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一，英译中1. BMC, bulk molding compound，块状模塑料2. CMC, ceramic matrix composite，陶瓷基复合材料3. DP, degree of polymerization，聚合度4. FRP（GRP）, fiber-reinforced plastics（glass fiber-reinforced plastics），纤维增强塑料5. LCPs, liquid crystal polymers，液晶聚合物6. MMC, metal matrix composite，金属基复合材料7. PMC, polymer matrix composite，聚合物基复合材料8. RTM, resin transfer molding，树脂转移模塑9. SMC, sheet molding compound，片状模塑料10. TP, thermoplastic，热塑性塑料11.TG,class transition temperature，玻璃化转变温度12.SBR,styrene butadiene rubber，丁苯橡胶二，连线1.A chainlike molecule made up of smaller molecular units. Polymer 聚合物2.The linking together of smaller units into long chains. Polymerization 聚合3.A chemical that serves as molecular matchmaker necessary to begin polymerization reaction.Catalyst 催化剂anic,ceramic,synthetic,or metallic materials with a length of 100 times the diameter, with aminimum length of at least 5mm. Fiber 纤维5.The individual fibers of indefinite length used in tows ,yarns, or roving. Filament 单丝6.The binder material of a composite, whether organic ,ceramic ,or metallic, that distributes theload among fibers or particulates. Matrix 基体7.A human-made, nearly perfect, single crystal with a diameter ranging from about 1 to10μm andlengths up to 3 cm. Whisker 晶须8.A reference to cross-linking ,which designates the number of cross-links per 100 linear bonds.Netting index 网数9.Materials used to work like adhesives, provide protective coatings, and keep out liquids and gases. Sealants 密封胶10.Attraction of molecules between an adhesive and substrate. Adhestion 粘合11.Any material that is capable of holding two materials together by surface attachment.Adhesive 粘合剂12.A material upon the surface of which an adhesive is spread for the purpose of bonding orcoating. Adherend 被粘物13.The ratio of the tensile strength of a fiber material to its weight density or mass density.Specific strength 比强度14.The term used to describe the crystallinity of polymers. Degree of crystallinity结晶度15.The number of repeating units in the polymer materials.Degree of polymerization聚合度16.The amount of reinforcement in a composite material. Fiber loading 纤维载量17.V ariation in the molecular structure of the same composition. Isomers 异构体18.The point at which polymers act as glass or become viscous liquids. TG 玻璃化转变温度19. A property unique to polymers that incorporates two properties of viscosity and elasticity.另一种解释：A combination of viscous and elastic properties in a material with the relative contribution of each being dependent on time,temperature,stress and strain rate. Viscoelasticity 粘弹性20. Energy loss through heating in elastomers, which creates problems in applications such as cartires. Hysteresis滞后作用21.The time-dependent permanent deformation that occurs under stress. Creep 蠕变22.The decrease in stress after a given time at constant strain. Stress relaxation 应力松弛23.Attrction of molecules within an adhesive or substrate. Cohesion 内聚力24.Wood’s ability to char when burned. Ablation 烧蚀25.An indicator of a material’s resistance to the extension of a preexisting crack. Fracturetoughness 断裂韧性26.The additive can be selected to moderate the plastics that are used for aircraft storage compartments subject to fire。
