2016年东华大学考博英语真题博士试题

2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an ______ of the cost of repairing the roof.问题1选项A.assessmentB.estimateC.announcementD.evaluation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。

A项assessment“估计、评定”；B项estimate“估价、判断”；C项announcement“公告、宣告”；D项evaluation“评价”；句意：在他开始工作之前，我请建筑工人给我估计一下修理屋顶的费用。

因此该题B项正确。

2.单选题If a couple are divorced and their child lives with his mother, he is said to suffer from lace of ______ love.问题1选项A.maternalB.fraternalC.paternalD.parental【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A项maternal“母亲的、母性的”；B项fraternal“兄弟般的、友好的”；C项paternal“父亲的、父亲般的”；D项parental“父母亲的”；句意：如果一对夫妇离婚了，他们的孩子和他的母亲住在一起，那么他被认为缺乏父爱。

因此该题C项正确。

3.单选题A drunk man walked in, ______ in appearance.问题1选项A.repulsiveB.reluctantC.reproachfulD.reputed【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A项repulsive“可憎的、排斥的”；B项reluctant“不情愿的”，常与to搭配构成不定式；C项reproachful“责备的、指责的”；D项reputed“享有声望的”；句意：4.单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’ t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to_______.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’'s competition advantage is_______.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees’' own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers’' basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’'s hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。

2016年专业英语历年考试真题The year 2016 marked a significant milestone in the history of specialized English exams, as it saw the introduction of several key changes that reshaped the testing landscape. As we delve into the past exam papers, it becomes evident that the focus shifted towards a more practical and context-based approach, emphasizing real-world applications of English rather than just rote learning.The reading comprehension sections of the 2016 exams were particularly noteworthy for their diverse range of topics, ranging from scientific research articles to business case studies. This shift towards a more diverse content mix reflects a growing trend towards assessing candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze complex texts across different domains. Candidates were required to not only understand the literal meaning of the text but also to infer implied meanings, understand the author's intentions, and evaluate the credibility of the information presented.The listening comprehension sections also saw a similar trend, with conversations and lectures being designed to test the candidates' ability to extract key information, understand context, and make logical deductions. This section tested the candidates' active listening skills, requiring them to actively engage with the audio material and interpret it quickly and accurately.The writing sections of the exams were also updated to reflect this new focus on practicality and real-world applications. Candidates were asked to write essays and reports that模拟真实工作场景中的写作任务， emphasizing clarity, coherence, and the ability to communicate ideas effectively. The emphasis on these skills is crucial in today's globalized workforce, where effective communication is a prerequisite for success.In the light of these changes, it is important for candidates to adopt a strategic approach towards their preparation. Firstly, they should focus on developing a strong foundation in the basic language skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking. This foundation willprovide them with the necessary tools to tackle the more complex tasks presented in the exams.Secondly, candidates should expose themselves to a wide range of materials, including newspapers, magazines, podcasts, and online resources, to familiarize themselves with different styles and registers of English. This will help them adapt to the diverse content mix found in the exams.Thirdly, candidates should practice regularly, focusing on improving their speed and accuracy. This can be achieved through timed practice tests and mock exams, which willhelp them familiarize themselves with the exam format and develop the necessary test-taking skills.Lastly, candidates should focus on developing their critical thinking skills. This involves analyzing and evaluating information, identifying arguments and counterarguments, and drawing conclusions based on evidence. These skills will be crucial in the writing and reading comprehension sections of the exams.In conclusion, the 2016 professional English exams marked a significant shift towards a more practical andcontext-based approach. Candidates need to prepare strategically, focusing on developing a strong foundationin basic language skills, exposing themselves to a wide range of materials, practicing regularly, and developing critical thinking skills. By doing so, they will be well-prepared to face the challenges of the exams and succeed in their professional careers.**2016年专业英语历年考试真题深度解析与备考策略**2016年对于专业英语考试来说，是一个具有里程碑意义的年份，因为这一年见证了一系列重大变革，重塑了考试格局。

