The execution pipeline of the Intel i486 CPU

中国跳水英语作文Here is a 1,000-word essay on the topic of "Chinese Diving":Chinese diving has a long and storied history, dating back to the Tang Dynasty when court entertainers would perform acrobatic feats from high platforms into pools of water. Over the centuries, this aquatic art form evolved and was eventually formally organized as a competitive sport. Today, China is widely considered the world's preeminent diving powerhouse, dominating international competitions and producing some of the most talented and decorated divers in history.China's diving prowess can be traced to a number of key factors. First and foremost is the country's deep cultural reverence for physical discipline and athletic excellence. From a young age, Chinese children are encouraged to pursue demanding sports and cultivate an unwavering work ethic. This emphasis on rigor and persistent training creates an environment that is well-suited for the development of world-class divers.Another crucial element is the extensive infrastructure and institutional support for diving in China. The country has investedheavily in building state-of-the-art training facilities and recruiting the finest coaches from around the world. Chinese diving teams also receive generous government funding and resources, ensuring that athletes have access to the best equipment, nutrition programs, and sports medicine services. This professional, well-organized system stands in stark contrast to the challenges faced by many diving programs in other nations that struggle with limited budgets and resources.The Chinese diving pipeline is further bolstered by a grassroots culture of the sport that begins at the local and regional levels. Diving clubs and youth programs are ubiquitous across the country, providing opportunities for children to be introduced to the sport at a young age. Prospective athletes are identified and nurtured from an early stage, with the most promising individuals funneled into elite, centralized training centers. This comprehensive developmental pathway cultivates diving talent in a systematic and efficient manner.Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the Chinese diving juggernaut, however, is the meticulous attention to technical precision that permeates every aspect of the sport. Chinese coaches place a premium on perfecting the most minute details of each dive, from body alignment and entry angle to splash minimization. Divers undergo intense, repetitive training to internalize these technical elements, often spending countless hours meticulously practicing thesame dives over and over again. This dedication to technical mastery, combined with outstanding physical abilities, allows Chinese divers to consistently execute dives of the highest degree of difficulty with superb form and execution.The results of this holistic approach to diving development speak for themselves. Chinese divers have dominated international competitions for decades, amassing an astounding array of Olympic and world championship titles. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, for example, Chinese athletes swept all 10 diving gold medals, cementing the country's status as the undisputed global leader in the sport. Individual Chinese diving superstars like Guo Jingjing, Chen Ruolin, and Shi Tingmao have become household names, their achievements inspiring the next generation of aspiring divers.Beyond the medals and records, Chinese diving has also had a transformative impact on the global trajectory of the sport. The country's diving prowess has raised the bar for technical excellence and difficulty, pushing other nations to constantly innovate and elevate their own programs. The meticulous training methodologies pioneered in China have been widely emulated, while the country's diving coaches are in high demand around the world. In this sense, China's diving dominance has been a rising tide that has lifted the sport as a whole to new heights of achievement.Of course, the path to diving supremacy has not been without its challenges. The intense, regimented training regimen can take a significant physical and psychological toll on young athletes, leading to concerns about burnout and injuries. There have also been sporadic controversies surrounding the age eligibility of some Chinese divers. Nevertheless, the country has continued to refine and improve its diving development system, addressing these issues while maintaining its status as the global standard-bearer.Looking to the future, there is little doubt that China will remain the diving superpower for years to come. The country's deep talent pool, world-class training infrastructure, and unyielding commitment to technical mastery ensure that a steady stream of Chinese diving champions will continue to awe and inspire audiences around the world. As the sport evolves, China will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping its trajectory, cementing its legacy as one of the most dominant forces in athletic history.。

简述arm的三级流水线的工作流程英文回答：The three-stage pipeline in ARM processors is designed to improve the efficiency of instruction execution by dividing the instruction execution process into three stages: fetch, decode, and execute.1. Fetch stage: In this stage, the processor fetches the next instruction from memory. It increments the program counter (PC) to point to the next instruction and retrieves the instruction from memory using the PC as the address. The fetched instruction is then stored in an instruction register.2. Decode stage: In this stage, the fetched instruction is decoded to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. The instruction is typically decoded into micro-operations that can be executed by theprocessor's execution units. The operands are fetched fromregisters or memory and prepared for execution.3. Execute stage: In this stage, the decodedinstruction is executed. This involves performing the desired operation on the operands and storing the result in the appropriate destination. The execution stage may also involve accessing memory or performing other operations required by the instruction.The three-stage pipeline allows for instruction-level parallelism, as each stage can work on a differentinstruction simultaneously. While one instruction is being fetched, another instruction can be decoded, and a third instruction can be executed. This overlapping of stages improves the overall throughput of the processor.However, the three-stage pipeline also introduces some challenges. For example, if a branch instruction is encountered in the fetch stage, the subsequent instructions in the pipeline may need to be discarded, as the branch instruction changes the program flow. This can result in a pipeline stall and decrease the efficiency of the processor.中文回答：ARM处理器中的三级流水线旨在通过将指令执行过程分为三个阶段（取指、译码和执行）来提高指令执行的效率。

管道护理质控组工作制度及流程English Answer:Quality Control Group Work System and Process for Pipeline Maintenance.1. Purpose.The purpose of this work system and process is to establish a framework for the Pipeline Maintenance Quality Control (QC) Group to ensure the quality of pipeline maintenance activities.2. Scope.This work system and process applies to all pipeline maintenance activities performed by the QC Group, including:Inspection and testing of pipelines.Assessment of pipeline integrity.Development and implementation of maintenance plans.Monitoring and evaluation of maintenance activities.3. Roles and Responsibilities.The following roles and responsibilities are established for the QC Group:QC Manager: Responsible for the overall management and operation of the QC Group.QC Inspectors: Responsible for conducting inspections and tests of pipelines.QC Engineers: Responsible for assessing pipeline integrity and developing maintenance plans.QC Supervisors: Responsible for supervising the activities of QC Inspectors and Engineers.4. Work Process.The QC Group shall follow the following work process for all pipeline maintenance activities:4.1. Planning.Identify the scope and objectives of the maintenance activity.Develop a detailed inspection and testing plan.Establish acceptance criteria for the maintenance activity.4.2. Execution.Conduct inspections and tests according to the plan.Record and document all findings.Assess pipeline integrity and identify any deficiencies.4.3. Reporting.Prepare inspection and test reports.Submit reports to the appropriate authorities.Provide recommendations for maintenance actions.4.4. Monitoring.Monitor the implementation of maintenance actions.Evaluate the effectiveness of maintenance activities.Identify any areas for improvement.4.5. Continuous Improvement.Regularly review the work process and identify areasfor improvement.Implement improvements to enhance the quality of pipeline maintenance activities.5. Documentation.The QC Group shall maintain the following documentation:Inspection and test reports.Assessment of pipeline integrity reports.Maintenance plans.Monitoring and evaluation reports.6. Training and Development.The QC Group shall provide training and development opportunities for its staff to ensure the necessary skills and knowledge are maintained.中文回答：管道养护质控组工作制度及流程。

管理制度建设英文IntroductionIn today’s competitive business environment, an effective management system is crucial for the success of any organization. A well-designed management system provides structure, clarity, and direction to a company, enabling it to achieve its strategic goals and objectives. It ensures that all business activities are carried out in a coordinated and efficient manner, while also providing a framework for continuous improvement and innovation. In this paper, we will explore the key components of an effective management system and discuss the steps involved in building and implementing such a system within an organization.Key Components of an Effective Management System1. Clear Vision, Mission, and GoalsAn effective management system begins with a clear and compelling vision, mission, and set of goals for the organization. This provides the overarching purpose and direction for the company, guiding decision-making and aligning all business activities towards a common objective. It is essential for the management team to communicate the vision, mission, and goals to all employees, ensuring that they understand and are committed to the organization's strategic direction.2. Strategic Planning and ExecutionStrategic planning is the proce ss of defining the company’s long-term objectives and developing a roadmap for achieving them. This involves analyzing the external environment and identifying opportunities and threats, as well as assessing the organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses. The strategic plan should include clear action steps, timelines, and responsibilities, and should be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changes in the business environment.3. Organizational Structure and GovernanceA well-defined organizational structure is essential for a business to operate efficiently and effectively. It should clearly delineate reporting relationships, roles, and responsibilities, while also allowing for flexibility and adaptability. In addition, a robust governance framework is necessary to ensure that the organization is managed in a transparent and accountable manner, with appropriate checks and balances in place to prevent conflicts of interest and ensure compliance with laws and regulations.4. Performance Management and MeasurementPerformance management involves setting clear expectations for employees, providing them with the necessary resources and support to achieve their goals, and evaluating their performance on a regular basis. This may include the use of key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure progress towards strategic objectives, as well as the implementation ofperformance appraisal systems to provide constructive feedback and identify areas for improvement.5. Talent Management and DevelopmentA management system should include processes for attracting, developing, and retaining talented employees. This involves recruiting individuals with the right skills and cultural fit, providing them with opportunities for growth and development, and creating a supportive and inclusive work environment. In addition, succession planning is essential to ensure that the organization has a pipeline of qualified leaders to fill key roles in the future.6. Risk Management and ComplianceAn effective management system should include robust risk management processes to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks to the organization. This may include risks related to operations, finance, legal and regulatory compliance, reputation, and other areas. In addition, the organization should have a strong culture of compliance, with clear policies and procedures in place to ensure that all business activities are conducted in an ethical and legal manner.Steps to Building an Effective Management SystemBuilding an effective management system requires a systematic and comprehensive approach, involving the following steps:1. Conduct a Business AssessmentThe first step in building a management system is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the organization’s current state. This m ay involve analyzing the business strategy, organizational structure, processes and workflows, performance metrics, talent management practices, risk management and compliance activities, and other relevant areas. The assessment should identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and provide a basis for developing an action plan for improvement.2. Define Strategic ObjectivesBased on the assessment, the organization should define its strategic objectives and establish clear targets and timelines for achieving them. This may involve revisiting the company’s vision, mission, and goals, as well as developing a strategic plan that outlines the key initiatives and projects required to move the organization forward.3. Design Management Processes and SystemsNext, the organization should design and implement management processes and systems to support the achievement of its strategic objectives. This may include developing policies, procedures, and guidelines for key areas such as performance management, talent management, risk management, compliance, and others. It should also involve theimplementation of information systems and technologies to support these processes and systems.4. Communicate and TrainCommunication and training are critical to the success of a management system. The organization should ensure that all employees understand the vision, mission, and goals, as well as the processes and systems that have been put in place to support these objectives. This may involve the development of training programs, workshops, and other initiatives to build awareness and capability within the organization.5. Monitor and ReviewThe implementation of a management system should be an ongoing process, with regular monitoring and review to ensure that the system is achieving its intended objectives. This may involve the use of performance metrics and dashboards to track progress, as well as regular meetings and discussions to review key initiatives, identify issues and risks, and make necessary adjustments.6. Continuously ImproveFinally, the organization should be committed to continuous improvement, seeking feedback and learning from experiences, and making adjustments to the management system as needed. This may involve conducting periodic audits, benchmarking against best practices, and soliciting input from employees, customers, and other stakeholders to identify areas for improvement.ConclusionIn conclusion, an effective management system is essential for the success of any organization, providing structure, clarity, and direction, while also enabling continuous improvement and innovation. This system should be built upon clear vision, mission, and goals, with strong processes and systems in place to support strategic planning, organizational structure, performance management, talent development, risk management, and compliance. It is a systematic and comprehensive approach that requires careful assessment, strategic planning, communication, and ongoing monitoring and improvement. By building and implementing an effective management system, organizations can achieve their strategic objectives and drive sustainable success.。

