L17国际货币体系与汇率
最早的国际货币体系称作金本位制，在这个体制下各国承诺在受到要求时将其货币由纸币兑换为黄金。The earliest international monetary system was known as the gold standard under which countries pledged to change their paper currencies into gold when requested to do so.在金本位制下，各国都将其货币价值与黄金挂钩以确立货币金平价，由此，便形成了固定汇率制。19世纪大部分时间直到第一次世界大战结束主要贸易国家均采用金本位制。The gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value, for most of the 19th century till the end of the First World War.由于英国当时在经济、政治和军事上的强大，英镑成为国际贸易往来中最重要的货币。因此便产生了“基于英镑的金本位制”这一说法。Major trading countries followed this system and the British Pound was the most important currency in international business as a result of the economic, political and military power of the United Kingdom, hence the term sterling-based gold standard.
由于第一次世界大战对世界经济产生了很大的压力，以及随之而来的经济大萧条，固定汇率制走到了尽头。The pressure caused by the First World War on economy coupled with the impact of the Great Depression put an end to the fixed exchange rate system.英格兰银行无力再将其纸币以平价兑换成黄金，而任由供求状况来决定其纸币价值。The Bank of England was no longer able to redeem its paper currency for gold at par value and allowed its value to be determined by supply and demand.随着英国抛弃金本位制，世界形成了不同的区域：一些国家把其货币与英镑挂钩，而一些国家钉住美元，另一些国家则钉住法郎，形成了“英镑区”、“美元区”、和“法郎区”。With Britain abandoning the gold standard, there appeared different areas in the world. Some countries pegged their currencies to the sterling, some countries to the US dollar and some to the French France, forming the “sterling area”, “dollar area”and “franc area”.这一个时期，世界货币体系不断恶化，各主要贸易国竞相将其货币贬值以提高他们出口物品的竞争力。This period witnessed the degeneration of the international monetary system as some major countries vied to devaluate their currencies to make their export goods more competitive.不用说，这些国家从货币贬值中得到的好处都被其竞争对手的行动抵消了。The benefits brought about by their devaluation were needless to say, offset by what their competitors did.世界贸易额不断缩小，经济贸易摩擦不断，最终导致第二次世界大战的爆发。International trade contracted and economic conflict finally led to the Second World War.
在二战即将结束之际，44个国家的代表在布雷顿森林开会，试图在重大修改的基础上更新本金位制。Towards the end of the Second World War representatives of 44 countries gathered at Bretton Woods to renew the gold standard on a greatly modified basis.此次会议的一个重大成果是建立了国际复兴银行和国际货币基金组织。One important fruit of the conference is the creation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.
鉴于美国在国际经济、政治中的主导作用，布雷顿森林会议建立了一个美元为基础的金本位制作为国际结算的工具，以代替原先的英镑金本位制。The Bretton Woods Conference established a US dollar based gold standard. Because of the dominating economic and political influence of the United Stated, the dollar replaced the sterling as the major vehicle for international settlement.虽然与会的所有国家都同意将其货币钉住黄金，但是只有美国保证在令一国中央银行的要求之下把美元换成黄金。Though all the Bretton Woods participants agreed to peg their currencies to gold, only the United States pledged to redeem the dollar for gold at the request of the central bank of a foreign country.在新的固定汇率制下，各成员国保证保持各自货
币的平价，仅允许有百分之一的上下波动。Under the new fixed exchange rate system, each participant promised to maintain the par value of its currency, allowing a fluctuation of only one percent.
若一国货币的波动超过这个幅度，该国就必须干预。The country concerned had to intervene if the market value of its currency goes beyond the range.只有在特殊的情况下，才允许对货币的平价进行调整。Under special circumstances, a country was allowed to adjust the par value of its currency.因此，布雷顿森林体系可以说是采取了一种可调整的钉住制。也有人称其为“新金本位制”。Thus the Bretton Woods system is said to be using an adjustable peg. The new system was also called by some people the “New Gold Standard System.”一直到70年代初期，这样一种汇率相对稳定的制度便利了国际贸易的发展。This relative stability in exchange rates facilitated international business till the beginning of 1970s.
