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巴尔扎克简介(1799～1850)法国小说家.1799年5月20日生于巴黎以南的图尔城, 1850年8月18日卒于巴黎.巴尔扎克的一生,处于19世纪前半期的50年,经历了拿破仑帝国的战火纷飞的岁月,动荡不安的封建复辟王朝,以及以阴谋复辟帝制的路易□波拿巴为总统的第二共和国.他用总标题为《人间喜剧》的一系列小说,反映了剧烈的社会变革时期的法国生活.巴尔扎克出生后不久就被送到附近的乡村去寄养. 上小学后一直到中学毕业,他始终寄住在宿舍里,没有能回家过一段比较长的日子,享受家庭生活的温暖.离开家庭的童年生活的痛苦使他毕生难忘.巴尔扎克的父亲原姓巴尔沙,是个精明强干的人. 他来自农村,幼年时跟当地教士学了一点文化,中年致富,在外省当过副市长,供应军粮的承包商,在巴黎经营过呢绒商业,当过巴黎驻军的军需负责人,是一个白手起家的资产者.1816年,17岁的巴尔扎克结束中学的学业后进大学法科,并在文科旁听.18岁时,先后在诉讼代理人和公证人的办事处当见习生或书记.从20岁开始,巴尔扎克决定从事文学创作.他在巴黎贫民区租了一间房顶上的阁楼,由父母供给极有限的一点生活费,埋头写作.他的第一部作品是五幕诗体悲剧《克伦威尔》,这是一部完全失败的作品,没有引起任何人的兴趣.接连又写了十多部小说,有的是自己所写,有的是和别人合写.这一阶段他所写的小说全用笔名发表.这些作品并没有给他带来生活所需要的物质条件,他只好暂时放弃文学.1826年借钱出版了一部普及版的《莫里哀全集》,接着又出版一部拉封丹寓言诗集, 销路不佳,亏损负债9,000法郎.后又借债经营印刷厂和铸字厂,均以赔本告终.他前后负债共达6万多法郎.从1828年夏季开始,巴尔扎克决定重新回到文学事业上来.他写了一部以布列塔尼封建势力武装叛乱反对共和国为题材的小说《最后一个舒昂党人》(后来编入《人间喜剧》,改名《舒昂党的人们》).这是巴尔扎克所写的第一部严肃的文学作品,第一次用巴尔扎克真姓名发表.此书问世,初步奠定了作者在文学界的地位. 接着发表小说《婚姻生理学》,在读者之间引起广泛注意.1831年他的新著《驴皮记》出版,巴尔扎克立即成为法国最负盛名的作家之一.1819到1829年,是巴尔扎克在文学事业上的探索阶段.从1829年开始,一直到1848年,是他创作《人间喜剧》的时期,也是他文学事业的全盛时期.他用超人的才智与精力,在不到20年的时间内,共创作小说91部.平均每年产生作品四,五部之多.他每日伏案一般都在10小时以上,常常连续工作18小时.有时文思如泉涌,或者为了赶写稿子,他一连几天废寝忘餐,夜以继日地劳动.根据阿尔贝·贝干教授提供的材料,巴尔扎克的杰作《高老头》(原名《高立欧老爹》)是他用三天三夜一气呵成的.什么是《人间喜剧》的作者的创作动力人们说是因为他负债过多,需要用稿费还债.巴尔扎克年轻时经营印刷出版业确曾负债巨万.但从他成为名重一时的小说家之后,他的收入丰厚,出版商争着和他签订合同,不惜重金预约他尚未完成或尚未动笔的小说稿,早年的债务早已还清.名作家巴尔扎克生活阔绰,醉心于豪华的排场.他在巴黎同时安置了几处住宅和别墅,出门坐最富丽的马车,驾着骏马;仆役都穿制服;他也服饰华贵, 出入于名门大户的沙龙.由此可见,他的勤奋创作,绝对不是由于贫困. 巴尔扎克从年轻时开始就自信有很高的文学才能, 对文学有极大的抱负.他不舍昼夜地勤奋写作,主要因为有一股激情在内心沸腾,促使他充分发挥自己的才能, 要求在文艺界做一番伟大的事业.在他的书室里,有一座作为摆饰的小型拿破仑塑像.在塑像座盘边上,巴尔扎克亲笔写着:"他用宝剑未能完成的大业,我将用笔杆来完成."巴尔扎克要完成的伟大事业就是《人间喜剧》这座巍峨的文学里程碑.第一次在这位小说家笔下出现《人间喜剧》这个名词是在1813年.毫无疑问,《人间喜剧》的命名是受但丁长诗《神圣喜剧》(中译《神曲》)标题的启发.1841年,巴尔扎克确定了这个庞大的创作计划.当时有四家出版商和巴尔扎克签订合同,合资承包《人间喜剧》的出版工作.1842年,巴尔扎克写了《人间喜剧·导言》,阐述他写作这部史无前例的文学巨著的宗旨.1845年巴尔扎克亲笔写的《人间喜剧总目》,一直保存到现在.根据这个《总目》,《人间喜剧》分为三大部分:《风俗研究》,《哲理研究》和《分析研究》. 《风俗研究》内容最为丰富,包括小说最多.因此这一部分又分为六个门类:1.《私人生活场景》,2.《外省生活场景》,3.《巴黎生活场景》,4.《政治生活场景》, 5.《军队生活场景》,6.《乡村生活场景》.《私人生活场景》包括32部小说,其中4部当时已有提纲,尚未起稿.已经完成的28部之中包括著名的《高老头》(1834), 《猫滚球布店》(1830),《夏倍上校》(1832)和《三十岁的女人》(1831～1834)等.《外省生活场景》包括17 部小说,其中6部尚未完成;已经发表的11部中包括《欧也妮·葛朗台》(1833),《幽谷百合》(1835)和《幻灭》(1837～1843)等.《巴黎生活场景》共有20部小说, 其中6部尚未产生;在已经发表的小说中有《金目少女》 (1834),《纽沁根银行》(1838),《塞沙·皮罗多兴衰记》(1837),《娼妓的奢华与穷困》(1838)等.《政治生活场景》包括 8部小说,当时已经发表或脱稿的只有 4部,其中之一是《阿尔西的议员》(1847).《军队生活场景》有32部小说,只有两部那时已经发表,其中之一是《舒昂党的人们》(1829).《乡村生活场景》只列了5部小说,其中3部已经问世,那就是《农民》(1844),《乡村医生》巴尔扎克是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表。
1 Honoré de Balzac(20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and plays collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the fall of Napoleon I in 1815.2 Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous authors, including the novelists Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Marie Corelli, Henry James, William Faulkner, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films, and they continue to inspire other writers.3 