标准化战略

President and CEO ofAmerican National Standards Institute U.S. standardization strategyBy S. Joe Bhatia 乔·巴提亚美国标准化战略Unlike many other nations, the U.S. standards and conformity assessment system is private-sector-led and highly decentralized. The system is naturally partitioned into industrial sectors that are supported by numerous independent, private sector standards developing organizations, or SDOs. Marketplace demand drives the system’s activities, with standards and conformity assessment programs typically occurring in response to specific concerns and needs expressed by industry, government, and consumers.This demand-driven approach is what we refer to as a “bottom-up” system, because the market and stakeholders drive standardization needs and harmonization, rather than a prescriptive or government-driven system. This is different from many other countries that follow a top-down or more government-prescriptive model. But that’s not to say there is no coordination or leadership in the U.S. system – and that’s where ANSI fits in. ANSI serves as the facilitator, coordinator, and collective voice of the U.S. voluntary standardization system, helping to drive efficient standardization activities that best respond to industry, government, market,and societal needs.BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEThe U.S. standards system and strategyU.S. has a voluntary standards system, with broad representation and participation from industry, government, consumers, academia and others. And one of its essential components is a requirement for consensus-based decision-making in the standards development process. This approach, which is inclusive by design, offers flexibility, efficiency, and responsiveness, and maximizes opportunities for innovation and growth while addressing health and safety risks and enabling interoperability.The United States Standardization Strategy was created in recognition of the power of standardization. It is a guiding framework developed through coordinated efforts of a large and diverse group of constituents including stakeholders in government, industry, SDOs, consortia, consumer groups, and academia.The original strategy document, developed in 2000, was called the “National Standards Strategy,” but in 2005 it was updated and renamed the “U.S. Standards Strategy” --- reflecting the importance of globalization, and a standardization environment t h a t in co r p o r a t e s n e w t y p e s o f s t an dard s development activities, more flexible approaches, and new structures. ANSI leadership played a key role in developing the document as well as its recent updates, ensuring that the core principles remain the same while responding to major shifts in the U.S. and global economic landscapes.One of the most important aspects of the Strategy is its endorsement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement, which promotes cooperation and discourages the use standards as trade barriers. And to achieve this, the U.S. Standardization Strategy defines a need for the standards development process to be flexible, timely, and balanced. And more specifically, the strategy defines ninekey principles for standards development: transparency, openness, impartiality, effectiveness, relevance, consensus, performance-based, coherence, due process, and technical assistance.These principles and their reflection of the WTO TBT principles are what determine the relevance of a standard. And while ANSI acts as the coordinator of the U.S. system, we don’t prescribe one particular standards developer or type of developer – whether U.S.-based or internationally structured – for any scope of activity. Rather, the market decides, by determining which standard is most fit for purpose in any particular industry sector to move the technology forward, while complying with various public-safety mandates.BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEHow ANSI fits into the systemSince 1918 -- 100 years exactly -- ANSI has administered and coordinated voluntary standards and conformity assessment activities in the U.S., with the cooperation of the private sector and the federal, state and local governments, and we engage in standardization forums throughout the world as the U.S. National Standards Body. The Institute is a unique partnership of industry, professional, technical, trade, labor, academic, and consumer organizations, as well as government agencies. These members of the ANSI federation are the ones actually developing standards and conformity assessment programs, contributing their time and expertise in order to make the system work.There are currently 240 SDOs across a broad range of industry sectors that are accredited by ANSI to develop American National Standards. And there are now more than 12,000 ANSI-approved ANS that address topics as diverse as dimensions, ratings, terminology and symbols, test methods, interoperability criteria, product and system specifications, and performance and safety requirements.The Institute’s approval of a candidate standard or conformity assessment program as an ANS verifies that the principles of openness and due process have been followed and that a consensus of all interested parties has been reached. Due process requires that all proposed ANS be circulated to the public at large for comment, that an attempt be made to resolve all comments, and that there is a right of appeal. In addition, ANSI considers any evidence that a proposed ANS is contrary to the public interest, contains unfair provisions or is unsuitable for national use. This basic formula has been the hallmark of the ANS process for decades, and it has garnered worldwide respect and acceptance.One of the best indicators of confidence in the U.S. voluntary consensus standardization and conformity assessment system is Congress’s 1996 passage of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, or NTTAA. This law requires federal agencies to use voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment programs for regulatory purposes wherever feasible, and to procure equipment and services in accordance with such standards. It also requires agencies to increase their participation in the development process and directs the Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to coordinate federal, state and local "voluntary standards and related conformity assessment activities."Within this diverse system, hundreds of standards developing organizations (SDOs) and consortia are engaged in the creation and maintenance of standards for virtually every industry sector, and often working cooperativelyand collaboratively on common objectives. Frontline experts from companies, labor, consumer and industrial organizations---and many representatives of government agencies at all levels--- voluntarily contribute their knowledge, talents, and efforts to standards-setting activities, working on the cutting edge of various technologies with a dedication to ensuring that broad and deep expertise is considered.The dynamic strength of the system is a reflection of its guiding principles, which assert that standards should meet societal and market needs and should not be developed to act as barriers to trade. Collabration with ChinaChina is an important export market for many U.S. companies which is why ANSI offers key information through a web standards portal that supports information exchange for American and Chinese companies. Market access and market acceptance requirements are a key element for export success. The portal is a communication platform that provides access to standards used in China, China’s laws and customs regulations, U.S. export regulations, an ever-expanding FAQ session, and more.You can find information about China and other export markets, information on the ANSI Manufacturer Member Roundtable in China, Delegation Visits to ANSI, the ANSI in China newsletter published quarterly in English and in Chinese, and other documents and resources related to international trade.ANSI recently began implementation of its 3rd contract under the USTDA funded, U.S.-China Standards and Conformity Assessment Cooperation Program (SCACP). The program calls for the implementation of 20 workshops in China over a 3-year period, covering a wide range of sectorial topics related to the standards, conformity assessment programs, and technical regulations that impact U.S. and Chinese industry. We have organized 4 out 20 workshops so far on topics related to green building materials, green lighting certification, smart and green hospitals, the global meat industry and ultra-sound education and certification.We will also be hosting SAC Administrator Mr. Tian Shihong in Washington DC in 2019 and organizing another executive roundtable on enterprise standards. We hope to have productive discussions and updates on the implementation of the revised Standardization Law. We lookforward to continuing an effective and cooperative future with China.。

