2013年天津工业大学考研英汉语言基础参考书考研真题复试线内部资料

1/15【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校王老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校王老师。

2015考研天津外国语大学考研真题解析复试线参考书天津外国语大学2013年学术型研究生招生参考书目英语同声传译 1.《翻译教程》Newmark 著上海外语教育出版社20012.《西方翻译简史》谭载喜著（增订版）北京：商务印书馆20043.《中国译学理论史稿》陈福康著上海：上海外语教育出版社20004.《外事翻译：口译和笔译技巧》徐亚南李建英世界知识出版社1998国际商务英语 1.《国际商务》(英文版)作者：Michael R.Czinkota,7th edition,北京:中国机械工业出版社20102.《管理英语教程》（第二版）高嘉勇主编南开大学出版社2010年2/15【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：2计算机辅助语言学习 1.《C 程序设计》谭浩强主编清华大学出版社不分版本2.《计算机文化基础》李秀等编著清华大学出版社不分版本3.《计算机基础知识和基本操作》张玲等编著清华大学出版社不分版本4.《微积分》人民大学出版社（或同类教材）基础日语1.大学日语专业教材新版2.国际日语能力测试1级日语语言学理论与实践 1.《日本语言》徐一平编著高等教育出版社2.《日本語概説》加藤彰彦等编桜楓社日本文学 1.《日本文学史》不限版本2.《日本古典文学作品选读》不限版本日语教育 1.《外语教学法》不限版本2.《日本語教育事典》日本語教育学会編大修館日本文化 1.《日本文化史》家永三郎著2.《日本文化》王勇高等教育出版社日本经济1.《日本经济》胡以男、叶琳主编中国商务出版社20062.《国际商务理论与实践》王建华主编清华大学出版社与北京交通大学出版社2006日语同声传译 1.《新编汉日翻译教程》高宁上海外语教育出版社社2.《新编日译汉教程》（新版）陈岩大连理工大学出版社3.《新编汉日日汉同声传译教程》宋协毅外语教学与研究出版社汉语 1.《中国文学史》（古代部分、凡高校使用的教材均可参考）2.《古汉语通论》郑铁生编写河北教育出版社（第4-8章）2004基础法语 1.《法语》(第1-4册)马晓宏外语教研出版社20022.《法国语言与文化》童佩智、陈丽瑜外语教研出版社20053.《法国文学选集》张放、晶尼外语教研出版社2000法国学 1.《法国概况》谢汉琪上海外语教育出版社19962.《商务法语》(下册)黄美波等对外贸易教育出版社19983/15【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站：33.法国主要报刊及网站。

天津大学工业工程专业考研真题资料含答案解析天津大学工业工程专业考研复习都是有依据可循的,考研学子关注事项流程为：考研报录比-大纲-参考书-资料-真题-复习经验-辅导-复试-导师，缺一不可。

有的同学是不是已经到学校了呢？反正我是去了，毕竟天津在开全运会，过去凑个热闹。

对，简单介绍一下自己，我是天津大学工业工程专业2017届的考生，初试的考试科目为：①101思想政治理论；②204英语二；③302数学二；④832运筹学基础。

因为有很多小伙伴在暑假都问我备考的时候用的什么真题资料，所以做此文分享给大家。

下面是给大家找出来的天津大学工业工程专业考研真题解析含答案部分。

天津大学招收2016年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题所有答案必须写在答题纸上，并写清楚题号，写在试题上无效。

（22分）此题完整回忆数据完全正确。

考虑一个把三种型号（式样）不同的飞机分配到四条航线上的问题。

表2-4给出最大运输能力（载乘客数）和各种型号飞机可利用的架数、在规定航线上每一架飞机每天能够往返的次数以及各条航线上每天预计的乘客数。

飞机型号运输能力飞机数各航线上每天往返次数123415053221 23084332 320105542每天乘客人数10020090120以上真题答案解析都是来自:“天津大学832运筹学基础考研全套复习资料”资料。

这份免费的讲解视频是：天津大学832运筹学基础历年考研真题解析，这套资料中不仅包含历年真题的答案解析，纵向讲解近数年的真题，同时真题试题的讲解过程中要糅合进相应的知识点，通过分析真题带领考生掌握历年命题规律，预测下一年的考试重点。