在布雷顿森林体制下，只有相信美元可兑换成黄金，人们就会持有美元。贸易的增长需要更多的美元来支付。Under the Bretton Woods System, people would hold dollars so long as they trusted the convertibility of the dollar into gold.随着外国人持有的美元越来越多，他们对美国政府把美元兑换成黄金的信息却越来越低。With the increase of foreign dollar holdings to finance trade expansion, the faith of dollar holders decreased in the ability of the United States to redeem the dollar for gold.特别提款权的创立就是为了减少对把美元作为储备货币的需求。To reduce the demand for the dollar as a reserve currency, the special drawing right was created.由于在国际货币基金组织中用于官方结算，特别提款权也被称为“纸黄金”。Used to settle official transaction at the IMF, SDRs are sometimes called paper gold.但是，尽管特别提款权位国际货币体系注入了新的活力，美国仍然无法满足外国持有美元的人兑换黄金的要求。Despite the new liquidity injected by SDRs into the international monetary system, the United States was till unable to meet the demands of foreign dollar holders for gold.1971年8月15日，美国政府宣布美元与黄金脱钩，从此标志着布雷顿森林体系的崩溃。On August 15, 1971 the US Administration announced severing link between the dollar and gold, signifying the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.自此，国际贸易越来越依赖浮动汇率制。Since then, international business has relied increasingly on the flexible exchange rate system.大部分主要货币在国际金融市场开始浮动。Most major currencies began to float in the foreign exchange market.其他货币则钉住美元、法国法郎等一些主要货币，与之形成固定汇率关系并随之一起浮动。Other currencies followed a fixed exchange rate by pegging themselves to a major currency such as the dollar, or the French France and float with it.从1976年开始，各国不再为其货币规定金平价，而令其货币价值随着供求关系变化。From 1976 countries ceased to stipulate gold par value to their paper currencies leaving the price of their respective currency to be decided by the interaction of supply and demand.
影响汇率变化的有以下一些因素：Factors influencing the exchange rate include the following:
1.国际收支平衡。International balance of payment.它对外汇的供求状况有着直接的影响。一国货币会因国际收支顺差而升值，反之会因国际收支逆差而贬值。It has a direct bearing on the supply and demand of foreign exchange. The value of one’s own currency will go up with favorable balance of payment and drop with BOP deficit.
2.通货膨胀。Inflation .通货膨胀与一国货币的实际价值和商品的竞争力有着密切的关系。通货膨胀的程度越高，本币就会相对于外币贬值。反之亦如此。It is closely related to the real value of the currency and the competitiveness of the commodity. When inflation intensifies, the value of the currency will drop relative to foreign currencies and vice versa.
3.利率水平。Interest rate.在特定情况下，高利率会吸引短期国际资本，就会是本国货币汇率上升。反之亦然。Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency and vice versa.
以上因素会分别或共同影响汇率的变化，有时又会相互抵消它们对汇率的影响。The above factors may work alone or collectively. Sometimes their influences may offset each other.然而总的来讲，国际收支平衡仍然是影响汇率变动的最重要因素。Generally speaking, however, international balance of payment is the most important factor in deciding the trend of exchange rate.此外，外汇政策、政治事件以及各种投机活动都会影响汇率的变动。In addition, foreign exchange policies, political events and speculation activities may also have a role to play in the fluctuations of exchange rate.
浮动汇率制从来就不是真正意义上的清洁浮动即自由浮动。The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float.各国中央银行会采取各种措施来干预本国货币价值的变化，这种做法也叫做“管理浮动”或“肮脏浮动”、所采取的干预措施包括以下几种：the central banks take various measures to intervene in the price of its currency. So the current practice is often called a managed float or dirty float. The common measures taken for intervention are:
1.当某种外币升值过高时，中央银行会出售其外汇储备来增加此种外币的供给；when the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the central bank may increase its supply by selling it out of its foreign exchange reserves.反之，中央银行则会从外汇市场买来该外币来充实其外汇储备。And in the opposite case, it can buy the currency in the market to increase its reserves.