—１６—全面腐蚀控制２００４年第１８卷第６期外加电流电化学保护在输水管道防腐蚀工程中的应用谢东１ 蒋涛１ 蹇磊１ 冯凯权２ 何延涛２（１、武汉材料保护研究所，武汉４３００３０；２、广东中山市供水总公司，中山５２８４００）摘 要：本文阐述了利用复合涂层与外加电流电化学保护相结合的方法，对已运行的旧的、腐蚀较严重的输水管道进行防护。

详尽地说明了防腐蚀设计中的涂层、阴极保护设计的方案及设计理论，为旧的输水管道的维修，延长使用寿命提供了可行的实践经验。

关键词：防腐蚀设计 阴极保护 外加电流１ 工程概况及基础资料广东中山市供水总公司大丰水厂ＤＮ２０００输水管道１９９５年投入运营使用，管道规格为Φ２０００ｍｍ×１６ｍｍ，管道材质为Ｑ２３５Ａ碳钢。

　该输水管道埋设于郊区农田、香蕉林及部分水塘中，并且两次穿越河流，一次穿越公路。

输水管道从大丰水厂内表房后阀室起至石歧河南岸ＤＮ１６００阀室止，总长度为１８７９．７２　ｍ。

受中山市供水总公司的委托，我所于２００１年９月对该输水管道沿线进行了相应的检测和腐蚀调查，结果如下：土壤电阻率范围为２．５１～１５．０８Ω・ｍ，土壤ｐＨ值为６．０。

管道外表面原防腐蚀设计为：一度红丹底漆和一度沥青面漆。

管道外表面腐蚀极为严重，防腐蚀涂层基本失效。

管道因腐蚀已经使其壁厚大大减小。

管道防腐蚀层绝缘电阻值测试结果为小于５００Ω・ｍ２。

根据腐蚀调查，若不及时对该管道进行防腐蚀维修，管道可能很快会报废。

采取经济并行之有效的防腐蚀处理会抑制输水管道腐蚀的进一步扩展，延长输水管道的使用年限，从而间接增加水厂的经济效益。

我所—武汉表面工程成套技术开发公司承担了该管道的防腐蚀工程施工。

２ ＤＮ２０００输水管道防腐蚀设计２．１　ＤＮ２０００输水管道防腐蚀设计理论基础广东中山市地处我国南方，土壤ｐＨ值呈酸性，并且雨量较大，表面覆土的埋地钢制管道在离地表越近，受到的各种腐蚀介质的侵蚀可能性越大。

Intel ®Distribution for GDB ∗Reference SheetUseful GDB Commands (cont’d)info threads [-stopped]<ID>Display information about threads with id ID ,including their active SIMD lanes.Omit id to display all e the -stopped flag to limit to stopped threads.thread <thread_id>:<lane>Switch context to the SIMD lane lane of the specified thread.E.g:thread 2.6:4thread apply <thread_id>:<lane><cmd>Apply command cmd to the specified lane of the thread. E.g:‘thread apply 2.3:*print element ’prints element for each active lane of thread eful for inspecting vectorized values.x /<format><addr>Examine the memory at address addr according to format . E.g:‘x /i $pc ’shows the instruction pointed by the program counter.‘x /8wd &count ’shows 8words in decimal format located at the address of count .set nonstop on/offEnable/disable the nonstop mode.This command may not be used after the program has started.set scheduler-locking on/step/offLock the thread eful to keep the other threads stopped while the current thread is stepping (if set to step )or resumed (if on )to avoid interference.maint jit dump <addr><filename>Save the JIT’ed objfile that contains address addr into the file filename .Useful for extracting the SYCL kernel when running on the CPU device.cond [-force]<N><exp>Define the expression exp as the condition for breakpoint N .Use the optional -force flag to force the condition to be defined even when exp is invalid for the current lo-cations of the eful for defining conditions on breakpoints in JIT-produced code.NotesCurrently only the Level Zero backend supports debug.Workloads submitted to different devices and/or subde-vices can be debugged simultaneously.Only one workload at a time can be debugged on a subdevice.Other work-loads submitted to the same subdevice need to wait until the subdevice is free again.The ZE_AFFINITY_MASK=<device>.<subdevice>environ-ment variable can be used to limit the devices/subdevices available to the program.∗Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries.Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.。