An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life, and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed as a legal clerk, but he turned his back on law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician. He failed in all of these efforts. La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.4 Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, he married Ewelina Hańska, his longtime love; he died five months later. （介绍）5 Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the law; for three years he trained and worked at the office of Victor Passez, a friend of the family. It was during this time that he began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel Le Notaire, Balzac wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code."[20]6 In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again…. I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite." He announced his intention to be a writer.7 The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely. Instead, in April 1819, he was allowed to live in the French capital – as English critic George Saintsbury describes it – "in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles [32 km] outside Paris.（追求自己的理想）8 In the late 1820s, Balzac also dabbled in several business ventures, a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbor. The first of these was a publishing enterprise which turned out cheap one-volume editions of French classics including the works of Molière. This business failed miserably, with many of the books "sold as waste paper". Balzac had better luck publishing the memoirs of Laure Junot, duchesse d'Abrantès– with whom he also had an affair.9 Borrowing money from his family and other sources, he tried again as a printer and then as a typefounder. But as with the publishing business, Balzac's inexperience and lack of capital caused his ruin in these trades. He gave the businesses to a friend (who made them successful) but carried the debts for many years. In April 1828, he owed his own mother 50,000 francs.10 This penchant for une bonne spéculation never left Balzac. It resurfaced painfully much later when – as a renowned and busy author – he traveled to Sardinia in the hopes of reprocessing the slag from the Roman mines in that country. Toward the end of his life, he became captivated by the idea of cutting 20,000 acres (81 km2) of oak wood in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France（商业上的失败）11 In 1832 (after writing several novels), Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of "all aspects of society." When the idea struck, he raced to his sister's apartment and proclaimed: "I am about to become a genius." Although he originally called it Etudes des Mœurs, it eventually became known as La Comédie Humaine, and he included in it all of the fiction he published in his lifetime under his own name. This was to be Balzac's life work and his greatest achievement.