使用的具体情境和交际功能。
它关注语言如何在特定环境中进行交流。
第一单元What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology 形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics 应用语言学Phonetics语音学：the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics called phonetics Phonology音系学:as linguists became interested in how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branch of study related to sounds called phonology.Morphology形态学:the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.Syntax句法学:the combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules ,the study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistics studies Semantics语义学:the study of meaning was gradually developed and became known as semanticsPragmatics语用学:when the study of meaning is conducted,not in isolaion,but in the context of use,it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学: Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology\Applied linguistics应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability.the study of such applications is generally known as applied linguisticsOther related branchs include anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics,mathematical linguistics,and computational linguistics.Some important distinctions in linguistics。
语言学基础知识点语言学是对人类语言的系统性研究，涉及语言的结构、使用和习得等方面。
它是一门复杂而精密的学科，需要掌握一系列基础知识点。
本文将介绍语言学的基础知识点，包括语言分类、语音学、语法学和语义学等内容。
一、语言分类语言是人类与世界沟通交流的工具，按照语言之间的关系，可以将语言分为以下几类：1. 语系分类：语系是指由共同祖源的语言所构成的系统，常见的语系有汉藏语系、印欧语系、阿尔泰语系等。
2. 语族分类：语族是指由同一远古时期的原始语所发展而来的一组语言，常见的语族有汉藏语族、印欧语族、阿尔泰语族等。
3. 语支分类：语支是指在一个语族内具有一定程度关系的一组语言，比如在汉藏语族中，汉语是其中的一个语支。
4. 语言类型分类：根据语言的语法结构，可以将语言分为屈折语、孤立语、辅助语等类型。
二、语音学语音学是研究语音的学科，包括音位、音韵和音系等内容。
1. 音位：音位是指在一种语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
不同语言的音位差异很大，比如汉语有四个声调，而英语则没有。
2. 音韵：音韵是指研究语音的组织和规律的学科，包括音位的组合、音变规律等。
3. 音系：音系是指一个语言中所有音位的总体组织结构，可以通过音标来表示。
不同语言的音系差异很大，比如英语和法语的音系就有很大的不同。
三、语法学语法学是研究句子结构和组织的学科，包括句法、词法和语用学等内容。
1. 句法：句法是研究句子结构的学科，包括短语结构、句子成分等。
不同语言的句法结构也有很大差异，比如汉语的主谓宾结构，英语的主谓宾结构。
2. 词法：词法是研究词的形态和构词规律的学科，包括词的分类、词性等。
不同语言的词法规律也有所不同，比如汉语的词性很多，英语的词性相对简单。
3. 语用学：语用学是研究语言使用的学科，包括语境和语用的关系、指称和概括等。
语用学关注的是语言的真正意义和用途。
四、语义学语义学是研究词义和句义的学科，包括词义学和句义学等内容。
1. 词义学：词义学是研究词的意义和用法的学科，包括词义的构成、词汇关系等。