CHAPTER 6NETWORK OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMSSOLUTION TO SOLVED PROBLEMS6.S1Distribution at Heart BeatsHeart B eats i s a m anufacturer o f m edical e quipment. T he c ompany’s p rimary p roduct i s a device u sed t o m onitor t he h eart d uring m edical p rocedures. T his d evice i s p roduced i n t wo factories a nd s hipped t o t wo w arehouses. T he p roduct i s t hen s hipped o n d emand t o f ourthird-­‐party w holesalers. A ll s hipping i s d one b y t ruck. T he p roduct d istribution n etwork i s shown b elow. T he a nnual p roduction c apacity a t F actories 1 a nd 2 i s 400 a nd 250, respectively. T he a nnual d emand a t W holesalers 1, 2, 3, a nd 4 i s 200, 100, 150, a nd 200, respectively. T he c ost o f s hipping o ne u nit i n e ach s hipping l ane i s s hown o n t he a rcs. D ue t o limited t ruck c apacity, a t m ost 250 u nits c an b e s hipped f rom F actory 1 t o W arehouse 1 e ach year. F ormulate a nd s olve a n etwork o ptimization m odel i n a s preadsheet t o d etermine h ow to d istribute t he p roduct a t t he l owest p ossible a nnual c ost.This i s a m inimum-­‐cost f low p roblem. T o s et u p a s preadsheet m odel, f irst l ist a ll o f t he a rcs as s hown i n B4:C11, a long w ith t heir c apacity (F4) a nd u nit c ost (G4:G11). O nly t he a rc from F1 t o W H1 i s c apacitated. T hen l ist a ll o f t he n odes a s s hown i n I4:I11 a long w ith e ach node’s s upply o r d emand (L4:L11).The c hanging c ells a re t he a mount o f f low t o s end t hrough e ach a rc. T hese a re s hown i nFlow (D4:D11) b elow, w ith a n a rbitrary v alue o f 10 e ntered f or e ach. T he f low t hrough t he arc f rom F1 t o W H1 m ust b e l ess t han t he c apacity o f 250, a s i ndicated b y t he c onstraint D4<= F4.For e ach n ode, c alculate t he n et f low a s a f unction o f t he c hanging c ells. T his c an b e d one using t he S UMIF f unction. I n e ach c ase, t he f irst S UMIF f unction c alculates t he f low l eaving the n ode a nd t he s econd o ne c alculates t he f low e ntering t he n ode. F or e xample, c onsider the F 1 n ode (I4). S UMIF(From, N odes, F low) s ums e ach i ndividual e ntry i n F low (thechanging c ells i n D 4:D11) i f t hat e ntry i s i n a r ow w here t he e ntry i n F rom (B4:B11) i s t he same a s i n t hat r ow o f N odes (i.e., F 1). S ince I 4 = F 1 a nd t he o nly r ows t hat h ave F 1 i n F rom (B4:B11) a re r ows 4 a nd 5, t he s um i n t he s hip c olumn i s o nly o ver t hese s ame r ows, s o t his sum i s D 4+D5.The g oal i s t o m inimize t he t otal c ost o f s hipping t he p roduct f rom t he f actories t o t he wholesalers. T he c ost i s t he S UMPRODUCT o f t he U nit C osts w ith t he F low, o r T otal C ost = SUMPRODUCT(UnitCost, F low). T his f ormula i s e ntered i nto T otalCost (D13).34567891011JNet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)The S olver i nformation a nd s olved s preadsheet a re s hown b elow.Thus, F low (D4:D11) i ndicates h ow t o d istribute t he p roduct s o a s t o a chieve t he m inimum Total C ost (D13) o f $58,500.Solver ParametersSet Objective Cell: TotalCost To: MinBy Changing Variable Cells: FlowSubject to the Constraints: D4 <= CapacityNetFlow = SupplyDemand Solver Options:Make Variables Nonnegative Solving Method: Simplex LP34567891011JNet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)6.S 2 Assessing the Capacity of a Pipeline NetworkExxo 76 i s a n o il c ompany t hat o perates t he p ipeline n etwork s hown b elow, w here e achpipeline i s l abeled w ith i ts m aximum f low r ate i n m illion c ubic f eet (MMcf) p er d ay. A n ew o il well h as b een c onstructed n ear A . T hey w ould l ike t o t ransport o il f rom t he w ell n ear A t o their r efinery a t G . F ormulate a nd s olve a n etwork o ptimization m odel t o d etermine t he maximum f low r ate f rom A t o G .This i s a m inimum-­‐cost f low p roblem. A ssociated w ith e ach p ipe i n t he n etwork w ill b e a n arc (or, f or p ipes w hich m ight f low i n e ither d irection, t wo a rcs, o ne i n e ach d irection). T o set u p a s preadsheet m odel, f irst l ist a ll o f t he a rcs a s s hown i n B 5:C19, a long w ith t heir capacity (F5:F19). T hen l ist a ll o f t he n odes a s s hown i n H 5:H11. A ll t he t ransshipment nodes (every n ode e xcept t he s tart n ode A a nd t he e nd n ode G ) w ill b e c onstrained t o h ave net f low = 0 (Supply/Demand = 0). T he start n ode (A) a nd e nd n ode (G) a re l eft unconstrained. W e w ant t o m aximize t he n et f low o ut o f n ode A .The c hanging c ells a re t he a mount o f f low t o s end t hrough e ach p ipe (arc). T hese a re s hown in F low (D5:D19) b elow, w ith a n a rbitrary v alue o f 0 e ntered f or e ach. T he f low t hrough each a rc i s c apacitated a s i ndicated b y t he <= i n E5:E19.For e ach n ode, c alculate t he n et f low a s a f unction o f t he c hanging c ells. T his c an b e d one using t he S UMIF f unction. I n e ach c ase, t he f irst S UMIF f unction c alculates t he f low l eaving the n ode a nd t he s econd o ne c alculates t he f low e ntering t he n ode. F or e xample, c onsider the A n ode (H5). S UMIF(From, N odes, F low) i n I 5 s ums e ach i ndividual e ntry i n F low (the changing c ells i n D 5:D19) i f t hat e ntry i s i n a r ow w here t he e ntry i n F rom (B5:B19) i s t he same a s i n t he e ntry i n t hat r ow o f N odes (i.e., A ). S ince t he o nly r ows t hat h ave A i n F rom (B5:B19) a re r ows 5 a nd 6, t he s um i n t he s hip c olumn i s o nly o ver t hese s ame r ows, s o t his sum i s D 5+D6.4567891011INet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)The g oal i s t o m aximize t he a mount s hipped f rom A t o G. S ince n odes B t hrough F a retransshipment n odes (net f low = 0), a ny a mount t hat l eaves A m ust e nter G. T hus, maximizing t he f low o ut o f A w ill a chieve o ur g oal. T hus, t he f ormula e ntered i nto t heobjective c ell M aximumFlow (D21) i s =I5.The S olver i nformation a nd s olved s preadsheet a re s hown b elow.Thus, F low (D5:D19) i ndicates h ow t o s end o il t hrough t he n etwork s o a s t o a chieve t he Maximum F low (D21) o f 34 t housand g allons/hour.Solver ParametersSet Objective Cell: MaximumFlow To: MaxBy Changing Variable Cells: FlowSubject to the Constraints: Flow <= CapacityNetFlow = SupplyDemand Solver Options:Make Variables Nonnegative Solving Method: Simplex LP4567891011INet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)6.S 3 Driving to the Mile -High CitySarah a nd J ennifer h ave j ust g raduated f rom c ollege a t t he U niversity o f W ashington i n Seattle a nd w ant t o g o o n a r oad t rip. T hey h ave a lways w anted t o s ee t he m ile-­‐high c ity o f Denver. T heir r oad a tlas s hows t he d riving t ime (in h ours) b etween v arious c ity p airs, a s shown b elow. F ormulate a nd s olve a n etwork o ptimization m odel t o f ind t he q uickest r oute from S eattle t o D enver?This i s a s hortest p ath p roblem. T o s et u p a s preadsheet m odel, f irst l ist a ll o f t he a rcs a s shown i n B 4:C11, a long w ith t heir c apacity (F4). O nly t he a rc f rom F 1 t o W H1 i scapacitated. T hen l ist a ll o f t he n odes a s s hown i n I 4:I11 a long w ith e ach n ode’s s upply o r demand (L4:L11).The c hanging c ells a re t he a mount o f f low t o s end t hrough e ach a rc. T hese a re s hown i nFlow (D4:D11) b elow, w ith a n a rbitrary v alue o f 10 e ntered f or e ach. T he f low t hrough t he arc f rom F 1 t o W H1 m ust b e l ess t han t he c apacity o f 250, a s i ndicated b y t he c onstraint D 4 <= F 4.SeattleGrand JunctionDenverFor e ach n ode, c alculate t he n et f low a s a f unction o f t he c hanging c ells. T his c an b e d one using t he S UMIF f unction. I n e ach c ase, t he f irst S UMIF f unction c alculates t he f low l eaving the n ode a nd t he s econd o ne c alculates t he f low e ntering t he n ode. F or e xample, c onsider the F 1 n ode (I4). S UMIF(From, I 4, F low) s ums e ach i ndividual e ntry i n F low (the c hanging cells i n D 4:D11) i f t hat e ntry i s i n a r ow w here t he e ntry i n F rom (B4:B11) i s t he s ame a s i n I4 (i.e., F1). S ince I 4 = F 1 a nd t he o nly r ows t hat h ave F 1 i n F rom (B4:B11) a re r ows 4 a nd 5, t he s um i n t he s hip c olumn i s o nly o ver t hese s ame r ows, s o t his s um i s D 4+D5.34567891011JNet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)The g oal i s t o m inimize t he t otal c ost o f s hipping t he p roduct f rom t he f actories t o t he wholesalers. T he c ost i s t he S UMPRODUCT o f t he U nit C osts w ith t he F low, o r T otal C ost = SUMPRODUCT(UnitCost, F low). T his f ormula i s e ntered i nto T otalCost (D13).The S olver i nformation a nd s olved s preadsheet a re s hown b elow.Thus, F low (D4:D11) i ndicates h ow t o d istribute t he p roduct s o a s t o a chieve t he m inimum Total C ost (D13) o f $58,500.Solver ParametersSet Objective Cell: Total Cost To: MinBy Changing Variable Cells: FlowSubject to the Constraints: D4 <= CapacityNetFlow = SupplyDemand Solver Options:Make Variables Nonnegative Solving Method: Simplex LP34567891011JNet Flow=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)=SUMIF(From,Nodes,Flow)-SUMIF(To,Nodes,Flow)。

第５１卷　第１期 激光与红外Ｖｏｌ．５１，Ｎｏ．１　２０２１年１月 ＬＡＳＥＲ　＆　ＩＮＦＲＡＲＥＤＪａｎｕａｒｙ，２０２１ 文章编号：１００１ ５０７８（２０２１）０１ ０１２２ ０７·图像与信号处理·基于无线遥控与视觉跟踪的焊接控制系统汤　宇，柯希林，王小刚，王中任（湖北文理学院机械工程学院，湖北襄阳４４１０５３）摘　要：为解决焊接工程现场有线示教器操作不便、传统模板匹配方法受电弧与飞溅干扰而导致跟踪稳定性差等问题，设计了一种基于无线遥控与视觉跟踪的焊接控制系统。

首先，设计了包含视觉单元、控制单元和执行单元的嵌入式ＰＣ无线控制系统，实现图像采集处理和焊缝跟踪偏移信息计算，并控制焊机机器人执行相应的动作。

然后，采用了粒子滤波跟踪算法进行焊缝跟踪，该算法通过粒子滤波对图像大目标区域进行搜索，减少焊缝位置发生突变或焊缝图像缺失时跟踪失效的问题，确保视觉单元能够在强烈噪声干扰下快速、准确地识别焊缝特征位置。

焊接测试结果表明，本系统纠偏误差小于０．１２ｍｍ，且操作方便、稳定性好、纠偏精度高、焊接表面成型质量良好，满足管道焊接的工艺要求。

关键词：焊缝跟踪；图像处理；无线控制；粒子滤波中图分类号：ＴＰ３９１ ４１ 文献标识码：Ａ ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００１ ５０７８．２０２１．０１．０２１ＷｅｌｄｉｎｇｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｂａｓｅｄｏｎｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓｒｅｍｏｔｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌａｎｄｖｉｓｕａｌｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇＴＡＮＧＹｕ，ＫＥＸｉ ｌｉｎ，ＷＡＮＧＸｉａｏ ｇａｎｇ，ＷＡＮＧＺｈｏｎｇ ｒｅｎ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＨｕｂｅｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＡｒｔｓ＆Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｘｉａｎｇｙａｎｇ４４１０５３，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｉｎｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｉｒｅｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｄｅｖｉｃｅｉｎｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｓｉｔｅａｎｄｐｏｏｒｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙａｒｃａｎｄｓｐａｔｔｅｒｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｔｅｍｐｌａｔｅｍａｔｃｈｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ，ａｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｂａｓｅｄｏｎｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓｒｅｍｏｔｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌａｎｄｖｉｓｕａｌｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ Ｆｉｒｓｔｏｆａｌｌ，ａｎｅｍｂｅｄｄｅｄＰＣｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｖｉｓｉｏｎｕｎｉｔ，ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｕｎｉｔａｎｄｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｏｎｕｎｉｔｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｔｏｒｅａｌｉｚｅｉｍａｇｅａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｏ ｃｅｓｓｉｎｇａｎｄｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｅｌｄｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇｏｆｆｓｅｔｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｔｏｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｔｈｅｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｍａｃｈｉｎｅｒｏｂｏｔｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｔｈｅｃｏｒ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｃｔｉｏｎｓ Ｔｈｅｎ，ａｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｂａｓｅｄｏｎｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｔａｒｇｅｔａｒｅａｏｆｔｈｅｉｍａｇｅｂｙｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇｆａｉｌｕｒｅ，ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｗｅｌｄｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｓａｂｒｕｐｔｏｒｔｈｅｗｅｌｄｉｍａｇｅｉｓｍｉｓｓｉｎｇ，ｔｏｅｎｓｕｒｅｔｈａｔｔｈｅｖｉｓｕａｌｕｎｉｔｃａｎｑｕｉｃｋｌｙａｎｄａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙｔｈｅｗｅｌｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｒｏｎｇｎｏｉｓｅｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ Ｉｎｔｈｅｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｔｅｓｔ，ｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｈａｓｔｈｅａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｏｆｃｏｎｖｅｎｉｅｎｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｇｏｏｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｈｉｇｈｄｅｖｉａｔｉｏｎｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ，ｇｏｏｄｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｑｕａｌｉｔｙ，ａｎｄｍｅｅｔｓｔｈｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅｗｅｌｄ ｉｎｇＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｗｅｌｄｓｅａｍｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇ；ｉｍａｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ；ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ；ｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｆｉｌｔｅｒ作者简介：汤　宇（１９８９－），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为智能制造与机器视觉。