东华大学学位英语历年真题1、People always _____ realize the importance of health _____ they lose it. [单选题] *A. not... untilB. don't... until(正确答案)C. /; untilD. /; not until2、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is（）the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how3、They went out in spite of rain. [单选题] *A. 因为B. 但是C. 尽管(正确答案)D. 如果4、I run out of money. Could you _______ me some？[单选题] *A. lend(正确答案)B. sellC. borrowD. buy5、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] *A.what(正确答案)B.whichC.howD.that6、Tom is ____ honest man, so we all like to work with him. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. /D. any7、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in8、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain9、---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. [单选题] *A. show(正确答案)B. showsC. to showD. showing10、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully11、It usually takes him about 15 minutes _______ his bike to school. [单选题] *A. ridesB. ridingC. rideD. to ride(正确答案)12、We ______ to set up a food bank to help hungry people next week.（）[单选题] *A. hadB. are going(正确答案)C. were goingD. went13、Catherine has two cousins. One is quiet, and _______ is noisy. [单选题] *A. anotherB. the other(正确答案)C. othersD. other14、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)15、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)16、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)17、--_______ are the birds doing?--They are singing in a tree. [单选题] *A. WhoB. What(正确答案)C. HowD. Where18、Actually, we don't know whether this news comes from a reliable（）or not. [单选题] *A. source(正确答案)B. originC. basisD. base19、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure（）that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end20、His understanding made a deep impression_____the young girl. [单选题] *A.on(正确答案)B.inC.forD.with21、Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not _______ her to do so. [单选题] *A. forbidB. allowC. follow(正确答案)D. ask22、( ) ____ eye exercises ___ good __ your eyes. [单选题] *A. Doing, is, for(正确答案)B. Doing, are, forC. Do, is, forD. Do, are, at23、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)24、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)25、Jack would rather spend time complaining than_____the problem by himself. [单选题] *A.solve(正确答案)B.solvedC.solvesD.to solve26、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for27、46．The pants look cool.You can ________. [单选题] *A．try it onB．try on itC．try them on(正确答案)D．try on them28、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed29、Though my best friend Jack doesn’t get（）education, he is knowledgeable. [单选题] *A. ManyB. littleC. fewD. much(正确答案)30、In order to find the missing child, villagers _______ all they can over the past five hours. [单选题] *A. didB. doC. had doneD. have been doing(正确答案)。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my idea to prove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradict“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。

因此该题C项正确。

2.单选题It makes me sick to think of his highly ______ manners.问题1选项A.artisticB.artfulC.artlessD.artificial【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。

A项artistic“艺术的、有美感的”；B项artful“巧妙的、狡猾的”；C项artless“天真的、朴实的”；D项artificial“人造的、仿造的、虚伪的”；句意：我一想到他那矫揉造作的举止就觉得恶心。

因此该题D项正确。

3.单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can ______ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。

因此该题A4.单选题This is but a________ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. 问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编50(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Our manager is so______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)A．stiffB．rigidC．tenseD．tight正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是stiff僵硬的，不灵活的；rigid<人>[在……方面]固执的，顽固的；tense拉紧的，绷紧的：tight严厉的，吝啬的。

句意是，我们经理对自己的想法非常固执，从来听不见新的想法。

根据句意推出正确答案是B选项。

2．America has now adopted more ______ European-style inspection systems, and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.(2014年厦门大学考博试题) A．discreteB．solemnC．rigorousD．autonomous正确答案：C解析：句意为：现在美国已经采用了更加严密的欧式检测系统，食物中毒发生率正在下降。

根据句意，只有C项rigorous“严密的，严格的”符合句意，故选C项。

A项意为“分离的”；B项意为“庄严的”；D项意为“自治的”，均不符合句意。

3．She has______ideas about becoming a famous actress.A．childishB．illusoryC．novelD．romantic正确答案：D解析：romantic a．不切实际的，爱空想的；浪漫的，传奇的(如：A romantic person likes to imagine things．Don’t be carried away with romantic notions．A romantic story is one about love or adventure．)。

考博英语（词汇）模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national______.A．personalityB．temperamentC．interestD．destiny正确答案：B解析：本题的四个名词意思不同。

A项意为“(各人的)个性”，B项意为“性格，性情”，C项意为“兴趣，利益”，D项意为“命运”。

根据本句的意思，B 项为最佳选择。

知识模块：词汇2．Our journey was slow because the train stopped______at different villages.A．graduallyB．continuouslyC．constantlyD．continually正确答案：D解析：本题的四个副词中，尽管有三个以con一开头，但意思都不相同。

A 项意为“逐渐地”，B项意为“连续不断地，接连地”，C项意为“不断地”，D 项意为“一再，老是”。

A项明显不符合题意。

B、C、D三项意思似乎很相近，但B项有“持续不停”的意思，用来描述下雨或咳嗽较适合，用来描述句中的火车停站不适合。

C项则有“频率很高、始终如一”的意思，也不适合。

只有D 项最适合。

知识模块：词汇3．Many people are______to insect bites, and some even have to go to hospital.A．insensitiveB．allergicC．sensibleD．infected正确答案：B解析：本题考查词语搭配。

be insensitive to表示“对……不敏感的，不受……影响的，不易感受……的”；be allergic to表示“对……过敏的；对……反感的”，如：He is allergic topenicillin．(他对青霉素过敏。

