2015-2016年托福阅读词汇题真题

2015年2月1日托福考试阅读真题这次考试三篇文章都属于现象解释型的文章，结构清晰，而且TPO中有很多类似的题材文章，学生可以平时多加练习，增强积累。

词汇题：Pondered= thought aboutInconclusive= not decisiveFundamental= basicMandated=requiredSignify=indicateCeased=stoppedPromoted=encouragedAlleged=supposedDispersed=scatteredFunction=purposeControversial=debatableElaborate=well developed第一篇：题材划分：考古类主要内容：人们在canyon上发现了big house是在很短的时间内出现的，大约是在11世纪，后来停止建造，在13世纪又被遗弃了。

Big house非常大，有很多层，需要从很远的地方运来木材，以及collective work，所以17世纪以前，考古学家都以为这里存在森林，然而它所在的位置今天是非常干旱和恶劣的，于是研究人员推测这个地方以前是个绿洲，吸引了非常多的人过来盖big house. 但是建筑学家研究发现，它处在一个网状的结构中心，周围有居民的房子，又发现了一些遗迹和器皿，因此推断它有宗教用途。

但是地质学家研究发现那段时间有大量的水资源流向那里，宗教用途的推断受到质疑，研究者认为是因为这个地方非常适合农业，所以才在这里盖big house.相似TPO练习推荐：TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture相关知识背景：A great house is a large house or mansion with luxurious appointments and great retinues of indoor and outdoor staff, especially those of the turn of the 20th century (i.e., the late Victorian or Edwardian era in the United Kingdom and the Gilded Age in the United States). Examples include the English country house, the "stately homes of England" and the homes of various "millionaires' row" (or"millionaires' mile") in some U.S. cities such as Newport, Rhode Island. In Ireland, the term big house is usual for the houses of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy. By some reports, the summer homes of the wealthy at Newport averaged four servants per family member. There was often an elaborate hierarchy among staff, domestic workers in particular. It was considered declassé t o refer to one's own townhouses, estates or villas (or those of friends) as mansion sand modern etiquette books still advise that the terms house, big house or great house be used instead.As in the past, today's great houses are limited to heads of state, the very rich, or those who have inherited them; few in the developed world are staffed at the level of past centuries. The International Guild of Butlers estimates that the annual salaries of a 20-25 person household staff total in excess of US$1,000,000.In countries with supplies of cheap domestic labor, the middle classes are still able to afford household help, but not approaching the numbers involved in the running of a great house.第二篇题材划分：宗教文化类主要内容：主要讲解Greek’s sacred groves and parks. 古希腊哲学家研究人与自然的关系，引用了一位哲学家的话，说明natural 和spirit之间的关系，与艺术和人为修饰的东西相反。

托福考试词汇题练习及答案2016托福考试词汇题练习及答案托福是去美国留学必过的一个门槛，考察的是学生语言层面上的能力。

那么，单词量便是基础。

想要突破自己拿到高分，庞大而又扎实的.单词量是我们必不可少的。

下面YJBYS店铺为大家带来关于2016托福考试词汇题练习及答案，供大家参考学习，预祝考生考试顺利!1. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.The word "outstanding" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) extensive 广阔的规模大的(B) surprising(C) vertical垂直的(D) excellent2. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The word "site" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic3. The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particularplace very close to their time of giving birth.The phrase "account for " is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain4. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a至高权利supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance控制力(D) a development5. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of 无数的myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual6. Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why theSpanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. At least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.The word "supreme" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) most common(B) most outstanding(C) most expensive(D) most convenient7. They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.The word "settle" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) sink(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate8. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending上升的 cliff faces.The word "ascending" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) arriving at(B) carving(C) connecting(D) climbing9. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a 严肃的solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching theirpieces to the mood of the film.The word "solemn" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) silent10. Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.The word "composed" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) selected(B) combined(C) played(D) createdThe word "scores" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositions(D) groups of musicians11. The Earth 包括comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.The word "comprises" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) adapts to(B) benefits from(C) consists of(D) focuses on12. These plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense极端的deformation occurs are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.The word "intense" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rare(D) extreme13. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges.The word "margins" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) edges(B) peaks(C) interiors(D) distances14. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates move in opposite directions.The word "support" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold15. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.The word "appreciation" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) ignorance(B) recognition(C) tolerance(D) forgiveness下载文档。

托福考试阅读试题及答案2016年托福考试阅读试题及答案The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRus sia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’s potential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circlesatthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s wast e of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switchover rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000:000 to ns. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.试题1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?A.Wood from Britain’s gr eat forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the sametime as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was Jam es Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?A.The steam e ngine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been repl aced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order toovercome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.参考答案1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.CDF。

1月10日托福真题：阅读(新东方)
2015年1月10日托福真题：阅读(新东方)
第一篇：
16世纪后r开头的一个词削弱了artisans的繁荣发展（此处有同义句题），一些技术的发展使得成本上升，手工艺人无法承担（此处有题），原料的买卖大权掌握在big merchant手中（有题），穷手工艺人只能依靠便宜的local materials（有推断题），很多独立的producers沦为big merchant的employee，同时，他们又担心rural areas的发展，因为那里成本消费更低，更好招人（有题＋总结题）第二篇：
Desease的三个历史阶段，第一个infectious阶段，在这之前很少传染病，因为人民居住分散接触不够（有题），但农业的发展大大增加了epidemics，包括土壤里的生物、储存的食物等因素（有否定题，应该是选rotted那个），第二阶段是慢性病，医疗发展基本杜绝传染病，但现代人的生活让慢性病比如心脏病肺结核等更普遍（有题），第三阶段是现在，抗药性的细菌（有题）和慢性病一起来第三篇：
空气中氧气含量。

通过和太阳比较，现在空气中比以前少了一些元素（有题），有人说火山爆发导致的（有题），其实氧气产生包括小部分的par tion，即水分解解放出氧，和大部分的par sis，即植物转化，这两个来源（有题）。

研究发现氧先和铁结合进入ocean，因为两个时间点的石头构成不同（有题），生物爆发正好和后一个时间点重合（有句子插入题）。

氧气含量还与decompose有关（总结题）相关推荐：2015年托福考试时间安排表(全年)
相关推荐：2015年托福报名时间安排表(全年)。