week-1 lesson2 part3
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Now, let's go to today's speaking skills focus pronunciation of consonants（辅音的发音）.A consonant, letters that are not vowels（元音）is formed by a sound that results from the passage（通路、通道、行程）of air through restrictions（限制、约束）of the oral cavity（口腔）. It is any sound that is not the dominant sound of a syllable（它不是任何一个音节的主音）, the dominant sound generally being a vowel（占主导地位的声音通常是元音）. According to the place of articulation（发音的部位）and manner of articulation（发音的方式）consonants（辅音）can be divided into 6 groups. There are plosive consonants（爆破辅音）which cover: p, b, t, d k, g. Plosive sounds（爆破音）are made by forming a complete obstruction （完整的，受阻、障碍）to the flow of air through the mouth and nose. The first stage is that a closure（关闭、闭合）occurs, then the flow of air builds up（空气气流形成）, and finally the closure is released making an explosion of air that causes a sharp noise. A fricative（摩擦音）is the type of consonant that is formed by forcing air through a narrow gap or passage so that a hissing sound is created（通过狭窄的空隙或通道迫使空气发出嘶嘶声）. typically air is forced between the tongue and the place of articulation for the particular sound（通常空气被强迫在舌头和特定发音的发音位置之间）. Fricatives include: /δ/, /θ/, /З/, /∫/ /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/,/h/. An affricate（塞擦音）is a plosive immediately followed by a fricative in the same place of articulation. A nasal consonant（鼻辅音）is a consonant in which air escapes only through the nose. For this to happen,the soft palate（软腭）in the roof of the mouth（上颚）is lowered（上颚的软腭被降低）to allow air to pass it. Whilst, a closure is made in the oral cavity to stop air escaping through the mouth（同时，在口腔内闭合以阻止口腔内的空气逸出）. There are three nasal sounds in English the /m/ in mat, the /n/ in nasal and the /η/ in sing. To produce a lateral（边音）, air is obstructed （阻塞、阻碍）by the tongue at a point along the centre of the mouth, but the sides of the tongue are left low so that air can escape over its sides. /l/ is the clearest example of a lateral sound in English. /w/ or /j/ are semi-vowels（半元音）. A semi-vowel, as the name indicates（顾名思义）is a sound that is phonetically similar to a vowel sound（发音和元音相似）, but functions as the syllable boundary（音节的边界）, rather than as the nucleus of a syllable（音节的核心）.Out of all the consonants, Let's pick up some which are often and easily confused by Chinese students. the difference between /f/ and /v/ is that the former is voiceless while the latter is voiced（前者是清音，后者是浊音）. for example, /f/ in the word "life". How do you expect your campus life to develop? for /v/, as in "elective". computer science is myelective course（选修课）. /θ/ and /δ/ fall into the same category with the former voiceless and the latter voiced. The position of your tongue is the same when pronouncing both these consonants. protrude your tongue（伸出你的舌头）between the upper and lower teeth.Let's try these sentences. I have to bat out a term thesis paper before class（我必须在上课前写一篇学期论文）. You must accustom yourself to the rhythm on campus（适应学校的节奏）. and follow the same pattern of difference as the previous groups.is voiceless voiced. Please read after me:,research, gym. is often pronounced by the combination of letters “ch”, as in "chair". whilst is usually the pronunciation of the letters “g”or “j”. for example, the word gym, in I often go to the gym to do exercise. Note that here the letter “g”has the sound of “j”as in ‘jar’and not as in ‘good’.Now, let's do some pronunciation exercises, read the words after me and pay attention to the consonants. Practise these words by repeating each word in the pair alternatively several times to highlight the different sounds. Fan, van; safe, save; leaf, leave; bath, bathe; breath, breathe; north, northern; cheep, jeep; rich, ridge; batch, badge. Let's do some more pronunciation exercises. Read the words after me, and pay attention to the consonants.…. Practise these words by repeating each word in the pair alternatively several times. Free, three; first, thirst; fought, thought; knife, knives; thank, than; match, message; roof, ruth; sing, thing; mass, math. Practicing the vowels and vowel sounds is very important in order to learn how to pronounce English words correctly.It’s not only essential to pronounce the vowel sound well but also the length of time it takes to say it. For example, the difference between ”ship” and “sheep” which a lot of non-natives find difficult to differentiate is significant. We have short vowels such as. Long vowels are. We also have diphthongs（双元音）. two vowels are pronounced as an integral unit single sound. There is a smooth glide or transition from one vowel to the other so as to make the join unnoticeable. a bit like a “slur”in music. Let’s differentiate some short duration and long duration vowel sounds. and in the word research There is a longer duration of the vowel sound.while in the word paper There is a shorter duration of the vowel sound. whenlong and short duration vowels appear in sentences we need to manage the length of articulation. Let's have a try with these sentences. if you research something, you try to discover facts about it. I have to bat out a term paper before class.the difference between and besides the length of pronunciation, is that our lips form a smaller circle for /o/ than for /r/ . for example, report; class. Check for yourself with these two sentences as shown in the PPT slide. the 3rd section of the research report is the results obtained from the investigation. The Freshman Class Council serves as an opportunity to make new friends and get involved on campus. Note that in American English o: is pronounced as or while /r:/ is pronounced as[]. When it comes to and the shapes of our lips are the same - both of them are rounded vowels. However, the facial muscles are more relaxed when pronouncing. Let’s have a try [ u: ] : due. Your assignment will be due next week. : booklist, a long booklist. Here are some pairs of words with long vowels and short vowels. vowels with a similar pronunciation have also been placed together. Can you read them?bird turn search; bud ton such; card star farm; cord store form; tool fool boom; took full book. Repeat them alternatively as before. bird bud; turn ton; search such; card cord; star store; farm form; tool took; fool full; boom book. Good job! Here are some more exercises for you to do. Read the following words to your partner to see whether you have mastered the skills of vowel pronunciation. calm come; dark duck; march much; born burn; course curse; walk work; heart hut; ward word; shoot should.So to re-cap we have covered pronunciation skills of both consonants and vowels. Let's hope that you can make use of the correct pronunciation to communicate with your classmates and make more friends. Campus life is not only about study, It is a kaleidoscope in which English is definitely an integral（整体）and indispensible facet （不可或缺的方面）（校园生活不仅仅是学习，它是一个万花筒，其中英语绝对是不可或缺的一个方面。