欧盟、美国、日本的标准化战略作者：来源：《中国科技纵横》2013年第14期（一）欧盟的标准化战略模式1998年10月，欧洲标准化委员会（C E N）和欧洲电工标准化委员会（CENEIEC）发布CEN2010年标准化战略和CENEIEC2010年标准化战略。

战略的核心是：充分利用（维也纳协定）和《德累斯顿协定》制定国际标准。

要点是：（1）支持欧洲单一市场的形成；（2）增强欧洲产业在世界市场上的竞争力；（3）在国际标准化中形成欧洲统一地位；（4）重申（维也纳协定）和（德累斯顿协定）的重要性；（5）制定以欧洲标准（CEH标准）为基础的国际标准，争取将欧洲技术扩大到全世界。

1999年10月，欧盟通过了欧洲理事会{欧洲标准化战略）决议。

战略的核心是：（1）建立强大的欧洲标准化体系，对国际标准化产生更大的影响。

进一步扩大欧洲标准化体系的参加国（现有19个国家，预计到2010年发展到25个国家）；（2）继续为欧洲标准化活动提供财政支持；（3）要统一欧盟各国在国际标准化组织中的标准化提案。

（二）美国的标准化战略模式1998年9月，美国完成了国家标准化战略的制定任务。

美国标准化战略的核心是：加强国际标准化活动，使国际标准反映美国技术；承担更多的ISO，IEC秘书处工作。

战略的重点领域是：健康、安全、环保方面的标准化。

美国标准化战略包括12项战略要素、62项战略措施。

战略实施要点如下：（1）建立政府采用自愿性标准的机制；（2）制定当前安全、卫生、环境保护领域需要的标准；（3）改进标准体系对消费者观点和需求的响应；（4）扩大美国标准体系的含义，把对标准体系作出贡献的所有组织都纳入标准体系；（5）更好地在标准中反映美国的观点和原则；（6）在世界范围协调标准；（7）制定向外界展示美国技术和标准的活动计划；（8）提高标准的一致性；（9）改进美国标准体系中各政府和非政府机构间的沟通；（10）向政府和非政府行业决策者宣传标准并指导他们如何从中受益；（11）建立稳定的标准化经费支持机制。