材料成型工艺基础部分0 绪论金属材料：metal material (MR)高分子材料：high-molecular material 陶瓷材料：ceramic material复合材料：composition material成形工艺：formation technology1 铸造铸造工艺：casting technique铸件：foundry goods （casting）机器零件：machine part毛坯：blank力学性能：mechanical property砂型铸造：sand casting process型砂：foundry sand1.1 铸件成形理论基础合金：alloy铸造性能：casting property工艺性能：processing property 收缩性：constringency偏析性：aliquation氧化性：oxidizability吸气性：inspiratory铸件结构：casting structure使用性能：service performance浇不足：misrun冷隔：cold shut夹渣：cinder inclusion 粘砂：sand fusion缺陷：flaw, defect, falling流动性：flowing power 铸型：cast (foundry mold) 蓄热系数：thermal storage capacity浇注：pouring凝固：freezing收缩性：constringency逐层凝固：layer-by-layer freezing糊状凝固：mushy freezing结晶：crystal缩孔：shrinkage void缩松：shrinkage porosity顺序凝固：progressive solidification冷铁：iron chill补缩：feeding等温线法：constant temperature line method内接圆法：inscribed circle method铸造应力：casting stress变形：deforming裂纹：crack机械应力：mechanical stress热应力：heat stress相变应力：transformation stress气孔：blow hole 铸铁：ingot铸钢：cast steel非铁合金：nonferrous alloy灰铸铁：gray cast-iorn孕育处理：inoculation 球墨铸铁：spheroidal球化处理：sheroidisation可锻铸铁：ductile cast iron石墨：graphite蠕墨铸铁：vermicular cast iron热处理：heat processing熔炼：fusion metallurgy铜合金：copper alloy氢脆：hydrogen brittleness1.2 铸造方法（casting method）手工造型：hand moulding机器造型：machine moulding金属型：metal mold casting金属模：permanent mould压力铸造：press casting熔模铸造：investment moulding蜡膜：cere离心铸造：centrifugal casting低压铸造：casting under low pressure差压铸造：counter-pressure casting陶瓷型铸造：shaw process 1.3 铸造工艺设计浇注位置：pouring position分型面：mould joint活块：loose piece起模：patter drawing型芯：core型芯撑：chaplet工艺参数：processing parameter下芯：core setting合型：mould assembly冒口：casting head 尺寸公差：dimensional tolerance尺寸公差带：tolerance zone机械加工余量：machining allowance铸孔：core hole非标准：nonstandard label 收缩率：rate of contraction线收缩：linear contraction体收缩：volume contraction起模斜度：pattern draft铸造圆角：curvingof castings芯头：core register芯头间隙：clearance芯座：core print seat 分型线：joint line分模线：die parting line1.4 铸造结构工艺性加强筋：rib reinforcement撒砂：stuccoing内腔：entocoele2 金属塑性加工塑性加工：plastic working塑性：plastic property锻造：forge work冲压：punching轧制：rolling拉拔：drawing挤压：extruding细化晶粒：grain refinement热锻：hit-forging温锻：warm forging 2.1 金属塑性加工理论基础塑性变形：plastic yield加工硬化：work-hardening韧性：ductility回复温度：return temperature再结晶：recrystallize再结晶退火：full annealing冷变形：cold deformation热变性：heat denaturation锻造比：forging ratio镦粗：upset拔长：pull out纤维组织：fibrous tissue 锻造性能：forging property可锻性：forgeability变形抗力：resistance of deformation化学成分：chemical constitution热脆性：hot brittleness 冷脆性：cold-shortness变形速度：deformation velocity应力状态：stress condition变形温度：deformation temperature过热：overheating过烧：burning脱碳：carbon elimination始锻温度：initiation forging temperature终锻温度：final forging temperature2.2 金属塑性加工方法自由锻：flat-die hammer冲孔：jetting弯曲：bend弯曲半径：bending radius切割：cut扭转：twist rotation错移：offsetting锻接：percussion基本工序：basic process辅助工序：auxiliary process精整工序：finishing process模锻：contour forging锻模：forging die 胎膜锻：fetal membrane forging剪床：shearing machine冲床：backing-out punch冲裁：blanking弹性变形：elastic distortion塑性变形：plastic yield剪切变形：shearing deformation最小弯曲半径：minimum bending