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION (1)I NTRODUCTION TO I NTELLIAN I3/I4/I4P (1)F EATURES OF I NTELLIAN I3/I4/I4P (2)B ASIC S YSTEM C ONFIGURATION OF I NTELLIAN I3/I4/I4P (3)INSTALLATION (4)S YSTEM C OMPONENTS (4)T OOLS R EQUIRED FOR I NSTALLATION (7)P LANNING THE INSTALLATION (8)S ELECTION OF I NSTALLATION S ITE (8)I NSTALLATION AND M OUNTING OF ANTENNA (10)I NSTALLING THE ACU (15)C ONNECTING THE S YSTEM C ABLES (17)C ONNECTING THE SYSTEM TO A GPS (20)T ARGET S ATELLITE S ETTING (21)A DJUSTING THE LNB S KEW A NGLE (L INEAR POLARIZATION ONLY) (22)OPERATION INSTRUCTION (24)I NTRODUCTION (24)OPERATION USING THE ACU (25)ACU S OFT K EYS (25)N ORMAL M ODE (25)S ET U P M ODE (30)OPERATION USING PC CONTROLLER PROGRAM (52)I NTRODUCTION (52)P ROGRAM I NITIALING AND S ERIAL P ORT S ETUP (53)M AIN M ENU –U SING D EFAULT D UAL-SAT M ODE (54)S ET S ATELLITE I NFORMATION (55)M AIN M ENU-U SING A DV ANCED T RI-SAT M ODE (56)S ET S ATELLITE I NFORMATION (57)C ONTROLLER MENU (60)TROUBLESHOOTING (65)PREPARATION FOR TRANSPORTATION (67)WARRANTY (68)APPENDIX : TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION (69)I NTELLIAN I4/I4P (69)I NTELLIAN I3 (70)INTRODUCTIONIntroduction to Intellian i3/i4/i4PIntellian i3/i4/i4P is a digital satellite antenna system designed specificallyfor all types of vessels (Anchored or transit) to automatically identify, trackand capture satellite signals from the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB: the international standard for digital TV transmissions) compatible satellites.Specifically, Intellian i3/i4/i4P has Wide Range Search (WRS) algorithm, which minimizes the search time during initialization, and Dynamic Beam Tilting (DBT) technology, which dynamically shapes the antenna beam to utilize stabilization. Once the satellite is acquired, the antenna DBT continuously measures the heading, pitch, and roll of the vessel by obtaining the satellite signal level around the antenna point, and transmitscommands to the antenna motors to keep the antenna pointed at the satellite at all times. This active stabilization is enhanced by a conical scan tracking function to detect and lock onto the strongest signal, resulting in the clearest reception possible. The i3/i4/i4P has a built-in GPS system which enhances the speed of satellite signals acquisitions.In addition, the i4P provides the embedded auto skew angle control system to maintain the optimal signal strength and increase the quality of satellite receptions in weak satellite single coverage area.Features of Intellian i3/i4/i4PEnjoy satellite broadcasts at seaIntellian i3/i4/i4P is the most modern antenna system that enables you to receive a high quality broadcasting signal at sea, where the atmospheric and environmental condition are very harsh.Fully automatic control systemFully automatic control system allows you to simply turn the power switch on, and have crystal clear, high quality satellite television in motion or at anchor.High quality antennaHigh tech parabolic antenna technology has been adopted for this antenna system, which is optimal for marine conditions. This enables you to receive the optimal signal level even when it is raining or snowing. Fast and efficient search for the satelliteThe WRS (Wide Range Search) algorithm allows for the antenna system to search the satellite within the shortest amount of time and to detect the satellite signal under any position and with any directional movement of the ship.Easy installation and outstanding reliabilityIntellian i3/i4/i4P uses only one RF cable for installation. This makes installation easy. Power, RF and Data signals transfer from the antenna the ACU through this single cable. In addition, Intellian i3/i4/i4P provides highly reliable system through the implementation of a modularized design, and the usage of strictly proven components.Built-in GPSIntellian i3/i4/i4P has imbedded GPS, which allows for the system to upload the GPS data automatically into the system for an even faster and stable system.Built-in automatic skew angle control systemThe automatic skew control system allows Intellian i4P to maintain the optimal skew angle at all times and ensure maximum level of satellite signal level.NMEA GPSPC( Not Supplied)Satellite Receiver (Not Supplied)DC Power on Vessel Satellite Receiver (Not Supplied)Front Rear Hexagonal Bolt5EASpring Washer5EAFlat Washer5EATapping Screw(Φ4x16L)Machine Screw(Φ3x8L)Power Drill Cross-HeadΦ10mm Drill Φ80mm Pencil5mmAntenna Unit15°Obstacleobstacles within 15 degreesabove the antenna. Anyantenna from tracking thesatellite signal (Refer to theWARNINGØ10mm Drillø80mmHole sawRF Cable OptionalAntenna Unit 11mmSpannerWARNING Antenna Unit Support DeckM8 Flat WasherM8 Hex. Bolt13mm SpannerM8 Spring Washer5.38cm (2.1”)IRD 1 (Not Supplied)DC Power Cable NMEA GPSDC Power Cable NMEA GPSDC Power NMEA GPS IRD1IRD 2IRD 3IRD 4Multi switch (Not supplied)Ground (-)NMEA out (+)4-M4X6 Socket Set ScrewTRACKINGTRACKING B:TRACKING B:TRACKING C:DTV101###.# EL###.##E ##.##N1. Press BACK to enter sleep mode.2. Press Back again for exiting sleep mode.SET SAT PAIR ?SET TRIPLE SAT ? SAT A : DTV101 PREVSAT B : DTV119SAT C: DTV110#SAVE ?YES NOVER LOW NID 0x0003HOR LOW 12523 21096 x2HOR LOW NID 0x0003VER HIGH 12598 21096INPUT +VER HIGH NID 0x0003HOR HIGH 12523 21096SAVE ?VERIFY : DVB DECODE VOLTAGE: DISEQC: ONLY 22KHZ PARAM: SCAN OFFx3SET ANT PARAMETER?WRS LEVEL : 0500SATNAME : DTV101SAVE ? 5. Input thex4SAVE ?x4SET LOCAL FREQ? LNB TYPE : UNIVERSALNEXTSET SAT PAIR ?PREVLONGITUDE ###.## Ex1YES NEXTLONGITUDE ###.## EINPUT +SAVE ?4. Input the longitude data.SET SAT PAIR ?SAVE ?x5DO NOT USE DISEQCNEXT 4. Select the DiSEqC MethodSET SAT PAIR ?x6SF-301SSET SAT PAIR ?x7x9 ACU POWER : 27.1 Vx10SET SAT PAIR ?x8 SET REMOCON ? FUNC : CHANGE SATPRESS A REMOTE KEY FUNC :x11x12 LOAD REGION INFO? CONTINENT: EUROPE REGION : ITALYLOAD? LOADING :SET SAT PAIR ?x13Command Button• Baud Rate Setting – To display communication speed.•Connection Status Display – To display communication port Antenna Status Monitoring•Search – Antenna is searching for the selected satellite.•Tracking – Antenna is tracking the selected satellite.•Initialize – Antenna or the ACU is initializing.◆ ♦⌧•Satellite InformationThe name, longitude and confirmation method of the satellite isdisplayed when a satellite is selected in the list box. Push “EditSatellite Information” button to update the information onmodifying the value.•DiSEqCAntenna Status Monitoring•Search – Antenna is searching for the selected satellite.• Tracking – Antenna is tracking the selected satellite.• Initialize – Antenna or the ACU is initializing.◆ ♦•Satellite InformationThe name, longitude and confirmation method of the satellite is displayed when a satellite is selected in the list box. Push “Edit Satellite Information” button to update the information on modifying the value.•DiSEqCWhen the operation method of DiSEqC is selected to “Change3) Click “confirm / yes” button to complete the update.Command Buttons• Load GPS Files – Reads in the various city information from theGPS files.Command Button• Edit Satellite Information – Tothe antenna•Satellite Information – Satellite information consists of frequency,Command Button• Edit Satellite Information – To change frequency information ofthe antenna.• Angle of AntennaTwo kinds of antenna movement is available. One is to move to the target position and the other is to move by certain amount of angle. The current position (angle) of the antenna is displayed as “Current” and to move to the target position, push “Go to target Position” button after keying in desired angle into “Target”. To move to a certain amount of angle only, move antenna to directionbuttons after keying in the desired angle into the AZ and EL in the “Mover Command ButtonsSet Control Parameter–To register parameters values.Set Flags–To set flag setting for WRS Method or Offset Difference.Appendix 71Intellian Technologies, Inc.HQ Dongik Building 7th Flr.,98 Nonhyun-Dong, Gangnam-gu,Seoul 135-010, KoreaTel : +82-2-515-4923Fax: +82-2-545-4903Factory SK Ventium 104-501,522 Dangjeong-Dong, Gunpo-Si,Kyunggi-Do 435-776, KoreaPhone: +82-31-436-1488Fax: +82-31-436-1489R&D Center SK Ventium 104-601,522 Dangjeong-Dong, Gunpo-Si,Kyunggi-Do 435-776, KoreaPhone: +82-31-436-2280Fax: +82-31-436-2284Intellian Technologies USA, Inc.9261 Irvine Blvd.Irvine, CA 92618 USAPhone: +1-949-916-4411Fax: +1-949-271-4183E-Mail:*********************************Homepage : 。

Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock Update ManualINFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT, OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT.A "Mission Critical Application" is any application in which failure of the Intel Product could result, directly or indirectly, in personal injury or death. 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All rights reserved.Important: Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock should be Powered off (No Power Supply must be Connected to the Board) when updating FW1.Equipment:1.1Dediprog SF600 (used to update the following components on the Intel USB4 EvaluationDock):Goshen Ridge: U8 – GR NVMDelta Bridge: UB10 – DB NVMUSB2.0 Hub: UB6 – USB2 HUB NVMFigure 1: Dediprog SF600SF600 SPI NOR Flash Programmer-Reference Link:https:///product/SF600-Link for downloading software:https:///download?productCategory=SPI+Flash+Solution&productName=SF600+SPI+NOR+Flash+Programmer&fileType=10Figure 2: Test ClipISP Testclip (SO8) (Compatible with SF100)Model Name: ISP-TC-8ISP Testclip (SO8) (Compatible with SF100)Reference Link: https:///product/ISP-TC-81.2Cypress MiniProg4 Program and Debug Kit CY8CKIT – 005 (used for updating thefollowing components):Cypress DMC (J5)Cypress CCG5(J4).Figure 3: Cypress MiniProg4 Program and Debug Kit CY8CKIT – 005-Reference Link: https:///product-detail/en/CY8CKIT-005/428-4713-ND/10314122?utm_medium=email&utm_source=oce&utm_campaign=3103_OCE20 RT&utm_content=productdetail_US&utm_cid=457843&so=64303907&mkt_tok=ey JpIjoiTURjNVlXVTBOekV4TW1aaSIsInQiOiJabjNuUjdzczgxZ0NCdWJBbExnR2k 3czkxNjhhZUVRcEFRdjlGSEZzeVZNNzdHcDRBSnEyYzhwa1F4QUJWS1NUeTJ wcEtXV1Z6d2tlbnpQbHUxamJCU1hqUHNhd3I4c1ZBaEd0WWtBUklLc0VsZ3F5T nc2eVRsYkZubXJrTm14dyJ9-Link for downloading software (Name of software: Download PSoC Programmer3.x.x.exe):https:///documentation/software-and-drivers/psoc-programmer-archiveNote: You need to create an account to able to download softwareNote: You need buy 5 Female to Male External Jumper for connecting.Figure 4: Female To Male Jumper-Reference Link: https:///GenBasic-Female-Solderless-Breadboard-Prototyping/dp/B077N7J6C4/ref=sr_1_7?dchild=1&keywords=male+to+female+jumper+wires&qid=1600894633&sr=8-7ponent Side and Back Side of Intel USB4 Evaluation DockFigure 5: Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock Component SideGR JTAG PA (UFP)DBR JTAGGR NVMCCG5 SWD Headers DMC SWD HeadersTMU CLKOUTFigure 6: Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock Back SideUB6 –USB2 HUB NVM UB10 – DB NVM Pin 0Pin 0Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock BKC File exampleGoshen Ridge: GR_4C_A0_rev9_ GATKES_BOARD.binDelta Bridge: DBR_CDR_ON_BOARD_rev1_NOSEC_sign.binFresco Hub: UB6_RegisterOnly_AddHeader_Merged_INTEL_1U5D_FL5801_1Q1_V02Cypress PD: DMC: CY7C65219‐40LQXIT_dmc_gatkex_creek_sha_3_3_0_1746_1_3_19_120W.hex CCG5: CYPD5235‐96BZXI_gatkex_3_3_1_39_2_8_0_nb.hex3.GoshenRidge FW UpdateExample file: GR_4C_A0_rev9_ GATKES_BOARD.bin-Step 1: Plug Dediprog SF600 flasher to PC-Step 2: Open Dediprog Engineering Application:o Go to Config Menu at the Top→Select Batch Operations(Top Left)→Check the Batch Operation Options is the same as Yellow Hightlight (see Figure 7) -→everything else leave as defaultFigure 7: Batch Operation Options- Step 3: Open U8 – NVM and take out the chip inside (see Figure 8)Figure 8: Chip inside U8 NVM- Step 4: Connect the SPI flash component to flasher (chip inside U8).Note: Make sure pin 0 of the chip is at the white line of the clip (see Figure 9)Figure 9: Connect the SPI Flash component to flasher (U8)- Step 5: Detect → choose First Chip number in the Memory list. (See Figure 10)- Note: If you do not see Memory list after Detect Chip → Please check the Connection between Chip and Test Clip-→Make sure they are connected correctlyPin 0Figure 10: Choose the chip from memory listNote: Majority of the time, the first component in the list is the correct chip.-Step 6: File load Goshen Ridge FW from BKC file bin file (See Figure 11), Select OKFigure 11: Load Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock bin file-Step 7: Batch-Step 8: Wait for all stages are PASS(see Figure 12), and Operation CompletelyFigure 12: All stages are PASSNote:-All stages are PASS only if you choose the correct chip in step 5.-In case you choose the wrong chip in step 5, you will see the following messageFigure 13: Error message after Batch when we choose the wrong chip Troubleshoot:-At Step 5: Detect → choose Second Chip number(W25Q168) of component in the list -Repeat Step 6 to Step 8-If Error:Programming Fail Message still occur→ At Step 5: Detect → choose Third Chip number (W25Q16CL)-Repeat Step 6 to Step 8-Step 9: Put the chip back to U8 GR NVM. Make sure pin 0 is on arrow position of U8 GR NVM .-Figure 14: Arrow Position of U8 GR NVM. Pin0 of Chip will go here4. Delta Bridge FW UpdateExample File: DBR_CDR_ON_BOARD_rev1_NOSEC_sign.bin Delta Bridge FW will be updated into UB10 componentFigure 15: Pin 0 at UB10While Dediprog SF600 flasher connected to PC and Dediprog application open:- Step 1: Connect the SPI flash component to flasher (UB10). Make sure the white linein the test clip connect to pin 0 (see Figure 16)Figure 16: Connect the SPI flash component to UB10-Step 2: Detect → choose First Chip number in the Memory list. (See Figure 17) -Note: If you do not see Memory list after Detect Chip→ Please check Connectionbetween Chip and Test Clip → Make sure they are connected correctlyFigure 17: Choose the chip from memory listNote: For most of the time, the first component in the list is a correct chip.-Step 3: File load Delta Bridge FW from BKC file bin file (See Figure 18)Figure 18: Load Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock bin file-NOTE:You may need to hold test clip to make sure test clip and chip connected. -Step 4: Batch-Step 5: Wait for all stages are PASS (see Figure 19) and Operation Completed.Figure 19: All stages are PASSNote:-All stages are PASS only if you choose the correct chip in step 2.-In the case you choose the wrong chip in step 2, you will see the following messageFigure 20: Error message after Batch when we choose the wrong chip-Troubleshoot:-At Step 3: Detect → choose Second Chip number (W25Q80) of component in the list -Repeat Step 3 to Step 5-If Error:Programming Fail Message still occur→ At Step 2: Detect → choose Third Chip number(W25Q80BL)-Repeat Step 3 to Step 55. Fresco Hub FW UpdateExample File:UB6_RegisterOnly_AddHeader_Merged_INTEL_1U5D_FL5801_1Q1_V02 Fresco Hub FW Update into UB6 componentFigure 21: Pin 0 at UB6While Dediprog SF600 flasher connected to PC and Dediprog application open:- Step 1: Connect the SPI flash component to flasher (UB6). Make sure the white line in the clip connect to bit 0.- Step 2: Detect → choose First Chip number in the Memory list. (See Figure 22) - Note: If you do not see Memory list after Detect Chip → Please check Connectionbetween Chip and Test Clip →Make sure they are connected correctlyFigure 22: Choose the chip from memory listNote: For most of the time, the first component in the list is the correct chip.-Step 3: File load Fresco USB Hub FW from BKC file bin file (See Figure 23)Figure 23: Load Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock bin file-NOTE:You may need to hold test clip to make sure test clip and chip connected. -Step 4: Batch-Step 5: Wait for all stages are PASS (see Figure 24), and Operation CompletelyFigure 24: All stages are PASSNote:-All stages are PASS only if you choose the correct chip in step 2.-In the case you choose the wrong chip in step 2, you will see the following messageFigure 25: Error message after Batch when we choose the wrong chip -Troubleshoot:-At Step 3: Detect → choose Second Chip number(W25Q168) of component in the list -Repeat Step 3 to Step 5-If Error: Programming Fail Message still occur→ At Step 2: Detect → choose Third Chip number(W25Q16CL)-Repeat Step 3 to Step 56. Cypress DMC FW UpdateExample DMC: CY7C65219‐40LQXIT_dmc_gatkex_creek_sha_3_3_0_1746_1_3_19_120W.hex Example CCG5: CYPD5235‐96BZXI_gatkex_3_3_1_39_2_8_0_nb.hex- Step 1: Plug Cypress MiniProg4 Program and Debug Kit CY8CKIT to the PC - Step 2: Connect MiniProg4 to DMC SWD connector (J5).Note: Only flash to the top five header pins of DMC SWD-- - - -Figure 26: DMC Headers (pin 6 to pin 10)-- Note: Make sure jumper connected to SWDIO pin of Cypress MiniProg4 connect toPin 10 at DMC header Cypress Minipro4 PinIntel USB4 Evaluation Dock DMCHeader PinSWDIO Pin 10 SWCLK Pin 9-CLK XRES Pin 8-XRES GND Pin 7-GND VTARG Pin 6-VDD-Step 3: Open Cypress PSOC programmerFigure 27: Cypress PSOC programmerNote: Make sure you see MiniProg4 in Port Selection-Step 4: Load file – DMC FW hex file (It may be inside PD folder from BKC file)Figure 28: Load file-Step 5: ProgramFigure 29: Select program on PSOC Programmer-Step 6: Wait until everything is PASSFigure 30: Wait until everything is PASSNote: If you see FAIL message, you may get the connection wrong between Cypress MiniProg4 and DMC header→ Check connection again at Step 2If connection between Cypress MiniProg4 and DMC header are correct but still get FAIL message→Close PSOC Programmer application and detach/attach MiniProg4 to host and reopen PSOC Programmer.7.Cypress CCG5 FW UpdateCCG5ABCCG5CDFigure 31: CCG5 SWD (J4) ConnectorWhile Cypress MiniProg4 Program and Debug Kit CY8CKIT connected to the PCand Cypress PSOC programmer open:Update CCG5 AB:-Step 1: Connect Cypress MiniProg4 to first CCG5 AB (J4) connectorCypress Minipro4 Pin Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock DMCHeader PinSWDIO Pin 10SWCLK Pin 9XRES Pin 8GND Pin 7VTARG Pin 6--Step 2: Load file – CCG5 FW hex file-Step 3: Program-Step 4: Wait until everything is PASSUpdate CCG5 CD:-Step 1: Connect Cypress MiniProg4 to first CCG5 CD (J4) connectorCypress Minipro4 Pin Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock DMCHeader PinSWDIO Pin 1SWCLK Pin 2XRES Pin 3GND Pin 4VTARG Pin 5-Step 2: Load file – CCG5 FW hex file (the same file for CCG5 AB update)-Step 3: Program-Step 4: Wait until everything is PASSNote: There is only 1 CCG5 file for CCG5 AB and CCG5 CDNote: If you see FAIL message, you may get connection wrong between CypressMiniProg4 and DMC header→ Check connection again at Step 1If connection between Cypress MiniProg4 and DMC header are correct but still get FAIL message→Close PSOC Programmer application and detach/attach MiniProg4 to host and reopen PSOC Programmer.-Step 5: Power Intel USB4 Evaluation Dock。

