国际贸易实务双语教程 重点汇总

《国际贸易实务》知识点总结国际贸易实务知识点总结1. 国际贸易的基本概念和特点国际贸易指的是不同国家之间的商品和服务的交换。

国际贸易的特点包括以下几个方面：- 全球化：国际贸易使得世界各国紧密联系在一起，形成全球化的经济体系。

- 互利互惠：国际贸易的参与各方通过交换获得互利互惠的利益。

- 分工合作：国际贸易促进了各国的分工合作，各国可以根据自己的优势生产特定的产品或提供特定的服务，然后通过贸易来取得其他产品或服务。

- 不确定性：国际贸易面临着许多不确定因素，如政策、市场、汇率等因素的变化都可能影响贸易活动。

2. 国际贸易的主要形式国际贸易的主要形式包括以下几种：- 货物贸易：指的是不同国家之间的商品交换，包括出口和进口。

- 服务贸易：指的是不同国家之间的服务交换，包括旅游、咨询、运输等服务的提供和消费。

- 直接投资：指的是企业在境外直接投资企业或购买企业的股权，以开展经营活动。

- 间接投资：指的是通过购买股票、债券等金融资产来间接投资国际市场。

- 知识产权贸易：指的是知识产权的交易，包括专利、商标、版权等。

- 金融贸易：指的是货币和金融资产的交易，包括外汇交易和跨境资金流动等。

3. 国际贸易的主要参与主体国际贸易的参与主体包括以下几个方面：- 政府：各国政府在国际贸易中起着监管和管理的作用，制定相关政策和法规。

- 企业：各国企业作为国际贸易的主要参与者，通过出口和进口商品或提供服务来实现利润。

- 国际组织：如世界贸易组织（WTO）、国际货币基金组织（IMF）等，它们在国际贸易中发挥着协调和监督的作用。

- 个人：个人作为消费者和生产者，也参与到国际贸易中。

4. 国际贸易的主要障碍和贸易保护主义在国际贸易中，存在着一些障碍和贸易保护主义的现象，主要包括以下几个方面：- 关税和非关税壁垒：各国通过关税和非关税壁垒来限制他国商品的进口，保护本国产业。

- 贸易配额：一些国家限制某些商品的进口数量，以保护本国产业。

国际贸易实务知识点汇总.国际贸易实务题型和重点§复习原则基本概念（富有专业色彩）题型单项选择多项选择名词解释简答题计算题案例题一、商品的品名与品质（一）表示品质的方法凭实物表示商品的品质复样凭文字说明表示商品的品质对等样品良好平均品质（一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平，一般是指中等货而言）品质的机动幅度（特定质量指标在一定幅度内可以机动）品质公差（工业制成品中加工制作过程中所产生的,为人们所公认的误差）二、商品的数量条款§公量公量=商品干净重×(1+公定回潮率)公量=商品净重*（1+公定回潮率）/(1+实际回潮率)§数量的机动幅度允许货物多装或少装的条款即为溢短装条款(More or less clause)§溢短装条款（在国际货物买卖中，有些商品受本身特性、生产、运输或包装等条件的限制，在实际交货时不易精确计算。

为了便于合同的顺利履行，减少争议，买卖双方通常要在合同制定时规定数量机动幅度条款，这种条款又称为"溢短装条款"(more or less clause)。

所谓溢短装条款是指在规定具体数量的同时，再在合同中规定允许多装或少装的一定百分比。

卖方交货的数量只要在允许增减的范围内即为符合合同有关交货数量的规定。

例如在合同中规定"装运数量允许有5％的增减"(Shipment Quantity5％moreor less allowed)。

§（1）明确规定（明确规定数量的机动幅度）§（2）没有规定（合同中没有明确规定溢短装条款.按《跟单信用证统一惯例》的规定,可以有5%的幅度.个数,件数计件的商品除外）§（3）大约（合同中有“大约”(Approximately or About)的字样是按《跟单信用证统一惯例》的规定有10%的机动幅度）三、包装条款§运输包装(大包装、外包装)便于仓储,便于运输,便于搬运）§唛头（通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成）§国际标准化组织（收货人或买方名称的英文缩写和简称；参考号,如运单号、订单号或发票号；目的地; 件号,包括顺序件号和总件数）§销售包装（小包装、内包装）保护商品,美化商品,起促销作用.销售包装上一般附有装潢画面、文字说明和条形码标志。

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonymsare NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products andservices and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒ 11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出⼝6 边际利润 16 收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能⼒8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9 时机选择 19 全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth inmany ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sortfor goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountry’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/72314187.htmlmission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his ownshelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of aparticular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双⽅达成协议的基础上制定的，⽽协议⼜是双⽅进⾏商务谈判的结果。