（设立远大目标）12 In 1833, Balzac released Eugénie Grandet, his first best-selling novel. A story about a young lady who inherits her father's miserliness, it also became the most critically acclaimed book of his career. The writing is simple, yet the individuals (especially the bourgeois title character) are dynamic and complex.13 Le Père Goriot (Old Father Goriot, 1835) was his next big success, in which Balzac transposes the story of King Lear to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money. The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac's own position – not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary, Jules Sandeau,[46] but also the fact that he had (most likely) fathered a child,Marie-Caroline, with his otherwise-married lover, Maria Du Fresnay. （文学上的成功）14 In 1836, Balzac took the helm of the Chronique de Paris, a weekly magazine of society and politics. He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies. As Rogers notes, "Balzac was interested in any social, political, or economic theory, whether from the right or the left."[49] The magazine failed, but in July 1840, he founded another publication called the Revue Parisienne. It lasted for only three issues.15 These dismal business efforts – and his misadventures in Sardinia – provided an appropriate milieu in which to set the two-volume Illusions Perdues (Lost Illusions, 1843). The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré, a young poet trying to make a name for himself, who becomes trapped in the morass of society's darkest contradictions. Lucien's journalism work is informed by Balzac's own failed ventures in the field.[48] Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (The Harlot High and Low, 1847) continues Lucien's story. He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera (Vautrin) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status. The book undergoes a massive temporal rift; the first part (of four) covers a span of six years, while the final two sections focus on just three days. （商业失败为文学创作提供素材）16 Balzac's work habits are legendary – he did not work quickly, but toiled with an incredible focus and dedication. His preferred method was to eat a light meal at five or six in the afternoon, then sleep until midnight. He then rose and wrote for many hours, fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee. He would often work for fifteen hours or more at a stretch; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.17 He revised obsessively, covering printer's proofs with changes and additions to be reset. Balzac sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book, causing significant expense for both himself and the publisher. As a result, the finished product was frequently quite different from the original book. While some of his books never reached a finished state, some of those – such as Les employés (The Government Clerks, 1841) – are nonetheless noted by critics. （工作习惯：专注）。