Getting Started ISA-M8051EW DebuggerMarch 17, 2004First Silicon Solutions, Inc.4000 SW Kruse Way PlaceBldg 3, Suite 210Lake Oswego, OR 97035voice: +1-503-489-0311fax: +1-503-489-0315info@support@document 10172.000Copyright © 1998-2004 First Silicon Solutions, Inc.Table of Contents1.Introduction (3)2.Installing the Software (3)3.Source-Level Debugger (SLD) (4)mand-Line Interface (CLI) (4)5.Application Binary Interface (ABI) (4)6.Simulator (5)7.System Analyzer Hardware (5)7.1.Connecting the Hardware (5)7.2.Parallel Port Connection (6)7.3.Target Connection (6)7.4.Getting Started with M8051EW Hardware (7)7.5.Hardware System Selftest (9)7.6.ESD Handling Precautions (9)8.Source-Level Debugger Operation and Tutorial (10)piler Set-Up (10)8.2.Tutorial (10)9.Console Commands and Syntax Conventions (17)Appendix A. Debugger Console (CLI) Commands (22)Appendix B. JTAG Chain (29)Appendix C. Host Port Connection Errors (30)Appendix D. Debugger Error Codes (31)Appendix E. Keil uVision2 Interface (33)Appendix F. Debugger AC Parameters (36)1. IntroductionThe In-Target System Analyzer for M8051EW (ISA-M8051EW) is a JTAG-based debugger with extended debugging features known as On-Chip Instrumentation (OCI™). The debugger iscompatible with the M8051EW cores from Mentor Graphics Inventra. 1The product consists of a Source-Level Debugger (SLD), Command-Line Interface (CLI), Application Binary Interface (ABI), and hardware. A simple simulator can replace the debugger hardware to assist in developing interface software or for product demonstrations or trial versions.There is an optional driver for Keil uVision2. See Appendix E for details.2. Installing the SoftwareFS2 software on CDROM is included with the probe hardware. Software updates may be supplied electronically via the FS2 website to licensed users. To install an update, download the appropriate EXE file, and then execute it.1 FS2 and OCI are registered trademarks of First Silicon Solutions, Inc.3. Source-Level Debugger (SLD)The FS2 SLD is a graphical user interface to the hardware. Debugging can be done at the source code level, assembly level, or by looking at a mixed source/assembly view. The main windows are: Source, CPU, Trace, Trigger, Watch, Symbol Explorer, and Console.The Source window allows you to view, manage, and debug code. Debug features include go, halt, go until cursor, step, step over function calls, set/clear breakpoints, and more. Code can be loaded in hex, binary, and OMF formats. The debugger supports standard OMF only (modules, line numbers, and globals). The optional Keil compiler has many OMF extensions and is the recommendedcompiler choice.The CPU window is a view to the registers, memory, and current breakpoints.The Trace window shows the execution path of the last emulation run. The trace view can be source code, assembly, or mixed source/assembly. From the Trace window, you can easily jump to the Source code line associated with a trace line.The Trigger window allows 4 hardware triggers to be set on a combination of address, data, and bus cycles. When a trigger occurs, emulation can break or the trace can be turned on or off. In addition,a "trigger out" signal can be sent to synchronize processor execution with a logic analyzer or othertest instrument. The hardware triggers can be paired to trigger on an address range and/or data witha mask. A timer function reports the time between the last two triggers.The Watch window shows values for variables in the source code. Double-clicking a variable in the Source window allows the choice of adding the variable to the Watch window. Variables are updated on each emulation halt.The Symbol Explorer window is a hierarchical tree view of all the symbols (modules, functions,blocks, variables, and more) in the source code. It's a quick way to get the current values or view the source structure.The Console window is the view to the Command-Line Interface (CLI). This is described in the next section.4. Command-Line Interface (CLI)The CLI can be used as both a user interface and as a means of automating sequences of tasks. It is based on Tcl/Tk, a widely used command language and GUI builder. M8051EW uses Tcl/Tk version8.3.2. CLI users may wish to get more information about Tcl at . There are anumber of excellent books about Tcl available; FS2 recommends Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk, 2nd edition by Brent Welch.A number of command primitives and Tcl procedures have been added to customize Tcl for thisapplication. Commands are included for system configuration, emulation control, memory access including an assembler and disassembler, register access, trace and trigger access, file download, and status indication. The commands are detailed in Appendix A.5. Application Binary Interface (ABI)The ABI is responsible for all of the low-level control of the debugger hardware. The ABI is packaged as a single win32 DLL with a C call interface defined in the ABI51.H and ABI.H header files. The ABI is supplied as ABI51.DLL and the corresponding simulator version is ABI51S.DLL.While the software architecture includes the ABI layer as a potential attachment point for third-party software, FS2 does not guarantee that the ABI will remain backward-compatible in future releases.Additional information about the ABI is available from First Silicon Solutions.6. SimulatorThe simulator is not intended to be a vehicle for end user development, but can be useful during integration or for customer demos. It provides the complete set of ABI interfaces and CLI commands but simulates memory and CPU activity. All opcodes and memory spaces are implemented in the simulator. The simulator handles all emulation control, memory access, register access, triggers and trace.7. System Analyzer HardwareThe system analyzer probe connects to the host PC via an IEEE-1284 A-C type parallel cable and to the target system via a flat ribbon cable. A wall-mount or universal desktop power supply provides DC power for the probe. There are no user-serviceable parts in the system analyzer or power supply.Note: International users should use a nationally-approved power supply cord with theexternal power supply.Trigger In/Outto Target7.1. Connecting the HardwareConnect the parallel cable between your PC and the system analyzer probe. Be sure theconnectors are fully seated and the connector latch is engaged. See section 7.2 for details onconfiguring the parallel port. The probe uses the EPP mode of an IEEE-1284 parallel port ifavailable; otherwise, it requires IEEE-1284 ECP or Byte mode (also known as Bidirectional orPS/2 mode). EPP mode gives the best performance.Connect the DC power supply to the receptacle on the back panel of the debugger and insert intoa wall outlet.Connect the flat ribbon cable to your target. See section 7.3 for details about the connector.Power on the probe first, then the target. You should see the POWER LED illuminated indicating that the debugger is receiving power, and you may see the COMM LED illuminated, indicatingthat the debugger is waiting for the host PC to establish communication. The COMM LED willturn off when the host establishes communication and will flash whenever there is communicationtraffic from the PC. The BUSY LED flashes when the debugger is communicating with the target.The RUN LED is on when the target CPU is running.On shutdown, power off the target first and then the debugger. The target should never bepowered on without the debugger.7.2. Parallel Port ConnectionThe probe requires a bi-directional IEEE-1284 parallel port on the PC. A 10-foot IEEE-1284 compliant cable is supplied with the probe.The system analyzer software requires exclusive access to the parallel port. A dongle on the same port cannot be accessed while the system analyzer software is open.During initialization, system analyzer software checks for a compatible port type and sets the port to EPP or ECP mode. It then follows the IEEE-1284 negotiation protocol to set the remote device to EPP or ECP mode. Meanwhile, the probe initializes and waits for the negotiation information from the host.If the probe is power-cycled during operation, it will drop out of EPP/ECP mode and thus will no longer be able communicate with the host. The next operation done on the host that requires access to the debugger will report this condition and allow the user to reestablish communication.There are a number of port-related error messages that can occur during the initialization process and operation. See Appendix C for a list of errors.7.3. Target ConnectionThe M8051EW target cable is a 9-inch, 20-position flat ribbon cable with a keyed AMP System 50 receptacle, mating to AMP connector 104549-2 (vertical surface mount), 104069-1 (right-angle through-hole), or 104068-1 (vertical through-hole). The pinout of the target connector isdescribed in the following table.Pin Signal I/O Active Comments2 DBRESET O High Driven high by debugger to reset target system.Typically hooked into the target power-on resetcircuitry.3 RESET I High Input to debugger informs debugger that a targetreset has occurred.5 TriggerOut I High Optional Trigger Out signal from the M8051EW.6 VCC I -- Used by debugger to determine target power-onstate. The debugger does not draw significantcurrent from this pin.7 RTCK I High Optional return TCK.12 TDI O High JTAG signal13 TDO I High JTAG signal14 TMS O High JTAG signal16 TCK O High JTAG signal. The signal should be pulled up todisable the OCI when the debugger is notconnected.18 TRST# O Low Optional JTAG signal (not used by M8051EW)19 DBINST# O Low Driven low by the debugger.20 BSEN# O Low Driven low by the debugger.4,8,10,GND -- -- Signal reference15,171,9,11 N/C -- -- Target should not connect to these pins.Interface levels on the debugger connector are 3.3V TTL. Debugger inputs must be driven below0.8V for logic 0 and above 2.0V for logic 1. Debugger outputs actively drive signals up to 3.3V.ASIC inputs must be able to accept 3.3V input levels or the target needs to have level shifters between the debugger and ASIC.There is a keying notch on the connector to prevent mis-insertion, and the pins are numbered sequentially along the short axis of the connector, as follows (top view):A typical system implementation of the debugger interface is shown in the following schematic.RESET SUPERVISOR M8051EW ASIC•The OR gate in the RESET path can be part of the reset supervisor or can be included in the ASIC.•The pullup on TCK insures that the OCI is disabled when the debugger is not plugged into the target.•TCK is an edge-sensitive signal and should be routed carefully to avoid problems with transmission-line effects or crosstalk.•An additional optional connection, RCK, between the ASIC and debug connector may be used in conjunction with config UseRtck to throttle JTAG traffic.7.4. Getting Started with M8051EW HardwareOnce the system is connected and powered on, you may want to verify some of the most basic functions. To bring up the System Analyzer from Windows Start Menu:Start > Programs > Fs2 > ISA-M8051EW ConsoleFirst, initialize M8051EW software and configure the port.ISA-M8051EW DebuggerSerial number 00124Version 1.7.9 build 6Copyright (C) 1998-2003 First Silicon Solutions, Inc.Communication port must be specified.Use openport <port> to configure the communication port1> help openportSyntax: openport ?port?Action: Establish communication with remote debugger.2> openport lpt1lpt13>Substitute the port you are using for the “lpt1” above. If openport reports errors, refer back to section 7.2 for details about the parallel port connection. The port number is stored in fs2.ini and the debugger will automatically connect to this port the next time it is invoked.The help command shows information about a single command or lists the available debugger commands. For detailed information, refer to the online Debugger User’s Guide, available in the Help menu in the Console window.Next, it is worthwhile to verify that the target Vcc is connected and is at a reasonable level. The debugger continuously samples the target Vcc and if it falls below a preprogrammed threshold, output drivers from the debugger are turned off to avoid driving signal pins of unpowered chips on the target. This allows the target to be power-cycled with the debugger connected. Other pertinent information is also displayed by the status command:3> statusChassis Type= J1Target VCC = 4960 mVOCI version = 0x40trace depth = 16 framestriggers = 44>The value shown for Target VCC is the target voltage in millivolts. The default threshold voltage is 2500mV. This can be changed using config TvccThreshold <millivolts> if desired. One more parameter should be set before proceeding further. The TCK clock in the JTAG port determines the rate of data transfer to and from the CPU. The default TCK rate is the most conservative speed available, 62500 Hz. For better performance, configure the TCK rate using the config command. TCK can be a maximum of the system clock rate, up to 8 MHz. For a system with a nominal 1MHz clock, use 500kHz to guarantee that the TCK speed is less than the CPU clock speed:4> config TckRate 5000005000005>If your ASIC is equipped with RTCK (Return TCK), set the config as follows:4> config TckRate 800000080000005> config UseRtck ononThe debugger reset command asserts DBRESET, then stops the CPU, unloads CPU registers, and displays contents of memory at the PC address.5> resetUser reset.0000p E525 mov a,0x256>There are a number of command line error messages that can occur during operation. These are detailed in Appendix D. Proceed to section 8 for an introduction to using the Source LevelDebugger or to section 9 for more information on the Command Line Interface.7.5. Hardware System SelftestA Universal Loopback Board is provided with the probe to assist with a system selftest. To testthe connectivity of the JTAG cable and related debugger circuitry, follow these steps:1. Turn off power to unit.2. Remove the JTAG cable from your target andinsert it into the 20-pin connector on theLoopback3. Power on the unit and start the software.4. Type “test”. The test result is shown in theConsole.5. Power off unit before reattaching the cable toyour target.7.6. ESD Handling PrecautionsThe electronic components installed on the printed circuit board (PCB) are extremely sensitive to Electro-Static Discharge (ESD). Ordinary amounts of static from your clothing or workenvironment can damage or degrade electronic equipment. You should wear a grounding wrist strap whenever you handle a printed circuit board. The grounding strap provides a conductive path between your body and ground for discharging static electricity to ground.When operating the FS2 System Analyzer, ESD precautions must be observed to insure that the unit continues to function correctly. These precautions would include but are not limited to: •Using ESD mats and wrist strap with the unit in a bench top configuration.•The use of an ESD strap connected, with a 50ohm resistor in series, to any attachablemetallic surface on the unit in any situation where ESD is a hazard.•In the unlikely event that the equipment may be subjected to power source surges,additional surge protection in the form of a surge protected power strip is recommended.8. Source-Level Debugger Operation and Tutorial8.1. Compiler Set-UpThe M8051EW software supports assembly-level and source-level debugging. Code can be loaded in Hex or Binary formats for assembly-level debug. For source-level debug, the Intel OMF51 format is used. The software supports standard OMF51 and the Keil compiler extensions to OMF51.Standard OMF51: Many compilers support the standard OMF51 format. The standard formatsupports line numbers (so you can step, goto, etc.) and basic variable types (char, int, long forviewing variables). You cannot directly view structures, pointers, and arrays. (Use the CPU memory area for this.) Variable names in standard OMF51 are not case-sensitive.Keil Extensions: The Keil compiler has extensions to view all symbolic information, including arrays, pointers, structures, and blocks that standard OMF51 does not support. Note: To get the most out of the Keil compiler, you should turn on the symbolic debug features. The compiler defaults typically do not include these settings. They should be set for each new project since they are not the defaults.Consider setting the compiler options as follows:•Under Project/”Options for Target”, go to the "Output" tab and select “Create Executable” and "Debug information".•Under Project/”Options for Target”, go to the "C51" tab and select "Level 0: Constant Folding…". This turns off almost all the optimization. If you leave it at the default (level 8, themost optimization), you may find it hard to correlate a line of source with "where" it is reallybeing executed. (For example, a line like "a=5;" may not set the variable "a" to 5 until it isreally needed, which could be many lines later. You will often see no source indicator ("-") onthe source lines where you expect to see code.) After you debug your program, you canraise the optimization level, if appropriate for your application. Note: The debugger will workregardless of the optimization chosen, but the lower the level, the easier it is to follow code.Keil variable names, unlike standard OMF, are case sensitive. Module names are all uppercase and variables are exactly as they appear in your program. So, "tempVar", "tempvar" and "Tempvar" are all unique names.Note: Banked code memory programs are supported. See the online help for information.8.2. TutorialThe tutorial will demonstrate the basic debug features of the source-level debugger. Each section is written so it can be run independently. The tutorial should take less than an hour.We will:•load a program,•step and go/halt,•set breakpoints,•view variable values,•look at the symbol table•use trace and triggers•view the CPU registers and memoryIf you have changed any Config menu items, be sure to reset these values to their default value by deleting the initsettings.tcl file in the installation directory.Now, let's get started by starting the software:•From the Start Menu, choose Programs, then FS2, then the Debugger (or Simulator if you don't have hardware).•The Source window should appear. For communications problems, see the error messages or parallel port discussion.Using the Source WindowThis step will load a program and use the basic emulation commands.Load a program:•Choose the Tools menu, Load OMF… option.•The default filename should be c:\Program Files\Fs2\M8051EW\samples\fs2. If not, you should reset to the default values by deleting the initsettings.tcl file in your installationdirectory. If you installed the software in the default directory, use this value. Otherwise,use the Browse command to find the "fs2" file•The "fs2" file (without an extension) is a Keil OMF file. It contains full debug information for our tutorial program.•Click OK. You will see a pop up telling you that the code and debug information loaded successfully. Click OK.•The CPU will be reset and the code will run until the main program. The CPU is reset because the Reset CPU on Load option in the Config menu is chosen. Likewise, it runsto main because Run to Main on Load is chosen.Looking at the Source window:•There are buttons across the top for the common functions. There are also function keys as shown in the Utilities menu for each of these.•The status bar at the bottom shows whether it is Ready or Executing a command, the Running/Halted processor status, and at the right side, the name of the current modulewhich is FS2 (because the source file is called FS2.c).Single stepping:•You should be on line 31.•Single step by clicking the Step Into button.•You are now on line 32.•Notice that the PC line is in red and is underlined. There is also a ">" character on the left side to indicate the PC line.There are different view modes:•Choose the Config menu Mixed Source/Assembly option.•Two lines now indicate the PC line: the source line and the 1st assembly line for line 32.•The assembly code for line 32 indicates that the variable globaly is a word (int) at address 0x28i. This agrees with its declaration on line 20.•Choose the Config menu Source option to go back to source only view mode.Using Go To Cursor and breakpoints:•Move the cursor to the source code on line 36. Click the right mouse button. A context menu appears. Choose Go To Cursor. (Instead of using the right mouse, you can alsouse double-click.)•The processor free runs (go) to the cursor and is now on line 36. The status bar says Software breakpoint because a temporary breakpoint was used in the Go To Cursoroperation.•Set a breakpoint on line 42 by double-clicking on the "42". The line will appear in blue and a "b" will be shown at the left side.•Choose the Go button to run to the breakpoint.•Notice the PC is on line 42 as indicated by the underline and the ">". It is blue, however, because of the breakpoint. The "b" also indicates a breakpoint and the "-" on this line(and others) indicates there is source code associated with the line.•Remove the breakpoint by double-clicking the "42" again. It toggles the breakpoint off. Step over a subroutine:•Choose the Step Over button.•The processor runs the entire func1 subroutine and breaks on line 43.Inspecting VariablesThis step will load a program and use the basic emulation commands in the Source window.Let's load the program again, which will also reset the processor and bring us to the start of the main procedure:•Choose the Tools menu, Load OMF… option.•Use c:\Program Files\Fs2\M8051EW\samples\fs2 or wherever you installed the software.•Click OK. You should be at line 31, the beginning of main.Inspecting variables:•Double click on the variable name globalx on line 31.•It's value is 0x00 (it’s a char). Click Yes to add it to the watch window.•The Watch window appears. Move it around so you can see both windows. Using the Tile Windows Vertically option on the Windows task bar is helpful. (Right click the taskbar in a "background" area and choose the option. You may have to minimize your otherwindows to obtain a better view of the Source and Watch windows.)•Click the Step Into button. You are now on line 32.•The Watch window shows that globalx is now 0x11, as the code dictates.•Double click on globaly on line 32 and click Yes to add it to the Watch window.•Double click on globalz on line 33 and click Yes to add it to the Watch window.•Click the mouse on line 35 and choose the Go To Cursor button.•You are now on line 35 and the Watch window shows the new values.•Double click on variable a on line 35 and click Yes.•Notice the name of the local variable is ::C::FS2::MAIN::BLOCK1::a. The ::C is a Tcl namespace convention. ::FS2 is the module. ::BLOCK1 is a Keil debug scope indicatingthe first block (first set of curly ({}) braces) in the module. And, a is the variable, which iscase-sensitive for Keil. It is not case-sensitive for standard OMF51.•Click the Step Into button and notice that the variable values are updated.Editing variables:•In the Watch window, click on the variable a line.•Choose the Utilities menu, then Edit Watch… option.•The current value is shown. Type 2 as the new value and then click OK.•The variable is updated. You can also double-click on a line or use the context menu (right mouse) to choose edit and other options.•Close the Watch window by choosing File, then Close. You can also use the window’s close button (the X in the upper right corner).Explore SymbolsThis step will show how to use the Symbol Explorer.Load the program again, which will also reset the processor and go to the start of the main procedure: •Choose the Tools menu in the Source window, then the Load OMF… option.•Use c:\Program Files\Fs2\M8051EW\samples\fs2 or wherever you installed the software.•Click OK. You should be at line 31, the beginning of main.View symbols:•Choose Windows and then Symbol Explorer to bring up the new window.•You will see "+ C". This is an expandable/collapsible tree.•Double click on the "+ C" line. The "+" changes to a "-" to indicate it is now expanded to show the top level modules (FS2, FS2FUNC1, FS2FUNC2, FS2FUNC3) and the globals.•Double click on the <globals> line. This is an alphabetized list of all globals. Four of them are functions (_func1, _func2, _func3, and main) with their addresses and 6 areglobal variables (all starting with the word global) with their current values.View local variables:•Double click on the FS2 module line.•Double click on the function MAIN.•Double click on BLOCK1 on the line just after main. This is the first block noted by the first set of curly braces ({}) in the MAIN function.•Finally, double click on <variables> to see 3 local variables: a, b, and c. We are at the beginning of the program so their current values are zero.•Double click on the 2nd BLOCK1 and double click <variables> under this. Notice the indentation level indicates this BLOCK1 is a sub block of the first BLOCK1. If you look atthe Source window, variable loopx is declared on line 41 inside the while loop, which is ablock (has curly braces) within a block.Shrink the tree:•Choose the Utilities menu and Collapse All option to shrink the tree completely.View more detail:•Double click on the "+ C" line.•Double click on <globals> line.•Choose Config and then View Address Formulas. This shows symbols with an "&"prefix and displays the formulas of the symbols. These formulas are particularly usefulfor entering a symbolic name in Trigger specifications and wherever else addresses areused. Use the “addressof” procedure for this. For example, enter “addressof::C::FS2::MAIN::BLOCK1::x” to get the address of variable x in the first block of moduleMAIN in the FS2 module.•Turn off viewing address formulas by choosing Config, then View Address Formulas.•Note that the Config menu has many other options. If you turn all the options on, you will see all symbols in the system.•Close the Symbol Explorer window by choosing File, then Close.TraceThis step will show how to use the trace.Load the program again, which will also reset the processor and go to the start of the main procedure: •Choose the Tools menu in the Source window, then the Load OMF… option.•Use c:\Program Files\Fs2\M8051EW\samples\fs2 or wherever you installed the software.•Click OK. You should be at line 31, the beginning of main.View Trace:•Choose Windows and then Trace to bring up the new window.•The trace appears empty. However, the status bar indicates there are 7 frames of data collected. (See bottom right of status bar; you may have to expand the horizontal size ofthe window to see this.) The window is empty because the 7 frames are not in sourcecode, the current mode chosen in the Config menu.•Choose Config and then Assembly in the Trace window (not the Source window).Notice the 7 frames. The last line has 7:<none>:4, to indicate frame #7, <none> denotesit is not within a module, and 4 is the 4th line of the contiguous code for frame 7. Eachframe displays the contiguously executed assembly instructions. Notice a jump (djnz orljmp) occurs as the last line of each frame. The last line is a jump to address 3, which isthe start of the main function, the result of the Run to Main on Load Source Config menuoption.Execute code within source and see the trace collected:•Go to the Source window by clicking the Source window on the Windows Task bar or by choosing Windows menu, then Source.•Click the mouse on line 46 (end of while loop) and hit F6 (Go To Cursor).•Go back to the Trace window by clicking the Trace task bar entry or by choosing Windows menu, then Trace.•The Trace window always shows the last lines of execution which are often of most interest.•Let's view the trace as source lines, so choose Config and Source.•Because we ran a few lines of code you can see the entire code flow. We set some globals, executed func1 which set some locals and globals and returned a value, similarlyexecuted func2 and func3, and finally incremented the loopx counter.•Notice that line 42 with the code a = func1(loopx); appears twice, once at the end of frame 1 and again at the beginning of frame 3. This is because the return from the call tofunc1 returns to the middle of line 42. Let's confirm this by choosing Config and thenMixed Source/Assembly.•You are at the end of the buffer and there are a lot more lines because the assembly lines are intermixed with the source lines.。