语言学知识点总结语言学是一门研究语言的科学，它涵盖了众多的分支和领域，对于我们理解语言的本质、结构、功能和发展具有重要意义。
以下是对一些重要语言学知识点的总结。
一、语言的定义和本质语言是人类用于交流和思维的符号系统。
它具有任意性、二层性、创造性和移位性等特征。
任意性指语言符号的形式与其所代表的意义之间没有必然的、内在的联系，是约定俗成的。
比如“书”这个词为什么代表书籍这一概念，并没有天然的逻辑联系，只是大家都这样认同和使用。
二层性是指语言具有语音和语法两个层面。
语音层是语言的外在表现形式，而语法层则是组织和规则，使得语音能够组合成有意义的语言单位。
创造性使得我们能够用有限的语言单位创造出无限的表达方式，来传达各种新的思想和概念。
移位性则让我们可以谈论过去、未来和不在眼前的事物。
二、语言的结构语言结构包括语音、词汇、语法和语义等方面。
语音学研究语言的声音系统，包括元音、辅音的发音特点，以及语音的组合和变化规律。
词汇是语言的建筑材料，包括词的构成、词义的演变和词汇的分类等。
语法规则决定了词如何组合成句子，包括词法和句法。
词法涉及词的形态变化，如名词的复数、动词的时态等；句法则关注句子的结构和成分。
语义学探讨语言符号与它们所指称的对象之间的关系，研究词义和句义的理解和表达。
三、语言的功能语言具有多种功能，如交际功能、思维功能、记录功能、文化传承功能等。
交际功能是语言最基本的功能，使人们能够相互交流信息、表达情感和想法。
思维功能帮助我们组织和表达思维，语言和思维相互影响，相互促进。
记录功能让我们能够将知识、经验和历史等信息保存下来。
文化传承功能则通过语言传递文化传统、价值观念和社会规范。
四、语言的发展语言是不断发展变化的。
语言的发展受到社会、历史、文化等多种因素的影响。
新词汇不断产生，旧词汇可能逐渐消亡或改变意义。
例如，随着科技的发展，出现了“互联网”“智能手机”等新词汇。
语音和语法也会发生变化，语音的演变可能导致读音的改变，语法规则可能会简化或变得更加复杂。
语言学知识点总结咱们从小学到高中，语言学这一块的知识那可真是不少！今天咱们就来好好捋一捋。
先来说说啥是语言。
语言呀，就像是我们生活中的超级工具，能让咱们表达想法、交流感情、传递信息。
比如说，您在学校跟小伙伴分享昨天看的动画片，这就是在用语言。
小学的时候，咱们从拼音开始学起。
还记得那一个个声母、韵母吗？“a、o、e”“b、p、m、f”，老师带着咱们一遍又一遍地读，就为了让咱们能准确发音。
我记得我小时候，有一次上课，老师点我起来读“zh、ch、sh、r”，我读得结结巴巴的，全班同学都哈哈大笑，当时我那个脸啊，红得像个熟透的苹果。
不过从那以后，我就更努力地练习，后来读得可顺溜啦！到了中学，咱们开始学汉字。
汉字那可是博大精深，一个字可能有好几种读音，好几种意思。
就像“和”这个字，“和面”的时候读“huó”，“和诗”的时候读“hè”，“和平”的时候读“hé”。
还有那些多音字，“行”“重”“差”等等，一不小心就容易读错。
再说说词语。
词语的种类可多了去了，名词、动词、形容词、副词等等。
比如说“美丽的花朵”，“美丽”就是形容词，用来修饰“花朵”这个名词。
还有成语，那可是中华文化的瑰宝，什么“画蛇添足”“狐假虎威”，背后都有有趣的故事。
句子也是语言学里的重要部分。
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句，各有各的用处。
写作文的时候，要是能灵活运用不同的句式，那文章可就精彩多了。
语法这一块也不能忽视。
主谓宾、定状补，得搞清楚它们的关系。
“我喜欢你”，“我”是主语，“喜欢”是谓语，“你”是宾语。
要是弄混了，句子就会变得怪怪的。
修辞手法那更是让语言变得生动有趣的法宝。
比喻能让事物更形象，“月亮像个大圆盘”；拟人让非生物也有了人的动作和情感，“小鸟在枝头欢快地唱歌”；夸张能突出特点，“飞流直下三千尺”。
还有语言的运用，口语和书面语是有区别的。
平时跟朋友聊天可以随意点，但写作文就得正式一些。
总之，语言学的知识丰富多彩，就像一个大宝藏，等着我们去挖掘。
语言学核心知识点导言语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语言的结构、发展、变化、习得等方面。
掌握语言学的核心知识点对于理解和分析语言现象至关重要。
本文将介绍一些重要的语言学核心知识点，以帮助读者深入了解语言学的基本概念和原理。
一、语音学语音学是研究语音系统的学科。
它关注的核心知识点包括音位、音位组合规则、音系、音变规律等。
音位是指语言中具有区别意义的最小语音单位。
不同语言的音位有所不同，比如英语中的/b/和/p/是不同的音位。
音位组合规则研究音位如何组合成词和句。
音系是指某一语言中所有的音位及其组合规则。
音变规律研究语言中音位的变化规律，比如英语中的/t/在单词结尾发音时可能变为/d/。
二、词汇学词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它关注的核心知识点包括词的定义、构词法、词义、词汇网络等。