2.在某种外币升值过高时，政府会提高贴现率来吸引外资以增加国家的外汇收入；反之则会降低贴现率。when the price of a foreign exchange goes too high, the government may raise the discount rate to absorb foreign fund to increase foreign exchange income of the country and vice versa.
3.假如外币波动太大，政府则会采取外汇管制或筹集外来贷款的方式来填补其国际收支赤字，减少对外汇的需求。In case of acute exchange rate fluctuation, a government may have to resort to foreign exchange control or raise foreign loans to make up its balance of payment deficit and lower the demand for foreign exchange.
以上两种汇率体制各自有其优点。The two different exchange rate systems each has its own advantages.固定汇率制降低了国际贸易中的风险，并是抑制通货膨胀的重要手段。The fixed exchange rate system reduces the riskiness of international business and is also an important measure to curb inflation.但是，固定汇率制容易受到货币价值混乱无序变化的影响。However the system is vulnerable to disorderly changes in currency value.最近的例子就是1997-1998年的亚洲金融危机，当时，泰国、印尼等一些东南亚国家采用的固定汇率制崩溃，是经济受到重创。The most recent exchange is the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997~1998 when the fixed exchange rate adopted by some Southeast Asian countries like Thailand and Indonesia collapsed and dealt a heavy blow to the economy.在浮动汇率制下，一段时间之内的汇率波动不会立即影响国内货币流通，有助于经济稳定。Under the flexible exchange rate system fluctuations of the exchange rate within a definite period of time will not immediately affect domestic money circulation and is helpful to the stability of the economy.同时，浮动汇率制还能使国内货币免于受到国际游资的冲击，有助于避免外汇储备的流失。Flexible exchange rate can also protect domestic currency from the impact of foreign idle funds and helps to prevent the drain of foreign exchange reserve.但是频繁的汇率巨大波动会增加贸易风险并影响国际投资。But frequent wild swings of the value of currencies will increase the riskiness of trade and affect international investment.
汇率每天以两种不同的形式公布。Exchange rates are published daily in two different ways.直接汇率是用本币表示外币的价格。A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.直接标价法通常是把相应数量的本币标注在一个单位的外币或一百个单位的外币之后。In a direct quote, an amount of foreign currency, usually one unit or one hundred units is taken as the standard and the equivalent amount of home currency is marked after it.间接标价法则是用外币来表示本币的价格。An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.在间接标价法中，是把一个或一百个单位的本币作为标准，而给出相应数量的外币。In an indirect quote one unit or one hundred units home currency is taken as the standard and the equivalent of foreign currency is given.各个国家或地区会因为各自习惯的不同或为方便起见来选择使用这两种标价法。包括中国在内的大部分国家都选用直接标价法，而美国和英国则采用简介标价法。The two different quotes are used in different countries or regions mainly as a tradition or foe convenience. Most countries or regions including China use the direct quote, but the United States and Britain use the indirect quote.
外汇价格有三种。There are 3 types of foreign exchange price.一种是买入价，际商业银行买入一种货币的价格。The buying rate refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.卖出价是指商业银行卖出一种货币的价格。The selling rate is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.中间价是这两个价格的均价，常用于银行之间的业务往来而不面向普通客户。The medial rate is the average of the two. It is used in transactions between the banks and is not applicable to common customers.买入价和卖出价相差千分之一到千分之五之间，而这个差额正是银行利润的来源。The difference between the buying rate and the selling rate varies from 1 per mil to 5 per mil which constitutes the profit if the bank.在直接标价的情况下，在相应数量的外币之后的第一个数字是买入价，第二个数字是卖出价。In the case of direct quote, the first figure after the fixed amount of foreign currency is the buying rate and the second figure is the selling rate.在间接标价的情况下，在相应数量的本币之后的第一个数字是卖出价，第二个数字是买入价。And in the case of indirect quote the first figure after the fixed amount of home currency is the selling rate and the second figure is the buying rate.