《国际贸易实务》期末考试重点总结1. 国际贸易基础知识-国际贸易概念：指跨越国界进行的商品、服务、资本和劳务的交换活动。

-国际贸易特点：包括全球性、互补性、竞争性、多样性等。

-国际贸易的作用和意义：推动全球经济发展、促进资源优化配置、加强国际合作与交流等。

2. 国际贸易政策与法规-贸易政策：包括关税政策、非关税壁垒政策、汇率政策等。

-国际贸易法规：例如WTO的相关规定、各国的关税法、出口管制法等。

3. 贸易方式与业务流程-贸易方式：进出口贸易、再加工贸易、中转贸易等。

-贸易业务流程：询盘、报价、洽谈、签约、结算、运输、清关等。

4. 国际贸易文书与单证-常见贸易文书：合同、发票、提单、保险单、装箱单等。

-单证作用：证明货物的收发、商品的所有权、运输和保险等。

5. 贸易支付与结算方式-常见支付方式：信用证、跟单汇票、托收、电汇等。

-结算方式：即期付款、远期付款、托收结算、信用证结算等。

6. 国际贸易风险管理-风险类型：信用风险、货物风险、汇率风险、政治风险等。

-风险管理工具：信用证、保险、担保、期货等。

7. 国际贸易促进与服务-贸易促进政策：参加展览会、举办洽谈会、招商引资等。

-贸易服务：报关、货运、保险、仓储、检验检疫等。

8. 跨境电商与国际贸易发展趋势-跨境电商特点与作用：提升贸易效率、降低贸易成本、拓展市场空间等。

-国际贸易发展趋势：数字化、智能化、绿色化、个性化等。

9. 案例分析与实践操作-国际贸易案例：实际案例分析，了解各种贸易活动中的具体操作流程和解决方案。

-实践操作：模拟贸易业务操作，包括询盘报价、合同谈判、货物运输等。

10. 国际贸易伦理与社会责任-伦理道德：诚信守约、公平竞争、尊重文化差异等。

-社会责任：环境保护、劳工权益、公益慈善等。

FOB含义：指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内，在指定装运港，将货物交至买方指定的船上并及时通知买方，并负担货物在指定装运港装上船为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。

卖方义务：①在合同规定的装运港和日期或期间内，将货物装上买方指定的船只并通知买方；②负责货物在装运港装上船为止的一切费用和风险；③负责办理出口手续，提供出口许可证，支付出口关税和费用；④负责提供商业发票、清洁已装船单据以及合同规定的其他单据。

买方义务：①负责租船或订舱，支付运费并将船名、装船地点和装运时间通知卖方；②负担货物在装运港装上船后的一切费用和风险；③按照合同规定支付货款，并收取符合合同规定的货物和单据；④取得进口许可证或其他官方证件，办理进口报关手续，以及必要时经另一国的过境海关手续，并支付上述有关费用。

变形：①FOB Liner Terms（FOB班轮条件）买方②FOB Under Tackle（FOB吊钩下交货）买方③FOB Stowed （FOB理舱费在内）卖方④FOB Trimmed（FOB平舱费在内）卖方⑤FOB Stowed and Trimmed（FOBST ) 卖方注：FOB的上述变形，只为表明装船费用由谁负担，并不改变FOB的交货地点以及风险划分的界限CIF含义：卖方在船上交货,货物灭失或损坏的风险在货物交到船上时转移。

卖方还应签订合同，并支付必要的成本和运费，以将货物运至指定的目的港。

还应为货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的买方风险办理海上保险。

卖方义务:①负责办理货物出口手续，取得出口许可证或其他核准书，支付出口税；②负责租船订舱，支付运输费用；③负责办理货物运输保险，支付保险费；④负责在合同规定的日期或期限内，按港口习惯在指定装运港将符合合同规定的货物装到船上，并给买方充分的通知；⑤负担货物在装运港装上船为止的一切费用和风险；⑥负责提供合同规定的商业发票或相等的电子单证，以及合同要求的其他有关证件；买方义务：①自负风险和费用取得进口许可证或其他核准书，并办理货物的进口手续；②负担货物在装运港装上船后的一切费用和风险；③接受卖方提供的各种约定单证，并按合同规定支付货款；变形：①CIF 班轮条件,指卸货费用按班轮条件处理，由支付运费的一方（卖方）负担。

《国际贸易实务》知识点总结国际贸易实务知识点总结1. 国际贸易的定义和特点1.1 定义国际贸易指的是不同国家之间进行的货物和服务的交流和交易活动。

这些交易可以是直接的物品交换，也可以是通过金融机构进行的付款和结算。

1.2 特点- 跨越国家边界：国际贸易是不同国家之间的贸易活动，涉及到货物和服务的跨国交流。

- 多元化：国际贸易涉及到各种不同的货物和服务，涵盖了各个行业和领域。

- 双向性：国际贸易是双向的，既包括出口也包括进口。

- 依赖性：不同国家之间的资源和优势不同，因此国际贸易使各国相互依赖。

2. 国际贸易的主要内容和形式2.1 主要内容- 货物贸易：包括原材料、成品、农产品等各种货物的交换和贸易。

- 服务贸易：包括金融服务、旅游服务、咨询服务等各种服务的交换和贸易。

2.2 主要形式- 直接出口和进口：由生产商或供应商直接将货物出口到目标市场，或直接从目标市场进口货物。

- 代理贸易：通过中间商或代理商进行贸易，中间商代表生产商销售货物或采购货物。

- 外包和合同生产：一些企业将生产环节外包给其他国家或企业，以降低成本或提高效率。

- 海外直接投资：企业在其他国家设立子公司或投资项目，并通过这些项目进行贸易活动。

3. 国际贸易的影响和意义3.1 经济影响- 促进经济增长：国际贸易扩大了市场规模，提高了资源配置效率，促进了经济的发展和增长。

- 扩大就业机会：国际贸易带来了更多的需求和市场机会，刺激了就业岗位的增加。

- 提升产业竞争力：国际贸易激发了企业之间的竞争，促进了技术创新和产品升级。

3.2 社会影响- 文化交流和融合：国际贸易促进了不同国家之间的文化交流和理解，推动了文化的多元化和融合。

- 提高生活水平：通过国际贸易，人们可以获取更多多样化的产品和服务，提升了生活水平和品质。

- 加强国际合作与友谊：国际贸易促进了各国之间的合作和友谊，增强了国际社会的稳定和发展。

4. 国际贸易的主要机构和规则4.1 主要机构- 世界贸易组织（WTO）：负责全球范围内的贸易规则制定和纠纷解决。