radius曲率：angularity弯裂：rupture 回弹：rebound辊轧：roll forming辊锻：roll forging斜轧：oblique rolling 横轧：transverse rolling辗压：tamping drum挤压：extruding拉拔：draft2.3 塑性加工工艺设计工艺规程：process specification锻件图：forging drawing敷料：dressing锻件余量：forging allowance锻件公差：forging tolerance 工夹具：clamping apparatus加热设备：firing equipment加热规范：heating schedule冷却规范：cooling schedule后续处理：after treatment分模面：die parting face冲孔连皮：punching the wad模锻斜度：draft angle圆角半径：radius of corner圆饼类锻件：circumcresent cake-like forging长轴类锻件：long axis-like forging2.4 锻件结构工艺性锥体：cone斜面：cant空间曲线：curve in space粗糙度：degree of roughness2.5 冲压件结构工艺性3 焊接焊接：welding铆接：riverting熔焊：fusion welding压焊：press welding 钎焊：braze welding3.1 焊接理论基础冶金：metallurgy电弧焊：arc welding气焊：acetylene welding电渣焊：electro-slag welding高能束焊：high energy welding电子焊：electronic welding激光焊：laser welding等离子焊：plasma welding 电弧：electric arc阳极区：anode region阴极区：negative polarity弧柱区：arc stream正接法：electrode negative method反接法：opposition method脱氧剂：deoxidizing agent焊缝：welded seam 焊缝区：weld zone熔合区：fusion area热影响区：heat-affected zone 脆性断裂：brittle fracture过热区：overheated zone正火区：normalized zone相变区：phase change zone焊接应力：welding stress收缩变形：contraction distortion角变形：angular deformation弯曲变形：bend deformation扭曲变形：warping deformation波浪变形：wave transformation反变形法：reversible deformation method刚性固定法：rigid fixing method预热：warming-up缓冷：slow cool焊后热处理：postweld heat treatment 矫形处理：shape-righting3.2 焊接方法埋弧焊：hidden arc welding气体保护焊：gas shielded arc welding氩弧焊：argon welding熔化极氩弧焊：consumable electrode argon welding钨极氩弧焊：argon tungsten-arc welding二氧化碳气体保护焊：CO2 gas shielded arc welding碳弧焊：carbon arc welding碳弧气刨：carbon arc air gouging电渣焊：electro-slag welding 高能焊：high grade energy welding等离子弧切割：plasma arc cutting (PAC)堆焊：bead weld电阻焊：resistance welding电焊：electric welding缝焊：seam welding压焊：press welding多点凸焊：multiple projection welding对焊：welding neck摩擦焊：friction welding扩散焊：diffusion welding硬钎料：brazing alloy软钎料：soft solder3.3 常用金属材料的焊接焊接性：weldability焊接方法：welding method焊接材料：welding material焊条：electrode焊剂：flux material碳素钢：carbon steel低碳钢：low carbon steel中碳钢：medium carbon steel高碳钢：high carbon steel低合金钢：lean alloy steel不锈钢：non-corrosive steel有色金属：nonferrous metal3.4 焊接工艺设计型材：sectional bar药皮：coating焊丝：soldering wire连续焊缝：continuous weld断续焊缝：intermittent weld应力集中：stress concentration焊接接头：soldered joint坡口：groove对接：abutting joint搭接：lap joint角接：corner joint 4 粉末冶金（power metallurgy）粉末冶金成品：finished power metallurgical product铁氧体：ferrite硬质合金：sintered-carbide高熔点金属：high-melting metal陶瓷：ceramic4.1 粉末冶金工艺理论基础压坯：pressed compact扩散：diffusion烧结：agglomeration固溶：solid solubility化合：combination4.2 粉末冶金的工艺流程制备：preparation预处理：anticipation还原法：reduction method电解法：electrolytic method雾化法：atomization松装密度：loose density 流动性：flowing power压缩性：compressibility筛分：screen separation 混合：compounding制粒：pelletization过烧：superburning欠烧：underburnt5 金属复合成型技术自蔓延焊接：SHS welding热等静压：HIP准热等静压：PHIP5.1 液态成型技术与固态成型技术的复合高压铸造：high-pressure casting电磁泵：magnetic-pump压射成型：injection molding柱塞：plunger piston冲头：drift pin凝固法：freezing method挤压法：extrusion method转向节：knuckle pivot制动器：arresting gear5.2 金属半凝固、半熔融成型技术凝固：freezing半熔融：semi-vitreous触变铸造：thixotropy casting触变锻造：thixotropy forging注射成型：injection molding5.3 