考博英语-246(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section B (总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage 1(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Some of the jobs that the illegal immigrants do as mentioned in the article include the following ______.（分数：2.00）A.harvesting crops, working in hotels, repairing roads and packaging meat √B.harvesting crops, managing restaurants, cleaning roads and packaging meatC.rebuilding homes, picking apples, cleaning roads and cutting meatD.repairing power lines, working in hotels, and working in parks解析：在文章第1段中有2处提到非法移民工人在Texas都做些什么工作，由此分析4个选项。

B中managing restaurants，cleaning roads是文中没有提到的，C中cleaning roads and cutting meat不正确，D中working in parks不正确，所以选A。

2.Which of the following was NOT stated in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Many illegal workers look for work in areas near major cities.B.Employers never supply transportation to the place of work. √C.Illegal workers do not present any documents in order to get the job.D.The illegal workers do jobs that others would consider undesirabl解析：A选项文中没有直接说，但是从文章比喻Dallas和Houston是吸引非法移民的磁铁可以看出，非法移民多数在主要城市找工作；在文章第3段讲到"There a dawn drive past…slows down to take th em．"只是说这些移民准备跟任何想雇佣他们的人走，而雇主是否提供去上班的交通工具并没有提及；C在文中的no questions are asked，no papers signed有提及；D选项在第1段就提到"undocumented immigrants doing the jobs no one else wants"。

考博英语模拟试卷9(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Cloze 4. Reading Comprehension 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Chinese-English Translation 7. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and ______ of youth.A．vagueB．vigorC．vogueD．vulgar正确答案：B解析：vigor精神；trim整齐，整洁；vague含糊的，不清楚的；vogue时髦，流行；vulgar庸俗的，普通的。

2．All specialists agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully ______ the risks and benefits.A．valuingB．evaluatingC．estimatingD．weighing正确答案：D解析：value的意思是estimate the money value of something，即给某物估价，而value sth/sb是“重视某物或某人”的意思；evaluate评估，估价，evaluate sth 一般只是单独的评估某物，不含比较的意思；estimate(粗略)估计成本、大小、价值等；weigh仔细考虑某事物的相当价值或重要性，权衡，斟酌，如weigh the pros and cons权衡正反两方面的意见；此句是说要仔细权衡减肥药物的危险和好处，所以选D最恰当。

武汉大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2分×20=40分)Directions:In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1My last flight to Rome landed at stupid o’clock in the morning so I was almost looking forward to getting a cup of hot coffee from the flight crew. Instead, I opted for holding my eyelids up with two fingers so I could find the first coffee shop in the airport. Coffee always tastes terrible on planes and there could be a simple—and disgusting—reason why.A couple of weeks ago, an assortment of airline employees spilled some of their industry’s secrets in an Ask Reddit thread, and two of them had some unpleasant things to say about the coffeemakers. A user named Muddbutt7 wrote: “Sometimes, the vehicle that fills the potable water for washing hands and making coffee is parked next to the vehicle that is used to dump the [toilets] and fill the blue juice f or the lavatories. They’re not supposed to. Sometimes, they’re parked at a distance from each other, which is policy, yet the guy who is filling thewater is using gloves that he hasn’t changed in o ver 2 years.”While a second user named WorsetoWorser added:“The coffee is absolutely disgusting because no one washes the container that goes out every morning. The station agents who get paid way too little don’t give a [expletive] about cleaning it. I certainly didn’t when I worked for AA. Also, because we weren’t given the proper supplies to clean it. We pretty much just rinsed it out and dumped coffee into it.”After reading those sort of stomach-churning confessions, Huffington Post attempted to determine how true those statements are. Abbie Unger, a former flight attendant, told the site:“It is true that the potable water tanks are not cleaned. But they are only filled with potable (drinkable) water, so it’s not like there is old coffee in a big container somewhere. The water doesn’t make for an excellent cup of coffee, but it’s not unsafe.”So basically, the reason that cup of Starbucks during your Delta flight tastes worse than the cup you had at the airport is because of the water, which is a point that has been raised previously. The Environmental Protection Agency began investigating the safety of the water on airplanes in 2004, after discovering that 15%—or 1.5 out of every 10 planes—tested positive for coliform bacteria in the drinking water.In 2013, NBC 5 looked into whether those numbers had improved and discovered that 12% of planes had at least one positive test for coliform in whatwas then the EPA’s most recent survey. Although the EPA said that there had not been any cases of anyone getting sick from the water onboard a plane, insiders still say that the tanks—and fire hoses that are used to fill them—can be pretty gross (“pretty gross” is a highly scientific term).In a Forbes piece called “Why Airline Crews’Skip the Coffee and Tea On Board,” former US Air employee John Goglia wrote:“Thirty years ago when I was working for USAir, we began a process to bleach the water tanks that hold the water and flush out the system. This was done on a regular basis. Yet, it was clear to anyone working on these tanks and their hoses that a lot of sediment was accumulating in the system, sediment that was akin to pond scum. Even after the tanks were bleached and flushed, some sediment always remained.”Of course, there could be other reasons why the coffee tastes so unpleasant. Cornell University scientists believe that the load, inescapable sound of cabin noise can affect the way we both perceive and taste foods during flight. Either way, we might just stick with coffee served at ground level from now on.1. What attitudes did the author have towards the coffee on planes according to the passage?A. longingB. negativeC. indifferentD. melancholy2. _____is basically the cause of the terrible coffee taste on planes.A. The unwashed container that goes out every morningB. The unchanged gloves of the crew memberC. The water used for making coffeeD. The improper supplies used to clean the container3. According to the context, what possibly is the Chinese meaning of the word “coliform” in Paragraph 9?A. 大肠菌B. 幽门螺杆菌C. 沙门氏菌D. 曲状杆菌4. Which of the following is INCORRECT according to US Air employee John Goglia?A. There was a regular process to bleach the water tanks and flush out the system.B. A lot of sediment was accumulating in the tanks and their hoses.C. None of the sediment remained after cleaning.D. Sediment was similar to pond scum.【答案与解析】1. B 观点态度题。

