TEM-8复习资料二(语言学知识点)
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TEM-8 General Knowledge
1 专八General Knowledge 复习资料二 (语言学知识点)
I. Introduction
1. What is Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives
language new scope and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries
to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a
language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔)early last century. langue
refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole
refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the
actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and
provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words
into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study
language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in
human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often
employing models and concepts of mathematics. TEM-8 General Knowledge
2 Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical
techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(语音学)
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to
discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调) in the process.
Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as
mediated(调节) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经) and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(传送) between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官) the producer of voice(声音发生器官) and the resonating cavities.(声音共振器官)
3. Consonants(辅音)
Places of articulation(发音部位): bilabial,(双唇) Labiodentals,(唇齿) dental,(齿) alveolar,(齿龈) retroflex,(卷舌) palate-alveolar,(上齿龈) palatal,(上颚) velar,(软腭) uvular,(小舌) glottal(声门)
Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(颤音) lateral,(边音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)
4. Vowels (元音)
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest
part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology(音韵学)
1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有区别的) sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体): word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境), they does not