Text-B The Language of Confidence The language we use program s our brain s.Master ing our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve your quality of life. program 程序 brain 大脑 master 主人、精通 degree 程度 destinies 命运 possible 可能的 dramatically 显著的 improve 改善 quality 品质 Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our sub-conscious mind.It is like a child,it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. "Try" even 甚至 effect 影响 sub-conscious 潜意识 mind 记忆 imagine 想象 eager 渴望 to carry out 执行 command 命令 knowingly 故意的 entirely 完全的 It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"?
商务英语 商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。商务英语课程不只是简单地对学员的英文水平、能力的提高，它更多地是向学员传授一种西方的企业管理理念、工作心理，甚至是如何和外国人打交道，如何和他们合作、工作的方式方法，以及他们的生活习惯等，从某种程度上说是包含在文化概念里的。 培养目标 本专业方向主要培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和较系统的国际商务管理理论知识，具有较强的实践技能，能在外贸、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、管理、教学、研究工作的英语高级专门人才。 培养要求 要求学生受到英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好训练，掌握英语语言和文学、政治、经济、管理、社会文化等方面的基本理论和基本知识，并通过英语专业全国四级和八级考试。 就业方向 毕业生可在各企事业单位从事外经、外贸、旅游、外事等口译、笔译工作以及管理、文秘、经济贸易、公共英语教学等工作。 专业代号：A050226 ;专业名称：商务英语(专科) 注：“标准号”为2002年以前使用 序号类型 序号 课程 代码 标准 号 课程名称 学 分 类 型 考试方 式 方向或备 注 1 001 03706 思想道德修养与法律基础 2 必 考 笔试 2 002 03707 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三 个代表”重要思想概论 4 必 考 笔试 3 003 04729 大学语文 4 必 考 笔试 4 004 00794 综合英语（一）10 必笔试
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商务英语阅读2——自学自测题 1.account客户，委托人 2.actuary （保险）精算师 3.advance 贷款/预付款 4.agenda 议事日程 5.archive档案室 6.attorney （美）律师 7.barter以货易货 8.bearer bond无记名债券 9.bond有息债券 10.brokerage firm经纪商，经纪行 11.budget预算 12.circulating funds 流动资金。周转资（基）金 13.claim索赔 14.clearinghouse 结算所，（银行）票据交换所 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a47115005.html,mission佣金 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a47115005.html,modity商品 https://www.doczj.com/doc/a47115005.html,mon share普通股 18.consulate 领事馆 19.convention会议，年会 20.convertible bond可转换债券 21.creditor贷方，债权人 22.debenture bond 无抵押品债券 23.demand deposit活期存款 24.denomination面额，面值 25.depression不景气 26.dispenser自动售货机 27.dole救济金 28.EFTS ·电子资金转移系统 29.embassy大使馆 30.equity股权 31.executive经理 32.expectancy期望数值 33.extension(ext) 期望数值 34.fiscal year财政年度 35.foreign currency外汇，外币 36.fringe benefit附加福利 37.go public上市 38.guideline指导方针 39.inflation通货膨胀 40.infrastructure基础设施 41.institution社会公共机构 42.insurance policy保险单 43.insured被保险人
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
2020年自考《商务英语阅读》习题及答案 The increasingly likely move by Athens ['?θinz](雅典)to ask bondholders for a voluntary ['v?l?nt?ri] debt restructuring [ri:'str?kt??ri?] would amount to(总计, 等于)a default(违约), Standard & Poor’s warned on Monday as it cut Greece’s credit rating two notches [n?t?](等级、刻度).标准普尔(Standard & Poor's)周一将希腊信用评级下调了两级，并发出警告称，希腊政府日益可能采取的要求债券持有人自愿进行债务重组的举动将构成违约。 The rating agency said demands from countries such as Germany that Athens should extend the debt payment maturities [m?'tju?riti] (成熟到期)on bail-out ['beil?aut](纾困、应急措施) loans would probably lead to similar demands on private creditors. “Such private-sector burden sharing would likely constitute ['k?nstitju:t](构成组成)a distressed exchange(廉价交易)?.?.?.?for which we assign a rating(评定) of selective default,”S&P said.该信用评级机构表示，德国等国家要求希腊延长纾困贷款的债务偿还期限，很可能会导致对私人债权人的类似要求。“这种要求私人部门分担负担的行为，可能构成廉价交易……对此我们给出选择性违约的评级，”标普表示。 The downgrade to B, six notches into junk territory, comes after European politicians acknowledged publicly that Greece’s €110bn rescue package was insufficient and more help would be needed.此次降级发生在欧洲政界人士公开承认1100亿欧元的希腊纾困方案不够、
Unit11CyberWorld I.Newwordsandexpressions Newwords 1.chatlinen.（消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2.variety?n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 varyvaryfrom…to… 比较：range/shiftfrom…to… various 3.romance?n.恋爱；爱情 romantic https://www.doczj.com/doc/a47115005.html,arreadj.极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的 6.scriptn.剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7.intimacy?n.亲密；关系密切 intimate 8.initialadj.最初的；开始的 9.perceivev.将…视为；认为 10.avalanchen.雪崩；山崩 11.literary?adj.文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary literate liberal