enables standards to benefit global stakeholders德国标准化战略As the country to put forward the term “Industry 4.0”, Germany is taking the lead in both industry development and standardization work. German Institute for Standardization (DIN) developed the German Standardization Strategy as early as in 2016, which was soon approved by the DIN Presidial Board.The vision of the Strategy is to “Shape the future with standardization”, and its mission is that “Standardization in Germany helps business and society to strengthen, develop and open up regional and global markets.”Standardization strategy also becomes a key focus of China with its transformation of economy and industry, which needs to develop and implement a tailored roadmap for standardization to address the challenges brought by changing environment and new technologies.To have a clear understanding of standardization strategies and learn from western countries, Mr. Christoph Winterhalter, Chairman of the Executive Board of DIN and Vice-President Policy of CEN was invited by China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) and SAC to expound on the German Standardization Strategy, and the relations between standardization and trade from the EU’s perspective at the International Symposium on Standardization Strategies in November 2018.Mr. Winterhalter, a veteran leader of German and European standards organizations with broadBy Cao Xinxin 曹欣欣GermanyBETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEvision and profound expertise, opened a brand new window of view for Chinese officials, experts and practitioners at the Symposium. In his keynote speech, Mr. Winterhalter started with the development process of the German Standardization Strategy, which was created with the joint efforts of all stakeholders from government, industry and society. Thus, the Strategy represents a long-term goal with the common consensus reached by the stakeholders.The Strategy is composed of six goals covering all aspects relevant to standards and standardization. It recognizes the irreplaceable importance of standardization for international and European trade, deregulation, industry, society, companies as well as the pubic and vice versa. Meanwhile, it emphasizes that standardization should be used as an important strategic instrument by government, industry and companies, and it can play a full role only when it is highly regarded by companies and the pubic.DIN and DKE (German Commisson for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE) are institutions recognized by policymakers, industry and society, which can make great contributions to industry’s global competitiveness. They also provide the world’s leading moderation platform for standardization.In the Strategy, DIN and DKE determine to work in close cooperation with technical associations, forums and consortia, maintain an open dialogue with the public, and use innovative participation processes to involve stakeholders, according to Mr. Winterhalter.More importantly, Mr. Winterhalter proposed recommendations to the Chinese government based on his understanding of the current situation of China’s standardization work. His penetrating judgement and profound insight were highly praised and accepted by the officials and experts at the event.In addition, he specifically analyzed the relations between standardization and trade from the EU’s perspective at the Panel on “Standards facilitating international trade”. On behalf of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Mr. Winterhalter spoke about how European standards facilitate businesses and trade. In his opinions, harmonization in Europe means one standardization solution instead of 34. And European standards can help reduce business transaction costs, improve customer recognition, and give access to world markets.He stressed that CEN and CENELEC make China, Africa, Gulf Region, Japan and India the five prioritized regions in this year’s plan. with which they want to build a long-term win-win partnership. They also want to cooperate with China on bringing new ideas to make the ISO-IEC system more effective, and work together to facilitate mutual understanding between Chinese and European experts.The highly perceptive views and comments of Mr. Winterhalter bring new ideas on how to better define and implement the Chinese standardization strategy. The experience of advanced standards organizations such as CEN and CENELEC and the expertise of global specialists will help China make a tailored strategic plan suitable for its own development, helping standards play a bigger role and making greater contributions to stakeholders across the globe.For more information, you can read the extract from the German Standardization Strategy which was approved by the DIN Presidial Board on November 3, 2016.The German Standardization StrategyVision: “Shape the future with standardization!”Goal 1: International and European trade is facilitated by standardization.Goal 2: Standardization is an instrument of deregulation.Goal 3: Germany is at the forefront in bringing future-oriented topics into standardization on a worldwide scale through the networking of stakeholders and the establishment of new processes and open platforms for coordination.Mission: “Standardization in Germany helps business and society to strengthen, develop and open up regional and global markets.”The international relevance of ISO and IEC is recognized and will continue to be reinforced.The European Internal Market is strengthened by standardization.The market relevance of standardization projects is ensured.DIN and DKE are institutions recognized by policymakers, industry and society as contributing to industry’s global competitiveness, and specifically to Germany’s global competitiveness, through standardization.Standards are an instrument of deregulation and facilitate public procurement. However, it is generally recognized that they are not an appropriate instrument to regulate what is subject solely to political will, the representation of public interests or is the domain of social partners.The New Legislative Framework is expanded to cover further appropriate areas, while maintaining the division of responsibilities between EU and member states.Standards setters and policy makers work together on a basis of mutual trust.The public interest is taken into account in standardization, in particular the safeguarding of protection targets such as environmental and consumer protection, occupational health and safety, health protection and building safety. Standards contribute to the global transfer of German sustainability benchmarks.DIN and DKE provide the world’s leading moderation platform for standardization. They organizestandardization topics and coordinate teamwork beyond the borders of their own organizations,including for fora and consortia and other standard development organizations.DIN and DKE are catalysts for digital transformation in the standards world.BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEGoal 4: Industry and society are the driving forces in standardization.Industry is a key pillar of standardization and demonstrates a high level of competence and enduring commitment. Industry is increasingly willing to make experts available for participation in national, European and international standards projects.Standardization topics are introduced in large part by industry.Goal 5: Standardization is used in particular by companies as an important strategic instrument. Industry recognizes the benefits of standardization at all levels of the company.Management uses standardization as a strategic tool to achieve corporate objectives; participation in standards committees is promoted and valued highly.Standardization work is appealing. Effective and reliable processes and structures have been established. Suitable digital tools are used.Standards are practical in application, limited to the essentials and a central source of information. Standards take the requirements of users into account. These requirements are a quality benchmark for standardization. A modular standards structure is established.The targeted involvement of experts from SMEs is made possible.The technical associations and the institutional leaders of German standardization, DIN and DKE, together with the Federal Government, encourage companies to use standardization in both their domestic and export businesses.Goal 6: Standardization is highly regarded by the public.Standards represent safety and quality.The processes of standardization are e ff icient and are perceived as such.The public is involved in standardization through clear structures and transparent processes.DIN and DKE maintain an open and transparent dialogue with the public, also using innovative participation processes to involve stakeholders.The quality assurance of the standardization process is transparent.Standardization has become increasingly anchored in vocational training and academia. Discussions are taking place on an ongoing basis regarding the role of standardization in its relationship with science and technology, industry, politics and society and societal transformation in all areas.The benefits of standardization and its contribution to economic activity, to the public good and sociopolitical protection targets like environmental and consumer protection, occupational health and safety, health protection and building safety have been communicated and acknowledged.(Source: DIN)。