2016年12月研究生英语学位课统考（GET）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. VOCABULARY 3. CLOZE 4. READING COMPREHENSION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.听力原文：1. W: John, how far away are we from the desert?M: About 300 miles. We have to get some gas. Service stations on the highway are few and far between. W: That’s a good idea. Q: What can we learn about driving along this highway?2. M: Would you please tell me how to get to Times Square from here?W: Sure. You can take the subway or a bus. You can also get there on foot if you are not exhausted now. M: Sorry. I didn’t catch that. Q: What does the man mean?3. W: Attention please. Our schedule for today will start by visiting the Forbidden City in the morning. After lunch at a nearby restaurant, we are going to the Summer Palace. We’ll probably return to our hotel around 7 p.m.M: Will we be free in the evening?W: Yes. We have no particular arrangement in the evening.Q: What is the woman’s job likely to be?4. W: I was told that you have broken up with your girlfriend. Is that true?M: Yes, it’s true. She’s always been rude to me, but the last straw was when she started insulting my mother. Q: What can we learn about this man?5. M: Hello, Jane. Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you doing?W: Not bad. I’m working as a sales representative. I travel a lot. That’s why you rarely see me. M: Why did you quit your job as the CEO’s secretary? W: I became fed up with making or answering telephone calls all day. Q: Why did the woman change her job?1．A．There are many gas stations.B．There are few gas stations.C．There are various risks.D．There are few cars on the road.正确答案：B解析：女士说：我们离沙漠还有多远?男士说：大约300英里。

Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions of the community would be focused. This central business district (CBD) is the source of so-called high-order goods and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry, and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets, such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded goods, such as groceries and housewares, andlow-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century, and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility to the CBD of various kinds of economic entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus, wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city (say, the east side) becomes a common residential area for higher-income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express these and other emerging trends of urban growth.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effecton patterns of urban growth(B) emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urbangeography(C) analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areaswithin and around the metropolis(D) describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations(E) show the importance of the central business district as a focus for urbangrowth2. It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model,law firms are commonly located near the center of a city mainly because(A) law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental servicesthat a center city location provides(B) the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firmsin the outer districts of the city(C) law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses thatprovide a major share of their clientele(D) the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal servicesdemand easy access to the firms’ offices(E) the specialized service personnel required by a law firm are often interested inresiding as close as possible to the city center3. According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders (fromthe center of the city outward) would the areas of the typical city be arranged?(A) central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, high-income housing(B) central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses,low-income housing, high-income housing(C) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district,low-income housing, high-income housing(D) central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, low-income housing(E) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, centralbusiness district, high-income housing4. According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring modelprimarily in that it(A) stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urbandevelopment(B) emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urbandevelopment(C) recognizes the importance of focal points of urban growth other than thetraditional central business district(D) assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the maindeterminant of urban developmental patterns(E) takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urbangeographical patterns5. The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model(A) inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’scities(B) need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth(C) have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth(D) represent older cities more accurately than they do newly foundedmetropolitan areas(E) fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recentyears6. According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicatethe(A) phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districtsbeyond the limits of the city itself(B) recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographicalpatterns of urban growth(C) growing importance of urban business and service centers located away fromthe central business district(D) clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts areturned into residential areas(E) gradual displacement of older urban centers by new, more highly specializedcities in geographically dispersed locations7. All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growthdescribed in the last paragraph of the passage EXCEPT(A) the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall wheremany of the local residents do most of their buying(B) the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city(C) the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteenmiles from a downtown business district(D) the building of a residential development near a suburban tool factory tohouse the factory workers and their families(E) the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty milesfrom the center of a city8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph ofthe passage?(A) It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs anddraws some conclusions.(B) It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favorof its adoption.(C) It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.(D) It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates thedevelopment of a third model.(E) It compares one model unfavorably with another and develops thecomparison by citing examples.。