还包含专业动向介绍、本科授课课件讲义和期末模拟试卷、非常详细的为大家讲解每个章节的重点，政治、英语、数学的辅导材料都是赠送的。

大家可以参考一下。

研究天津大学工业工程专业考研真题，重点是要训练自己解答分析题的能力，做完以后，考生一定要将自己的答案和参考答案进行比较，得出之间的差别，然后对参考答案的答题角度进行分析，最终总结出自己的解答方法，自己慢慢体会，如果你能把一道题举一反三，那你的复习效果就能达到事半功倍。

育明考研——天津大学翻译硕士考研指导育明教育,创始于 2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟, 是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

天津大学 1:61-《英译中国现代散文选》张培基 (三册中至少一册非常经典,练基本功非它莫属。

2-《高级翻译理论与实践》叶子南汉译英的经典之作,体裁实用,读来作者亲授一般3-《翻译硕士常考词汇精编》育明教育内部资料绝大部分翻译的词汇都可以在这里找到,很实用。

试题中出现比较生僻的单词的话,读了这本词汇书基本你就认识了4-《中国文化读本》叶朗朱良志翻译的体裁有时候和中国文化有关,作为译者应该了解中国文化;书本身也很好,图文并茂5-《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》复试科目:英语翻译综合技能、口试。

光明日报出版社考试时间及科目:第 1天:上午下午第 2天:上午下午 1、思想政治理论2、翻译硕士英语3、英语翻译基础4、汉语写作与百科知识100分 100分150分 150分目前, 大多数院校并没有公布翻译硕士的考研参考书, 所以同学们复习起来找不到一个目标和方向,育明考研教育通过研究历年真题、翻译硕士考试大纲以及近百所院校参考书为同学们推荐了一些基本的参考书目, 可以作为一个基础复习的参考! 一些院校针对性的复习内容会在后面给同学们解答。

《英汉翻译简明教程》庄绎传 2002年外语教学与研究出版社《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》叶子南 2001年清华大学出版社《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》李国正 2012年光明日报出版社《应用文写作》夏晓鸣 2010年复旦大学出版社《高级英语》 (修订本第1、2册, 张汉熙 1995年外语教学与研究出版社《翻译硕士词汇精编》李国正 2014年当当网,亚马逊有售《汉语写作与百科知识真题解析》李国正 2014年当当网,亚马逊有售《英语翻译基础真题解析》李国正 2014年当当网,亚马逊有售《翻译硕士英语真题解析》李国正 2014年当当网,亚马逊有售独家出版教材 ------真正针对考试的参考书育明教育考研教研室经过8年的努力,汇编了一大批图书,并由光明日报出版社、团结出版社、中国经济出版社出版发行,在当当网、亚马逊、淘宝网同步发售。

1/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校赵老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校赵老师。

2/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】2育明教育天津分校天津商业大学与天津工业大学公共政策理学考试大纲参考书内部资料真题天津商业大学公共政策学科目考试大纲一、考试总体要求本考试科目为公共管理专业学术型硕士学位研究生入学考试科目之一，要求考生必须掌握公共政策学的基本概念、公共政策学的学科要素及分析方法、公共政策系统与过程的基本内涵和理论模型，以及公共政策学的研究前沿和动态，并会运用公共政策学的基本知识和理论进行政策分析与评估。

二、考试主要内容1．公共政策学的基本概念，包括政策研究和政策分析的概念以及这些概念的基本内涵。

2．公共政策学的研究对象。

3．公共政策学的产生过与发展过程，以及公共政策学中国化的进程与方向。

4．公共政策的研究视角、路径和分析方法，包括政策研究的资料收集方法。

5．公共政策的概念、内涵、类型与功能。

6．公共政策的本质与基本特征7．公共政策工具的基本概念、类型与选择选择方法。

8．政策系统的概念、结构要素；公共决策体制的基本类型；政府体制和政府能力对公共政策的作用和影响；非政府政策行为者对公共政策的作用和影响。

2013年天津工业大学《无机非金属材料》复试复习提纲第一篇：2013年天津工业大学《无机非金属材料》复试复习提纲2013年《无机非金属材料》复试复习提纲1.掌握晶体的基本概念。