idea unit test with coverage取消标记-回复Unit Testing with CoverageUnit testing is an essential process in software development that involves the testing of individual components or units of a program to ensure their functionality. Code coverage, on the other hand, measures the amount of code that is being exercised by the unit tests. By combining unit testing with coverage analysis, developers can gain valuable insights into their codebase and identify potential areas of improvement.In this article, we will explore the concept of unit testing with coverage and how it can benefit developers in creatinghigh-quality software. We will go step by step in explaining the process, its importance, and how to effectively implement it in your development workflow.Step 1: Understanding Unit TestingUnit testing focuses on testing individual units of code, such as functions, modules, or classes, in isolation. The goal is to ensure that each unit works as intended and produces the expectedoutput for a given set of inputs. By testing units independently, developers can identify and fix bugs early in the development cycle, leading to more robust and maintainable code.Unit tests typically follow a simple structure: they set up the necessary inputs, call the unit under test, and verify the output against expected results. These tests are automated and can be run repeatedly, providing quick feedback on the code's behavior. Unit testing frameworks, such as JUnit for Java or XCTest for Swift, provide tools and conventions to simplify this process.Step 2: Introducing Code CoverageCode coverage measures the extent to which the source code is being executed by tests. It helps developers understand how much of their code is actually being exercised and helps identify areas that might have been overlooked during testing. Code coverage is often expressed as a percentage, where 100 coverage means that every line of code has been executed at least once.There are different levels of code coverage, including line coverage, branch coverage, and statement coverage. Line coverage measuresthe percentage of lines executed, while branch coverage focuses on the number of conditional branches. Statement coverage, on the other hand, ensures that each statement in the code has been executed.Step 3: Benefits of Unit Testing with CoverageCombining unit testing with coverage analysis offers several benefits to developers and the software development process as a whole. These benefits include:1. Early bug detection: Unit tests help in identifying and fixing bugs early in the development cycle. The coverage analysis ensures that each code path is tested, reducing the risk of undetected issues.2. Improved code quality: By aiming for high code coverage, developers are encouraged to write more modular, testable, and maintainable code. Thorough unit testing ensures that code changes and refactoring do not introduce regressions.3. Regression testing: Unit tests can be used as a safety net when making changes to the codebase. By running existing tests aftermodifications, developers can quickly identify if any previous functionality has been broken unintentionally.4. Documentation and understanding: Unit tests can serve as living documentation, providing insights into how the code is intended to work. New developers can refer to these tests to understand the codebase quickly.Step 4: Implementing Unit Testing with CoverageTo implement unit testing with coverage effectively, follow these steps:1. Set up a testing framework: Choose a unit testing framework that supports your programming language and create a test suite to write and run tests. Ensure that the framework provides coverage analysis capabilities.2. Write meaningful tests: Create test cases that cover different scenarios and verify the expected behavior of each unit. Use assertions and test doubles, such as mocks or stubs, to isolate dependencies.3. Measure code coverage: Use the coverage analysis tools provided by your testing framework to measure code coverage. Monitor the percentage of code covered and identify any areas that need improvement.4. Continuous integration: Integrate unit testing with coverage into your development workflow. Automate the execution of tests and coverage analysis as part of your continuous integration (CI) pipeline.5. Set coverage goals: Define coverage goals based on your project's requirements and complexity. Aim for high coverage, but also consider the trade-off between time spent on testing and the risks associated with uncovered code.In conclusion, unit testing with coverage is a powerful approach to improve software quality and reduce bugs in the development process. By systematically testing individual units of code and measuring the coverage of these tests, developers gain confidence in their codebase and can make informed decisions about areasthat need improvement. Implementing unit testing with coverage requires discipline, but the benefits far outweigh the effort invested. So, embrace this practice and start writing better software today!。