词是语言中的基本构成单位，具有一定的形式和意义。
构词法研究如何通过特定的规则构造新词。
词义研究词汇的意义和语境中的含义。
词汇网络研究词汇之间的关联和联系，比如同义词、反义词等。
三、句法学句法学是研究句子结构的学科。
它关注的核心知识点包括短语、句子成分、句子类型、句子结构等。
短语是指由几个词构成的有意义的单位，可以是名词短语、动词短语等。
句子成分研究句子中的各个组成部分，比如主语、谓语、宾语等。
句子类型研究不同类型的句子结构和语法规则，比如陈述句、疑问句等。
句子结构研究句子内部各个成分的排列顺序和关系。
四、语义学语义学是研究句子含义的学科。
它关注的核心知识点包括词义、句义、语用学等。
词义研究词的具体含义和义项，如形容词的描述性义和评价义。
句义研究句子的整体含义和逻辑关系，如假设、推理等。
语用学研究语言使用的上下文和交际功能，如言外之意、言外之意等。
五、语篇学语篇学是研究连续语言材料的学科。
它关注的核心知识点包括信息结构、语段、修辞学等。
信息结构研究语言材料的信息组织方式，如主题句和衔接词的使用。
语段研究语言材料的段落和篇章结构，如起承转合、总分结构等。
语言学知识点汇总语言，是人类交流的工具，也是思维的载体。
语言学则是对语言的科学研究，涵盖了众多有趣且重要的知识点。
首先，我们来谈谈语音学。
语音学关注的是语言的声音，包括元音和辅音的发音特点、语音的声学特征以及语音的产生和感知机制。
例如，元音的发音取决于舌头的位置和嘴唇的形状，而辅音则通过发音部位和发音方法来区分。
了解语音学能帮助我们更准确地发音，也有助于语言的学习和教学。
语法是语言学中的一个关键部分。
它规定了词如何组成句子，句子的结构和成分。
比如，句子中的主语、谓语、宾语等成分的排列规则，以及不同词性的词（名词、动词、形容词等）在句子中的用法。
语法规则并非随意设定，而是在长期的语言使用中逐渐形成和固定下来的。
词汇学则聚焦于词汇的研究。
包括词汇的构成、词义的演变、词汇的分类等。
词汇不是孤立存在的，它们相互关联形成一个庞大的系统。
比如，同义词、反义词、上下义词等关系。
同时，词汇的意义也会随着时间和社会的发展而发生变化，新的词汇不断产生，旧的词汇可能会被淘汰或赋予新的含义。
语义学研究的是语言符号（词、短语、句子等）与它们所指称的对象之间的关系，也就是语言的意义。
语义不仅仅是单词的字面意思，还包括语境中的含义、隐喻、转喻等修辞手法所带来的意义变化。
例如，“他是个钢铁般的人”，这里并不是说他由钢铁构成，而是用“钢铁”来隐喻他的坚强意志。
语用学关注的是语言在实际使用中的情境和意图。
它考虑说话者的意图、听话者的理解、语言的交际功能等。
比如，同样一句话“你能帮我一下吗？”在不同的情境中可能有不同的含义和效果，取决于说话者和听话者之间的关系、说话的场合等。
语言的类型学也是一个重要的领域。
它对世界上各种语言进行分类和比较，根据语言的语法、词汇、语音等特征将语言分为不同的类型。
例如，有的语言是孤立语，词形基本不发生变化，依靠语序和虚词来表达语法关系；有的语言是屈折语，词形会根据语法功能发生变化。
社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
最新语言学基础知识常考点1. 语言与其要素- 语言的定义：语言是人类交流和表达思想的工具，通过语言可以传递信息、表达感情和展示文化。
- 语言的要素：语音、语法、词汇、语义和语用是语言的基本要素。
2. 语音学- 语音学的研究对象：语音学研究的是语言中声音的产生、传播和感知。
- 国际音标：国际音标是一种标记语音的符号系统，用于记录各种语音音素。
- 语音特征：音调、音长、音位和音素是语音学中常考的重点。
3. 语法学- 语法学的定义：语法学是研究语言的句子结构、词类和句类等方面的学科。
- 句子的成分：句子由主语、谓语、宾语和其他修饰成分组成。
- 句类的分类：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句是常见的句类。
4. 词汇学- 词汇学的研究内容：词的构成、词义和词的使用是词汇学的主要研究内容。
- 词类：名词、动词、形容词和副词是常见的词类。
- 词汇资源：词典、同义词、反义词和词根是扩展词汇资源的重要工具。
5. 语义学- 语义学的定义：语义学研究的是词、短语和句子的意义。
- 词义的关系：近义词、反义词和义原关系是词义上常考的要点。
- 上下文与语义：词义可以根据上下文的不同产生细微的变化。
6. 语用学- 语用学的研究内容：语用学研究的是语言在实际交际中的使用规律。
- 言语行为：陈述、疑问、命令和请求等是常见的言语行为类型。
- 礼貌原则：在交际过程中，遵循礼貌原则可以提高交际效果。
以上是最新语言学基础知识常考点的简要介绍，希望对您有所帮助。
> 请注意：以上内容为总结和概述，更详细、准确的语言学知识需要参考相关教材和权威资料。
语言学知识点汇总语言，作为人类交流和思维的工具，是一个极其复杂而又充满魅力的领域。
语言学则是对语言的系统研究，涵盖了众多的分支和知识点。