2016年11月学位英语真题Part 1 Reading comprehension (30%)Passage 1If the Dakota Access Pipeline(输油管道）is completed, it will carry nearly half a million barrels of oil across four states every day. Energy Transfer Partners (ETP), a Texas-based company behind the $ 3.8 billion project, hopes to finish construction this year. But the Standing ROCK Sioux, an American Indian tribe, is determined to stop the 1,172-mile pipeline from being built. (76) Both sides show no signs of backing down.The Dakota Access Pipeline was announced in 2014. A section of it will run near the Standing Rock Sioux reservation. A reservation is an area of land set aside for American Indians. The tribe says the construction threatens to destroy historical areas and ancient burial sites. They also say the pipeline could pollute their main water source, the Missouri River. In April, the Standing Rock Sioux began a protest against the project. They camped at the construction site. Since then, thousands of people, including people from other American Indian tribes, have traveled to the site to protest.ETP says that the pipeline will have built-in safety measures to protect against oil leaks. Workers will also monitor it remotely, and will be able to close valves(阀门) within three minutes if leaks are detected.American Indians have been staging a nonviolent protest for months. The protest took a turn last week when police were called to keep the peace between protesters and armed security guards hired by the company.(77) Twenty-eight people have been arrested since then and charged with interfering with the pipeline construction.1. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A. The Dakota Access Pipeline will create more markets for oil and gas.B. The Dakota Access Pipeline will create many job opportunities.C. American Indians oppose the construction of an oil pipeline.D. American Indians fight for equal voting rights.2. ETP hopes to finish this project in ____________.A. 2016B. 2017C. 2018D. 20193. Why do American Indians protest against the construction of this pipeline?A. Because it will cost up to $3.8 billion.B. Because it threatens the regions’ water supply.C. Because it will make many people lose their jobs.D. Because it will force many people to leave their homes.4. According to the passage, the workers can _______ in case of pipeline leaks.A. report it to the local governmentB. ask people to leave the leak affected areasC. call 911D. close valves5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. This pipeline will cross four states.B. This pipeline is 1,172 miles long.C. All the protesters are from the Standing Rock Sioux.D. Neither side of the dispute is willing to compromise.Passage 2As the National Park Service celebrates its 100th anniversary(周年纪念), President Barrack Obama has announced the establishment of one new national monument, and the expansion(扩大) of another. In Maine, more than 87,500 acres of forest will become government-protected parkland for the first time. In Hawaii, a national monument created by President George W, Bush in 2006 will expand to about 582,578 square miles, four times its current size.Obama has now created or enlarged 26 national monuments during his presidency. As a result, his a dministration says, Obama has protected more of the nation’s land than any other president has. But some residents and officials, in both Maine and Hawaii, object to the plans. (78) They say their local economies depend on the use of these areas.In establishing this monument, Obama took the side of conservationists (自然资源保护者) who want laws to protect wild lands. Creating a national park usually requires the approval of Congress. But a 1906 federal law allows the president to establish national monument on his own.The lands’ new status as a monument means that mining and drilling operations are forbidden there. (79) It may also severely limit activities such as logging, road-building, and hunting. Some of Maine’s politicians who want to protect the state’s logging industries say Obama should not have acted alone. They say Washington should not tell the states how to use their land, especially when people’s jobs are at stake. Maine politician Susan Collins said the president should have listened to Maine lawmakers and residents, as well as the U.S. Congress before making his decision.However, those who support the president’s decision say the establishment of the new monument will lead to new jobs through tourism.6. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Creating new jobsB. Protecting wild animalsC. Stimulating local economiesD. Creating new national monuments7. Obama has established or enlarged ______ national monument during his two terms.A. 19B. 20C. 26D. 308. In national monuments, ______ is forbidden.A. loggingB. huntingC. miningD. road-building9. The phrase at stake in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _____.A. in returnB. in dangerC. at presentD. by chance10. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. The national monument in Hawaii was created by President Bush.B. There is no objection to President Obama’s decision.C. President Obama made his decision on his own.D. The establishment of the new monument will lead to new jobs.Passage 3Toronto’s third City Hall, now known as Old City Hall, was designed by Edward James Lennox and declared open on Sept. 18, 1899.Created to provide more space for city officials, it turned out to be the largest building in the city and the largest city building in North America at the time.Lennox took three years to design the City Hall and it took 11 years to build it. Contemporaries believe that the odd carving(雕刻) above the Queen Street entrance were actually caricatures(漫画) of councilors at the time.Lennox even included himself in the caricatures, on the west side of the central arch(拱门), and left a strange signature in the stonework of the link portions of the building.The third City Hall was originally used as councilors’ offices and legal offices, but it is used only as a courthouse today.When the fourth City Hall (the one we know today) was declared open in 1965, Old City Hall was threatened to be pulled down. It was saved by a group of people called the “Friends of Old City Hall.”The clock tower stands parallel with the middle of Bay Street, rather than with the center of the building. The bells in the tower were not installed until the building opened. Old City Hall was declared a historical site in 1989.(80) The entire structure cost more than $2.5 million to build at the time. This is equal to $53 million today.11. Toronto’s third City Hall came into use in ______.A. the 18th centuryB. the 19th centuryC. the 20th centuryD. the 21st century12. Old City Hall was constructed in ______ years.A. 3B. 7C. 9D. 1113. The third City Hall is now used as a _________.A. middle schoolB. hospitalC. cinemaD. courthouse14. From the passage we learn that ______.A. Toronto spends lots of money yearly developing the cityB. some local residents showed a great interest in protecting the city’s cultural site.C. the City Council of Toronto hasn’t paid sufficient attention to the protection of the city’s culture.D. the City Hall is still the largest city building in North America today15. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. To build a structure like the City Hall will cost $5.2 million today.B. The clock tower stands parallel with the center of the City Hall.C. Old City Hall was once pulled down in the development of the city.D. Old city Hall is now a historical site.Part II V ocabulary and structure (30%)16. Shanghai is _____ biggest city in _____ China in terms of population.A. the; theB. the; /C. /; theD. /;/17. When Jenny came to my place, I _______ breakfast with James.A. haveB. hadC. have hadD. was having18. ______ I in your position, I would not accept the job.A. WereB. WasC. AmD. Been19. I got ____ money with me, so I wasn’t able to buy even a bottle of water.A. anyB. someC. fewD. little20. –Must we send in our plan this week?–No, _____; you can send it in next week.A.you needn’tB. you mustn’tC. you can’tD. you shouldn’t21. Would you mind _____ me some bread on your way home?A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. bought22. I can’t finish the work in time, _____ you help me translate the texts.A. unlessB. ifC. whereD. but23. The driver _____ the passengers off at the supermarket and then went to the next stop.A. fellB. sankC. droppedD. stepped24. That restaurant has a good _____ in the community for its delicious food and friendly service.A. moodB. mirrorC. reputationD. report25. The manager at once lost his _____ when he learnt that his secretary was late again for the meeting.A. mindB. temperC. passionD. way26. The young soldier was ____ wounded in the war and died a few days later.A. generouslyB. lonelyC. fatallyD. slightly27. Professor Simpson _____ the project carefully and made a few correction.A. went upB. went downC. went afterD. went over28. When I go to heat the milk please _____ the baby.A. keep an eye onB. set food onC. make a guess atD. look forward to29. Mr. and Mrs. Wright have got nine children----it’s really a big _____.A. homeB. familyC. houseD. room30. Neither Bill nor his parents _____ at home.A. isB. areC. hasD. have31. The summer vacation _____ over, they then got down to their work again.A. wereB. wasC. beingD. had been32. He failed in his exam, ______ proves that he hadn’t worked hard enough.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. such33. _____ is known to all, too much stress can cause disease.A. WhichB. ThatC. ItD. As34. It was not until he came back _____ I left the office.A. thenB. whichC. thatD. when35. Only when he finished his homework _____ that he had made a mistake.A. he then realizedB. did he realizeC. before he realizedD. he realized36. If it _____ rain tomorrow, we’ll have the party outside.A. wouldn’tB. doesn’tC. didn’tD. won’t37. This is the dictionary you’re looking for, _____?A. isn’t thisB. isn’t thatC. isn’t itD. isn’t there38. It’s going to rain, you’d better _____ an umbrella with you.A. bringB. takeC. carryD. fetch39. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a ______.A. lifeB. workC. professionD. living40. I saw a car in the distance, but I couldn’t _____ whether it was red or not.A. make outB. work onC. look outD. take in41. There were a _____ number of students on the playground.A. fewB. littleC. shortD. small42. Students are expected to ______ lectures regularly.A. presentB. goC. attendD. follow43. The lecture was so ______ that everyone went to sleep.A. boringB. boredC. InterestingD. interested44. We can see a lot of people doing morning exercises in the park even ____ a cold morning.A. onB. inC. atD. during45. The guide walked so fast that most of the tourists could not ____ him.A. go in forB. keep up withC. follow upD. pass onPart III Identification (10%)46. Professor Morison has never been to China, nor does Dr. Jones.A B C D47. As early as the 12th century, boys in England enjoyed to play football.A B C D48. Nobody allows to smoke here because smoking indoors is against the law.A B C D49. When a water is heated, it changes into vapor.A B C D50. He has come to work for a local newspaper about ten years ago, when heA B Cgraduated from Peking University.D51. One of the two chairs is mine; the another is my brother’s.A B C D52. The more quickly you get there, the soon you will be able to relax.A B C D53. I ought have invited her to the party but I didn’t know her well.A B C D54. He was seriously ill for days, and now he looks strong and healthy.A B C D55. Although Jim has lived in Beijing for five years, but he doesn’t speak Chinese well. A B C DPart IV Cloze (10%)Green sea turtles (海龟) are the world’s largest species of hard-shelled sea turtle. While most individuals weigh about 136 to 181 kilograms, some can be __56__ heavy as 204 kilograms. These turtle are found nesting (筑巢) along the coastline of more than 80 countries with the largest nesting population __57___ in Costa Rica and Australia.Green sea turtle spend most of their lives underwater, __58____ they can rest for up to five hours at a time before ___59___ up for air. When active, they typically stay underwater for a few minutes and swim up to the surface to ___60__ air for a few seconds. Green sea turtles also bathe in the sun __61_____ land.56. A. at B. for C. in D. as57. A. gone B. moved C. found D. knocked58. A. where B. which C. that D. when59. A. join B. come C. joining D. coming60. A. breathe B. draw C. hold D. attract61. A. for B. at C. on D. inUnlike most other sea turtles, adult green sea turtles eat primarily plant-based foods _____62__ of seaweed and sea grass. Scientists believe these green foods ___63___ the sea turtle’s fat its green color.Similar to other sea turtles, green sea turtles travel long distances __64__ their feeding grounds and their nesting sites, with recorded distances __65____ than 2,600 kilometers. They have strong flippers (鳍形肢) that help them __66___ in the water.62. A. putting B. making C. containing D. consisting63. A. take B. give C. taken D. given64. A. among B. within C. between D. beyond65. A. longer B. deeper C. richer D. higher66. A. arrive B. swim C. reach D. jumpFemale green sea turtles leave the water in __67____ to lay eggs on the beach and will choose the same nesting __68___ as where they were born. A female will dig __69___ a nest with her flippers and lay about 155 eggs. There she’ll cover the eggs __70____ sand and return to the sea. After about two months the babies will use a special “egg tooth” to break their shells an d hatch (孵化) from their eggs.67. A. way B. place C. method D. order68. A. lawn B. street C. level D. spot69. A. out B. away C. above D. below70. A. of B. with C. out D. forThe first few years of a green sea turtle’s life are spe nt __71__ at sea, where they feed on tiny animals and plants __72___ live in the surface layer of the sea. As they grow older, the turtles move to __73___ waters along the coast, where they find sea grass to eat.Adult green sea turtles face many threats, primarily from humans, including injuries from passing boats, being __74___ in fishing nets and pollution. Newly hatched sea turtles are also at___75__ of being hunted by other animals as they move from their nests out to the sea.71. A. float B. think C. floating D. thinking72. A. when B. that C. what D. where73. A. negative B. careful C. shallow D. polite74. A. caught B. dropped C. grown D. reached75. A. risk B. sight C. visit D. deathPart V. translation (20%)76. Both sides show no signs of backing down.77. Twenty-eight people have been arrested since then and charged with interferingwith the pipeline construction.78. They say their local economies depend on the use of these areas.79. It may also severely limit activities such as logging, road-building, and hunting.80. The entire structure cost more than $2.5 million to build at the time.81. 他在这所大学任教多久了？82. 我希望我们的演出会成功。