其他金属成型新技术快速凝固：flash set非晶态：amorphous溢流法：press over system喷射沉积：ejecting deposit爆炸复合法：explosion cladding method扩散焊接：diffusion welding挤压：extruding轧制：roll down6 非金属材料成型技术6.1 高分子材料成型技术高分子材料：non-metal material耐腐蚀：resistant material绝缘：insulation老化：ageing耐热性：heat-durability粘弹性：viscoelasticity塑料：plastic material橡胶：rubber合成纤维：synthetic fibre涂料：covering material粘结剂：agglomerant 粘度：viscosity热塑性塑料：thermoplastic plastics热固性塑料：thermosetting plastic通用塑料：general-purpose plastics 工程塑料：engineering plastic薄膜：thin film增强塑料：reinforced plastics浇注塑料：pouring plastics注射塑料：injiection plastics挤出塑料：extrusion plastics吹塑塑料：blowing plastics模压塑料：die pressing plastics聚合物：ploymer semiconductor吸湿性：hygroscopic cargo定向作用：directional action生胶：green glue stock填料：carrier丁苯橡胶：SBR顺丁橡胶：BR 氯丁橡胶：CR丁腈橡胶：NBR硅橡胶：Q聚氨酯橡胶：U压延：calender硫化：sulfuration胶粘剂：adhesive胶接：glue joint刹车片：brake block零件修复：parts renewal蜂窝夹层：honeycomb core material6.2 工业陶瓷制品的成型技术干燥：drying坯料：blank润滑剂：anti-friction结合剂：binder热压铸：hot injiection moulding6.3 非金属材料成型技术的新进展热压烧结：hot pressed sintering7 复合材料的成型技术复合材料：composite material树脂：resin7.1 金属复合材料的成型技术硼纤维：boron fiber钛合金：titanium alloy碳纤维：carbon filter等离子喷涂：plasma spraying浸渍法：immersion method锭坯：ingot blank7.2 聚合物基复合材料的成型技术晶须：whisker缠绕成形：enwind forming湿法缠绕：wet method enwind 7.3 陶瓷复合材料成型技术料浆：slurry溶胶-凝胶法：sol-gel method化学气相沉积：chemical vapor deposition (CVD)原位：in situ8 材料成型方法的选择粉末冶金：powder metallurgy工程塑料：engineering plastics工程陶瓷：engineering ceramics。
1、锌晶须锌晶须（锌须）：镀锌零件表面的须状结晶现象。
Zinc whiskers: are tiny hair-like filaments of zinc that actually grow from certain zinc-coated metal surfaces.Size: 通常长几毫米，直径几微米。
Length：Up to 15mm，typically <1mmDiameter:0.006-10µm, typically ~1 µmzinc whiskers can be extremely difficult to see without magnification and proper illumination. 肉眼不易观察发现。
不仅锌存在须状结晶问题，锑，钙，金，铟，锡等金属都存在此问题。
2、现象常见于：机房地板但不仅限于地板3、危害如果IT设备吸入锌晶须，电压高于25V的电路中可能会出现短路，电弧，信号紊乱或者灾难性故障。
是否影响健康：目前无相关报告。
4Why Are Tin, Zinc, Cadmium Still Used? 为什么锡、锌、钙仍被使用？•Not all Tin (or Zinc or Cadmium) surfaces whisker! – Rough estimate: 3% to 30% do whisker.•Not all metal whiskers cause shorts – Environment (geometry and electrical potentials matter). – Rough estimate: 3% to 30% do short.•Not all whisker-induced shorts are traced to whiskers– They are very hard to see and failure analysis techniques often destroy evidence– Rough estimate: 0% to 10% are correctly traced.A Few Recent Whisker Experiences• Tin Whiskers:– 2005: Connecticut Nuclear Power Plant shutdown due to Tin whiskers on diodes– 2006: Space Shuttle Transportation System discovers Tin whiskers on card rails: Some 100 to 300 million whiskers were in OV-105's boxes– 2006: SWATCH reports 30% of crystals made using RoHS-compliant tin-copper solder sprouting Tin whiskers. 5% catastrophically shorted within months.Zinc Whiskers:–2005: Colorado State Government builds a new “disaster recovery center” after Zinc whiskers crippled its old data center– 2005: 75% of the computer equipment in a particular data center failed due to Zinc whiskers from raised floor tiles. Root cause identified in ~8 months later– 2006: Persistent NAVY weapon system failure confirmed caused by Zinc whiskers4、探测有一种非常简单的锌晶须探测方式，这就是使用手电筒。