接下来，让我们一起走进语言学的世界，对一些重要的知识点进行汇总。
一、语音学语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的物理属性，如音高、音强、音长和音质。
元音和辅音是语音学中的重要概念。
元音是在发音过程中气流通过口腔不受阻碍发出的音，如“a”“e”“i”“o”“u”。
辅音则是气流在口腔或咽头受到一定阻碍而形成的音，如“b”“p”“m”“f”等。
语音的协同发音现象也值得关注。
当我们连续发音时，一个音会受到相邻音的影响而发生变化。
例如，“牛奶”中的“牛”和“奶”在发音上会相互影响。
二、音系学音系学关注的是语言中的语音系统和语音模式。
音位是音系学的基本单位，是能够区别意义的最小语音单位。
比如在汉语中，“爸”和“怕”，“b”和“p”的不同造成了词义的差异，“b”和“p”就是两个不同的音位。
音位变体是同一个音位在不同语音环境中的具体表现形式。
例如，英语中的清辅音／p/，在词首时送气较强，如“pen”，在词尾时送气较弱，如“cap”。
三、词汇学词汇是语言的建筑材料。
词汇学研究词汇的形式、意义和词汇的构成方式。
词的构成方式包括单纯词、合成词和派生词。
单纯词由一个语素构成，如“人”“山”；合成词由两个或两个以上的语素构成，如“书包”“火车”；派生词则是通过添加词缀构成的新词，如“老师”“记者”。
词汇的意义包括词汇意义和语法意义。
词汇意义又分为概念意义和联想意义。
概念意义是词的基本意义，联想意义则是词在人们头脑中产生的附加意义，如文化、情感方面的联想。
四、语法学语法是语言的规则系统，规定了词如何组合成句子。
词类是语法学中的重要概念，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词等。
不同的词类在句子中有着不同的功能和用法。
句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。
了解句子成分有助于我们正确理解和构造句子。
语言学知识点汇总语言，作为人类交流和思维的工具，其研究领域广泛且深入。
语言学就是对语言进行科学研究的学科，它涵盖了众多的知识点，从语音、语法到语义、语用，从语言的历史演变到不同语言之间的比较，从语言与社会文化的关系到语言的习得和教学。
接下来，让我们一起走进语言学的知识世界。
一、语音学语音学是研究语音的物理特性和人类发音器官如何产生语音的学科。
语音的物理特性包括音高、音强、音长和音色。
音高决定了声音的高低，比如汉语中的声调就是通过音高的变化来区分意义的。
音强则影响声音的响亮程度，例如重音在很多语言中都有着重要的语法和语义作用。
音长指声音的持续时间，像日语中元音的长短就可能导致词义的不同。
音色使得我们能够区分不同的声音，比如元音和辅音就具有不同的音色特点。
人类的发音器官包括肺、气管、喉头、声带、口腔、鼻腔等。
通过这些器官的协同作用，我们发出各种不同的语音。
例如，元音是在发音过程中气流不受阻碍而发出的音，而辅音则是气流在某个部位受到阻碍而形成的音。
了解语音学的知识，对于语音的识别、语音合成以及语言教学都有着重要的意义。
二、音系学音系学关注的是语言中的语音系统和语音模式。
它研究语音在特定语言中的组合规则和分布规律。
例如，在英语中，“th”这个音的发音有清辅音θ和浊辅音ð之分，它们在单词中的出现是有一定规则的。
音系学还研究音位，音位是能够区别意义的最小语音单位。
比如，在汉语普通话中，“爸”bà和“怕”pà，“b”和“p”就是两个不同的音位。
音系规则也是音系学的重要内容，比如同化、异化、弱化等。
同化是指一个音受到相邻音的影响而变得与其相似，异化则是为了避免发音上的相似而产生的变化，弱化则常常导致某些音在快速或非重读音节中变得不那么清晰。
三、语法学语法学研究语言的结构规则，包括词法和句法。
词法关注词的构成和形态变化。
例如，英语中的名词有复数形式的变化，动词有时态、语态、人称和数的变化。
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semantic…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultimate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s terminology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. Halliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ are used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously viol atesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “ Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