12.versen.诗；韵文 13.animatedadj.栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14.inclination?n.倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15.sweatyadj.满是汗的；汗津津的 16.palmn.手掌；手心 17.varyv.相异；不同 18.conveyv.表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19.polishv.修改；润饰；润色 20.intellectn.（尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21.personalityn.性格；个性；人格 22.sequencen.顺序；次序 23.reversev.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24.veil?v.掩饰；掩盖 unveil揭露，揭开 25.intellectualadj.智力的；脑力的；理智的 26.familiarity?n.熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize 27.appearance?n.外貌；外表 28.intensity?n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 intense 29.stirringn.（感情、想法或发展的）开始，出现，萌发
Unit 2 Mistakes to Success I. New words and expressions New words 1. spill v.（使）洒出，泼出，溢出 2. respond v. 作出反应；响应 respond to… response 3. interview v. （媒体）采访，访问 4. creative adj. 创作的 5. occur v. 发生；出现 It occurred to me that… 6. remove v. 拿开；去掉 7. refrigerator n. 冰箱 8. grip n. 紧握；紧抓 9. slippery adj. 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走） 10. content n. 所容纳之物；所含之物 11. veritable adj. 十足的；名副其实的；不折不扣的 12. yell v. 叫喊；大喊；吼叫 13. lecture n.（冗长的）教训，训斥，谴责 14. mess n. 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁 15. rarely adv. 罕有；很少；不常 rare animals / stamps Rarely is he late for class. 16. puddle n. 水洼；小水坑 17. eventually 最后；终于 18. restore v. 使复原；使复位；使复职 19. sponge n. 海绵块 20. effectively adv. 有效地 effective ineffective 注意区分：effective / efficient 21. tiny adj. 极小的；微小的 22. discover v. 了解到；认识到；查明 discovery 23. grasp v. 抓紧；抓牢 24. lip n.（容器或凹陷地方的)边，边沿
Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School Carl Sagan Learning Guide 俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段， 尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普 作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建 立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己 的地球同胞。 1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish 2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things
西南科技大学自学考试主考专业 计划汇编 （云南·2017年） 西南科技大学自学考试办公室编印 2017年4月
目录 专业代码：建筑经济管理（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (1) 建筑经济管理（独立本科段）考试安排表 (2) 建筑经济管理（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (3) 专业代码：商务英语（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (4) 商务英语（独立本科段）考试安排表 (5) 商务英语（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (6) 专业代码：数字媒体艺术（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (7) 数字媒体艺术（独立本科段）考试安排表 (8) 数字媒体艺术（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (9) 专业代码：信息管理与服务（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (10) 信息管理与服务（独立本科段）考试安排表 (11) 信息管理与服务（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (12) 专业代码：机械制造与自动化（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (13) 机械制造与自动化（独立本科段）考试安排表 (14) 机械制造与自动化（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (15) 专业代码：工程造价管理（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (16) 工程造价管理（独立本科段）考试安排表 (17) 工程造价管理（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (18) 专业代码：财务管理（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (19) 财务管理（独立本科段）考试安排表 (20) 财务管理（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (21) 专业代码：现代商务（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (22) 现代商务（独立本科段）考试安排表 (23) 现代商务（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (24) 专业代码：电气工程与自动化（独立本科段）专业课程设置与学分 (25) 电气工程与自动化（独立本科段）考试安排表 (26) 电气工程与自动化（独立本科段）专业考试计划简表 (27)
Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles
精选文库 8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起 9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的 10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的 11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动 12. despite prep. 即使；尽管 despite / in spite of that fact that … 13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的 14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试 attempted 15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉 16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地 17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函 18. receptionist n. 接待员 19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上） attach …to… attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的 attachment 依恋；附件 20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪 emotional emotionless 21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情） 22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges I. New words and expressions New words 1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍 2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的 3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心 4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的 5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的 6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道 7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所 8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol -ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly 变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arise arouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸 17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱 Phrases and Expressions 1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯） 2. end up最终成为；最后处于 end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaire
Unit1 A Learning, Chinese-Style Unit2 A A Life Full of Riches Unit3 A Father Knows Better Unit4 A A Virtual Life Unit5 A True Height Unit6 A A Woman Can Learn Anything a Man Can Unit1 Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, reflects on a visit to China and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and the West. 哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行，阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。 Learning, Chinese-Style Howard Gardner 1 For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustling eastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. 中国式的学习风格 霍华德·加德纳 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。 2 The key to our room was attached to a large plastic block with the room number on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a box. Because the key slot was narrow, the key had to be positioned carefully to fit into it. 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 3 Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. Because of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往
Unit 6 The Value of Money I. New words and expressions New words 1. stationery n. 文具 同音词：stationary 2. fare n. 车费；船费；飞机票价 3. lump sum n. 一次总付的钱款 4. recess n. 课间休息， 5. allocate v. 拨（给）；划（给）；分配（给） 6. overspend v. 花钱过多；比（预计的）花得多；超支 注意over- / out-的区别： overeat outeat overdo outdo oversleep outlive overweight outshine 7. opt v. 选择；挑选 option optional 8. constraint n. 限制；限定；约束 9. budget v. 谨慎花钱；把…编入预算
10. overindulge v. 过多地享用（尤指食物或饮料） 11. short-sighted adj. 目光溜浅的；没有远见的 12. mentality n. 心态；思想状况；思想方法 13. sibling n. 兄；弟；姐；妹 14. indulge v. 沉湎，沉迷，沉溺（于…） 15. rationing n. 定量配给政策；配给制 16. principle n. 观念；（行动、思想的）理由，信条同音词：principal 17. unnecessarily adv. 没必要地 18. differentiate v. 区分；区别；辨别 differ different difference 19. inculcate v. 反复灌输；谆谆教诲 20. resist v. 忍住；抵挡 resistant resistance 21. temptation n. 引诱；诱惑 22. scheme n. 计划；方案；体系；体制 23. formation n. 组成；形成 24. kindergarten n. 幼儿园 25. monthly adj. 按月结算的；有效期为一个月的
Unit 8 The Great Minds The Great Minds 名人名言部分补充make A of B A famous quote A pessimist makes difficulties of his opportunities; an optimist makes opportunities of his difficulties. ----Harry S. Truma n 悲观者让机会沦为困难；乐观者把困难铸成机会。----杜鲁门 make A of B make a success of on e's career make a musician of the little boy wan ted The father exposed his son to music when he was still a little child becaused he to make a musicia n of him. expose sb. / on eself to sth. Don't expose yourself to the stro ng sun light, or you will get sun bur nt. 联想：sunburnt / suntanned gain exposure to sth. make a footballer of Tom make a mess of the accou nt I. New words and expressions New words 1. wrap v. 用…缠绕（或围紧） 2. seen ario n. 设想；方案；预测 3. explanation n.解释；说明 explai n expla natory 4. un eve ntful adj. 平淡无奇的；平凡的；缺乏刺激的 5. preg nancy n. 怀孕；妊娠；孕期 6. imperfect adj.有缺陷的；不完全的；不完美的 perfect perfecti on