the top reason startups failIn the fast-paced world of startups, success is often elusive. Despite the optimism and enthusiasm that fuel these ventures, the reality is that a significant number of startups fail. While each startup failure is unique, there are common reasons that contribute to their demise. In this article, we will explore the top reasons why startups fail, providing a professional analysis of these factors.1. Lack of market needOne of the primary reasons startups fail is a lack of market need for their product or service. Many entrepreneurs fall into the trap of building a solution without fully understanding the problem they are trying to solve. Without a clear market need, startups struggle to attract customers and generate revenue. Thorough market research and validation are crucial to ensure that there is a demand for the product or service being offered.2. Insufficient capitalInsufficient capital is another major factor in startup failures. Many startups underestimate the amount of funding required to sustain their operations and scale their business. It often takes longer than anticipated to generate significant revenue, and without enough capital, startups struggle to cover their expenses and grow. It is essential for entrepreneurs to have a realistic financial plan and secure adequate funding to support their startup's growth.3. Poor management and leadershipEffective management and leadership are critical forthe success of any startup. Poor decision-making, lack of experience, and inadequate leadership skills can lead to disastrous consequences. Startups need leaders who can navigate the challenges of a rapidly changing business landscape, make informed decisions, and inspire their teams. Without strong management and leadership, startups face internal conflicts, poor execution, and ultimately, failure.4. Failure to adapt and pivotStartups operate in a dynamic environment, and theability to adapt and pivot is crucial for survival. Failure to recognize market trends, customer preferences, or technological advancements can quickly render a startup irrelevant. Successful startups continuously monitor the market, listen to customer feedback, and adjust their strategies accordingly. Lack of flexibility and an unwillingness to change can be fatal for a startup.5. Ineffective marketing and salesEven with a great product or service, startups can fail if they are unable to effectively market and sell their offerings. Inadequate marketing strategies, poor branding, and ineffective sales tactics can hinder customeracquisition and revenue generation. Startups must invest in developing a strong marketing and sales strategy, including targeting the right audience, creating compelling messaging, and building a robust sales pipeline.6. Lack of a competitive edgeIn today's competitive landscape, startups need a unique selling proposition to differentiate themselves from the competition. Without a clear competitive edge, startups struggle to attract customers and gain market share. Whether it's through innovative technology, superior customer service, or a disruptive business model, startups must find a way to stand out and offer something that competitors cannot easily replicate.In conclusion, startups face numerous challenges on their journey to success. From a lack of market need and insufficient capital to poor management and ineffective marketing, there are several reasons why startups fail. However, by conducting thorough market research, securing adequate funding, cultivating strong leadership, embracing adaptability, implementing effective marketing and sales strategies, and developing a competitive edge, startups can increase their chances of survival and thrive in the highly competitive startup ecosystem.。

专利名称：Processor with debug pipeline发明人：Shrey Bhatia,Christian Wiencke,ArminStingl,Ralph Ledwa,Wolfgang Lutsch申请号：US14255055申请日：20140417公开号：US09384109B2公开日：20160705专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A processor includes an execution pipeline that includes a plurality of execution stages, execution pipeline control logic, and a debug system. The execution pipelinecontrol logic is configured to control flow of an instruction through the execution stages.The debug system includes a debug pipeline and debug pipeline control logic. The debug pipeline includes a plurality of debug stages. Each debug pipeline stage corresponds to an execution pipeline stage, and the total number of debug stages corresponds to the total number of execution stages. The debug pipeline control logic is coupled to the execution pipeline control logic. The debug pipeline control logic is configured to control flow through the debug stages of debug information associated with the instruction, and to advance the debug information into a next of the debug stages in correspondence with the execution pipeline control logic advancing the instruction into a corresponding stage of the execution pipeline.申请人：TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH地址：Freising DE国籍：DE代理人：John R. Pessetto,Frank D. Cimino更多信息请下载全文后查看。