答案见附录2016武大博士生英语入学考试真题答案I．Reading Comprehension(40分)(黄老师提供)BCAD ACBA DDCA DCAB CCBAPart II English-Chinese Translation(5*4=20分)（方老师提供：标答）1. 如果我们的时间使用得当，就能生产出有用和重要的产品，在市场上买得一定的价钱；或者充实我们的经验，增长我们的才干，待到适当时机我们就能挣到金钱。

2. 我们想到死便震惊不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以保全生命。

可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间往往漠不关心，忘记生命原来就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。

3. 现在如果从我们的寿命中减去所有这些岁月，我们将发现，能让我们用于有效工作的时间大概是15或20年左右。

谁能记住这一点，就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻。

4. 如果我们让生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走而未加利用，我们将永远无法弥补这种损失。

等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期没能获得的知识或技能将永远不能获得了。

Part III Chinese-English Translation(20分)（方老师提供：标答）We are not sure what “intelligence” is, not what is passed on. However, the fact does not prevent us from finding it a very useful concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which “measure” it. In an inte lligence test we take a sample of an individual’s ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample, it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.The Education Act 1944 passed by the British parliament made secondary schooling for all become law. Grammar schools, with the exception of small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the country could accommodate at most approximately 25 percent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were considered to be in favor of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased homes. Intelligence tests were then devised to counteract this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on knowledge from books. In other words, the intelligence test attempts to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyze and synthesize, mainly by presenting him with different actual situations within his range of competence and understanding. Part IV Writing 20分（牟老师提供）Sample1Paper Book or Electronic BookNowadays many electronic devices emerge, such as kindle, providing possibility for electronic books. However, most of the readers still prefer reading in the traditional way instead of electronic books.Why do the paper books win the landslide victory? Apparently, paper books are of greater collection value than the electronic book. Some readers are looking forward to a blissful atmosphere with a book in hand, sitting in the sunshine comfortably. An el ectronic book can never fulfill the desire for this atmosphere. What’s more, the paper book is better for the eyes while the screen of electronic book may do harm to the retina to some extent. Using the electronic devices, the readers are absent-minded more easily as there exist many temptations.What we can’t deny, nevertheless, is that the electronic book has its own special merits as well. First of all, it’s much cheaper. Then, it’s easier to be carried with. While some readers have to put a heavy paper book in the bag, the e-book reader merely take the phone. Also, the electronic book has a larger coverage as some books or essays don’t have the paper version.Generally speaking, the paper books are irreplaceable, still playing the dominant role in reading market. Electronic books are also indispensable. We readers should use these ways correctly.Sample 2Reading in an Old-fashioned WayAs scientific development has been a new trend of this era, words prefixed with an “e -” has been widel y-used and gradually become a part of our daily routine. It’s an era of information explosion and the creation and innovation of E-book technology meets the requirements and developments of the network society. However, according to the survey, e-book sales dropped in the United States, as well as in the United Kingdom. It seems that people tend to read in the old-fashioned way. In my point of view, the reasons of this phenomena are as follows.First of all, paper books can easily make people calm down. Leafing through pages and feeling the unique scent of paper is absorbing and intriguing. Secondly, books printed on paper are easily shared by people, since reading is not an individual activity. Thirdly, nowadays people enjoy the relative informality of reading, and reading paper books is a good way to make people totally unrestricted by time and space. Last but not the least, paper books are cheaper than an e-book electronic screen.Generally speaking, reading in an old-fashioned way can also meet the multiple needs of people nowadays. Scientific innovation gives us more choices and we are happy to enjoy the convenience of this golden times. However, reading in an old-fashioned way in the era of information fragmentation is some kind of habit that we should retain.专题16 等腰三角形的性质阅读与思考等腰三角形是一类特殊三角形，具有特殊的性质，这些性质为角度的计算、线段相等、直线位置关系的证明等问题提供了新的理论依据．因此，在解与等腰三角形相关的问题时，除了要运用全等三角形知识方法外，又不能囿于全等三角形，应善于利用等腰三角形的性质探求新的解题途径，应熟悉以下基本图形、基本结论．⑴ 图1中，01802A B ∠=-∠，01802A B C -==∠∠∠，22DAC B C ==∠∠∠． ⑵ 图2中，只要下述四个条件：①AB AC =；②12=∠∠；③CD DB =；④AD BC ⊥中任意两个成立，就可以推出其余两个成立．例题与求解【例1】如图，在△ABC 中，D 在AC 上，E 在AB 上，且AB =AC ，BC =BD ，AD =DE =BE ， 则∠A =___________．（五城市联赛试题）解题思路：图中有很多相关的角，用∠A 的代数式表示这些角，建立关于∠A 的等式．【例2】如图，在△ABC 中，已知∠BAC =900，AB =AC ，D 为AC 中点，AE ⊥BD 于E ，延长AE 交BC 于F ，求证：∠ADB =∠CDF ．AB C D EBA D图1 AB C1 2图2。