《守财奴》（《欧也妮·葛朗台》）作者巴尔扎克简介《守财奴》（《欧也妮·葛朗台》）作者巴尔扎克简介巴尔扎克简介巴尔扎克 Balzac Honore de/Honore de Balzac （1799.5.20－1850.5.20）19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表．他创作的《人间喜剧》被称为法国社会的百科全书，共91部小说，写了两千四百多个人物，展示了19世纪上半叶法国社会生活的画卷．巴尔扎克1799年5月20日生于法国中部的图尔城。
15岁随父母迁居巴黎。
17岁入法科学校就读，课余曾先后在律师事务所和公证人事务所当差，同时旁听巴黎大学的文学讲座，获文学学士衔。
20岁开始从事文学创作，以笔名发表过许多不成功的剧本和小说。
为维持生计，1825－1828年期间先后从事出版业和印刷业，皆告失败，负债累累。
经过探索和磨炼，巴尔扎克走上现实主义文学创作道路。
1829年出版的长篇小说《最后一个舒昂党人》，初步奠定了在文学界的地位。
1831年发表的长篇小说《驴皮记》为他赢得声誉，成为法国最负盛名的作家之一。
他早有把自己的作品联系成一个有机整体的设想。
1841年他在但丁《神曲》的启示下，正式把自己作品的总名定为《人间喜剧》并在《人间喜剧前言》中宣称要做社会历史的书记；认为社会环境陶冶人，因此应着力于人物和他们的思想的物质表现；要求作家具有透视力和想象力；注重对地理环境和人物形体的确切描写。
从1829-1849年，巴尔扎克为《人间喜剧》写出了91部作品，包括长篇、中篇、短篇小说和随笔等，分为《风俗研究》、《哲学研究》和《分析研究》三个部分。
长篇小说《欧也妮葛朗台》（1833）、《高老头》（1834）、《幻灭》（1837-1843）、《农民》（1845）、《贝姨》（1846）等。
法国伟大的批判现实主义作家巴尔扎克在他二十余年的写作生涯中，写出了九十一部不朽的传世之作.在这些作品中，他一共塑造了两千四百多个不同类型的人物形象，给后世子孙留下了宝贵的艺术珍品.人们不禁要问，巴尔扎克是怎样利用这样短暂的时间来创作这么多的世界名著的呢？巴尔扎克有个创作时间表：从半夜到第二天中午工作，也就是说在椅子上坐十二个小时，专心修改稿件和写作。
巴尔扎克(现代法国小说之父)奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克（1799年5月20日－1850年8月18日），法国小说家，被称为“现代法国小说之父”，生于法国中部图尔城一个中产者家庭，1816年入法律学校学习.毕业后不顾父母反对，毅然走上文学创作道路，但是第一部作品五幕诗体悲剧《克伦威尔》却完全失败。
而后他与人合作从事滑稽小说和神怪小说的创作，曾一度弃文从商和经营企业，出版名著丛书等，均告失败。
商业和企业上的失败使他债台高筑，拖累终身，但也为他日后创作打下了厚实的生活基础。
1829年，他发表长篇小说《朱安党人》，迈出了现实主义创作的第一步，1831年出版的《驴皮记》使他声名大震。
1834年，完成对《高老头》的著作，这也是巴尔扎克最优秀的作品之一。
他要使自己成为文学事业上的拿破仑，在30至40年代以惊人的毅力创作了大量作品，一生创作甚丰，写出了91部小说，塑造了两千四百七十二个栩栩如生的人物形象，合称《人间喜剧》。
《人间喜剧》被誉为“资本主义社会的百科全书”。
但他由于早期的债务和写作的艰辛，终因劳累过度于1850年8月18日与世长辞。
人物生平巴尔扎克出生于一个法国大革命后致富的资产阶级家庭，由于他的父母婚后的生活并不美满，所以在巴尔扎克还没有满月时便送给了乳母寄养，只有在礼拜天才能与家人团聚。
巴尔扎克排行老大，其后还有弟妹三人。
但因为长期在乳母家寄养，所以他的童年既没有得到父母的爱抚，也没有得到多少欢乐。
他曾在后来的回忆中说到：“这是任何人命运中所不曾遭受到的最可怕的童年。
”1816年11月，巴尔扎克考入大学法律系。
法科学校毕业后，他拒绝了家庭为他选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。
为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。
这一切都为他认识社会、描写社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。
他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。
巴尔扎克简介巴尔扎克——（Honore de Balzac。
1799～1850）他是19世纪法国伟大的批判现实主义作家，欧洲批判现实主义文学的奠基人和杰出代表。
一生创作96部长、中、短篇小说和随笔，总名为《人间喜剧》。
其中代表作为《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《高老头》。
100多年来，他的作品传遍了全世界，对世界文学的发展和人类进步产生了巨大的影响。
马克思、恩格斯称赞他“是超群的小说家”、“现实主义大师”。
巴尔扎克出生于一个法国大革命后致富的资产阶级家庭，法科学校毕业后，拒绝家庭为他选择的受人尊敬的法律职业，而立志当文学家。
为了获得独立生活和从事创作的物质保障，他曾试笔并插足商业，从事出版印刷业，但都以破产告终。
这一切都为他认识社会、描写社会提供了极为珍贵的第一手材料。
他不断追求和探索，对哲学、经济学、历史、自然科学、神学等领域进行了深入研究，积累了极为广博的知识。
1829年，巴尔扎克完成长篇小说《朱安党人》，这部取材于现实生活的作品为他带来巨大声誉，也为法国批判现实主义文学放下第一块基石，巴尔扎克将《朱安党人》和计划要写的一百四五十部小说总命名为《人间喜剧》，并为之写了《前言》，阐述了他的现实主义创作方法和基本原则，从理论上为法国批判现实主义文学奠定了基础。
巴尔扎克在艺术上取得巨大成就，他在小说结构方面匠心独运，小说结构多种多样，不拘一格、并善于将集中概括与精确描摹相结合，以外形反映内心本质等手法来塑造人物，他还善于以精细人微、生动逼真的环境描写再现时代风貌。
恩格斯称赞巴尔扎克的《人间喜剧》写出了贵族阶级的没落衰败和资产阶级的上升发展，提供了社会各个领域无比丰富的生动细节和形象化的历史材料，“甚至在经济的细节方面（如革命以后动产和不动产的重新分配），我学到的东西也要比从当时所有职业历史学家、经济学院和统计学家那里学到的全部东西还要多”。
（恩格斯：《恩格斯致玛·哈克奈斯》）巴尔扎克以自己的创作在世界文学史上树立起不朽的丰碑。