七大晶系的晶胞参数特点。

晶型转变的类型。

晶面间距的计算。

配位数与离子半径比的证明。

2.相变的基本概念、分类3.掌握材料中缺陷的概念及分类，重点掌握缺陷的定义、分类、特点并了解点缺陷反应方程式的书写原则、4.无机材料的分析方法，重点了解组成、结构的分析检测技术。

5.掌握固溶体的基本概念，固溶体的分类，影响固溶体形成主要因素。

6.了解几种无机粉体材料的制备方法及特点。

2013年的笔试复试题就是从上面的题目中随机出题，但是都不难。

主要的题型有：1、判断对错（6道）2、填空题（8个空）3、一道综合题或者证明题4一道简答题第二篇：无机非金属姓名：王丽丝学号：123111008 专业：材料物理与化学纳米银/聚酰亚胺复合材料电子封装技术的发展对嵌入式电容器材料不断提出新的要求。

当前，高性能嵌入式电容器迫切需要拥有高介电常数、低介电损耗、与电路基板具有良好的粘结力以及良好加工性等综合性能的介电材料。

然而，目前没有任何材料能够全部满足这些要求。

银纳米粒子具有优异的导电率和奇特的纳米特性（即库仑阻塞效应），是制备金属/聚合物高介电复合材料的理想填料。

聚酰亚胺作为高聚物基体则具有优异的热稳定性、低介电损耗和易合成加工性等优点。

银/聚酰亚胺纳米复合材料可望将银纳米粒子的介电性能与聚酰亚胺的力学、热学性能很好的结合起来。

因此，探索制备Ag/PI纳米复合材料的新方法是很有意义的。

高介电材料是一种能够储存电荷和均匀电场的绝缘材料，其在电子、电气工业领域有着非常重要的应用。

随着电子工业中对电子器件高速化、微型化和稳定性要求的不断提高，电子封装技术从第一代分立元件封装、第二代芯片级封装（Chip Scale Packaging）和多芯片模块封装（Multichip-Module）发展到第三代的系统封装（System-on-Packaging）[1, 2]，每次技术换代都对材料研究提出新的挑战。

翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试天津外国语大学2013年真题(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ．Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET1. One purpose of the conferences was to foster a dialogue between opposing sides in the arms race, and the speakers often included scientists and government officials in charge of the unclear arms programs in their own countries.A. startB. bring upC. developD. involve2. Modern infomercials usually relied on celebrity endorsement rather than high-pressure salesmen to lent credibility to their products.A. mobilityB. trustC. capabilityD. loyalty3. An epidemic of Ebola virus in Africa prompted increased awareness of the potential dangers of so-called hot viruses, which cause deadly and virtually untreatable diseases in humans and other animals.A. almostB. mostlyC. totallyD. completely4. In Saudi Arabia, a monarchy where conservative Islam prevails and no modified system of law exists, women"s mobility is strongly curtailed.A. strengthenedB. improvedC. liftedD. reduced5. The contemporary botanical garden has many urgent tasks, the conservation of plant resources being paramount.A. tolerableB. deplorableC. extremeD. supreme6. Also of concern was the fact that many consumers lacked sufficient information and awareness to protect themselves in the marketplace and to make knowledgeable buying choices.A. diligentB. intelligentC. remarkableD. understandable7. Many countries had already removed the distinction between widows and widowers as regards eligibility for survivors" benefits, and some were extending protection to other single parents.A. indicationB. referenceC. differenceD. relationship8. The soft economy did not slow the inexorable growth of TV and radio outlets in the U. S.A. impossible to stopB. likely to increaseC. impossible to happenD. unreasonably low9. Where do **e from? For years astronomers have postulated a comet storehouse beyond the orbit of Pluto.A. simulatedB. assumedC. stimulatedD. assimilated10. A favorably moist rainy season through late July deteriorated during August and September across the eastern Sahel, leaving below-normal seasonal rainfall amounts in most areas.A. courageouslyB. probablyC. advantageouslyD. terribly11. Disagreement continued on ways to meet the undertaking to reduce carbon dioxide emissions given in the UN Convention on Climate Change.A. productionB. reproductionC. deductionD. seduction12. Another exceptionally tough trading year for the world airline industry saw passenger numbers rise an average of 5.7% but the profit made per seat—the yield—decline as wild discounting took place in vicious fare wars.A. victoriousB. vigorousC. tolerantD. violent13. During the past few years archaeologist William Kelso delved into contemporary accounts of the settlement and searched for telltale postholes and palisades in the sandy soil.A. descriptionB. accuracyC. acquisitionD. destination14. With advances in xerography and desktop publishing, the fanzines became slicker and more visually appealing.A. movingB. availableC. attractiveD. destructive15. Greenpeace spokes-people attributed the cutbacks to a drop in annual fund-raising.A. subjugatedB. allocatedC. safeguardedD. regarded16. In Paris a record 81 international designers unveiled spring/summer collections, which resulted in fashion confusion.A. underlinedB. uncoveredC. undetectedD. presented17. The British newspaper industry continued to consolidate, with larger chains buying smaller ones rather than individual newspapers.A. constituteB. strengthenC. contaminateD. lengthen18. The ultimate verdict on welfare reform, however, would not be in for years. In some high-poverty areas, efforts were hampered both by politics and by a lack of jobs and funds for support services.A. hinderedB. tamperedC. doubledD. interfered19. Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola moved into categories they had previously ignored, after seeing their potential cultivated by others. Bottled and canned tea experienced a renaissance.A. survivalB. approvalC. disapprovalD. revival20. The other cause of unemployment is deep in the modem structure of the welfare state. This places on the employer a substantial labor cost in addition to wages, the provision of pension and health benefits in particular but other costs as well.A. considerateB. considerableC. subsequentD. successiveⅡ. In each of the following sentences, there are four underlined parts, marked with A, B, C and D. Identify the part that is grammatically incorrect. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. Trends in new product development in the U. S. (largely) mirrored those in Europe, (with) low-fat introduction continuing, (although) at a (reducing) rate.A. largelyB. withC. althoughD. reducing2. The major international auction houses (posted) annual earnings that pointed to a (healthy) art market, though (the one) not as robust as (that of) the frenetic 1980s.A. postedB. healthyC. the oneD. that of3. (Like) a motion picture, which presents (moving) images on a flat surface, a cyberspatial environment would convey realistic (detail) in three dimensions and (to) all five senses.A. LikeB. movingC. detailD. to4. The rules laid the foundation for a major (restructuring) in gas pipeline operations by requiring pipelines to charge (separately) for each of their services and by making them available (on equal basis) to anyone (desiring) to use them.A. restructuringB. separatelyC. on equal basisD. desiring5. Dissatisfaction (with) the economic relationships (of) industrialized and less industrialized countries led to proposals (for) environmental (trade-offs).A. withB. ofC. forD. trade-offs6. Overall, the question of treatment was (unlikely) to be settled quickly. There was no doubt (that) some stones, especially sapphires (from) Montana, (were permanent improved) by heating.A. unlikelyB. thatC. fromD. were permanent improved7. In China discoveries (from) more than 100 sites (along with) the Yangtze River showed that rice (cultivation) began 11,500 years ago (rather than) 8,000.A. fromB. along withC. cultivationD. rather than8. Demand (of) new equipment rose (as) business improved. Unlike Airbus, Boeing had already been operating (at full capacity) and could not immediately (meet demand).A. ofB. asC. at full capacityD. meet demand9. The strong U. S. dollar continued to attract North American visitors to (overseas) destinations, (while) the long-delayed Japanese economic recovery and setbacks in Southeast Asian economies (caused) the Asia-Pacific region to (under-perform).A. overseasB. whileC. causedD. under-perform10. Curriculum reforms in India took a more (nationalistic) turn (as) a (growing) number of foundation-sponsored private schools supplemented the government syllabus (by) studies of Indian culture, music, philosophy, and Sanskrit language.A. nationalisticB. asC. growingD. byⅢ. Below each of the following four passages you will find questions or incomplete statements about the passage. Each statement or question is followed by lettered words or expressions. Select the word or expression that most **pletes or answers each question in accordance with the meaning of the passage. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET**mon gifts, necessity makes pertinence and beauty every day, and one is glad when an imperative leaves him no option: since if the man at the door has no shoes, you have not to consider whether you could procure him a paint-box. And it is always pleasing to see a man eat bread, or drink water, in the house or out of doors, so it is always a great satisfaction to supply these first wants. Necessity does everything well. In our condition or universal dependence it seem heroic to let the petitioner be the judge of his necessity, and to give all that is asked, though at great inconvenience. If it be a fantastic desire, it is better to leave to others the office of punishing him. I can think of many parts I should prefer playing to that of the Furies(复仇三女神). Next to things of necessity, the rule for a gift, which one of my friends prescribed, is that we might convey to some person that which properly belonged to his character, and was easily associated with him in thought. But our tokens of compliment and love are for the most part barbarous. Rings and other jewels are not gifts, but apologies for gifts. The only gift is a portion of yourself. You must bleed for me. Therefore the poet brings him poem; the shepherd, his lamb; the farmer, corn; the miner, a gem; the sailor, coral and shells; the girl, a handkerchief of her own sewing. This is right and pleasing, for it restores society in so far to the primary basis, when a man"s biography is conveyed in his gift, and every man"s wealth is an index of his merit. But it is a cold lifeless business when you go to the shops to buy me something which does not represent your life and talent, but a goldsmith"s. This is fit for kings, and rich men who represent kings, and a false state of property, to make presents of gold and silver stuffs, as a kind of symbolical sin-offering, or payment of blackmail.1. According to the author, what is the best gift to the man at the door who has no shoes?A. a paint-boxB. flowersC. foodstuffD. shoes2. Among the following behaviors, which may be not treated as being heroic when we are faced with the petitioner?A. To fulfill his primary needs when you are not available for those requirementsB. To grant him whatever is requestedC. Always being pleasing to supply his first wantsD. To let him have a fantastic desire3. Does the author agree to play the role of the Furies when someone has an unattainable desire?A. Yes, he doesB. NoC. He has no idea about thatD. It depends on the situation the author is involved in4. The italicized word "apologies" refer to ______.A. an expression of regretB. defenseC. a poor exampleD. equivalent5. According to the rule for a gift, what should a painter bring as a gift?A. his painting brushB. his paint-boxC. his pictureD. his paint bucketBeing told I would be expected to talk here, I inquired what sort of a talk I ought to make. They said it should be something suitable to youth something didactic, instructive, or something in the nature of good advice. Very well, I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed to say for the instruction of the young; for it is in one"s tender early years that such things will best take root and be most enduring and most valuable. First, then, I will say to you, my young friends and I say it beseechingly—Always obey your parents, when they are present. This is the best policy in the long run, because if you don"t they will make you. Most parents think they know better than you do, and you can generally make more by humoring that superstition than you can by acting on your own better judgment.Be respectful to your superiors, if you have any, also to strangers, and sometimes to others. If a person offends you, and you are in doubt as to whether it was intentional or not, do not resort to extreme measures; simply watch your chance and hit him with a brick. That will be sufficient. If you shall find that he had not intended any offense, come out frankly and confess yourself in the wrong when you struck him; acknowledge it like a man and say you didn"t mean to. Yes, always avoid violence; in this age of charity and kindliness, the time has gone by for such things. Leave dynamite tothe low and unrefined.6. According to the passage, why do people have to listen to some instructive advice when they were young?A. Because these advice are given by the elderly who have plenty of experienceB. Because these didactic advice are suitable to youthC. Because they should always obey the elderlyD. Because the youth would retain the impressive words and never treat them with obliviousness7. What is the author"s suggestion concerning the parents" words?A. Their words are merely superstitionB. Their words may help you accomplish more in your lifeC. Their words could prevent you from making your own judgmentD. Their words may offend you8. The italicized word "humoring" means ______.A. putting into a good moodB. making concessions toC. entertainingD. having the power to evoke laughter9. Among the following kinds of response, which is not the proper behaviour when you are offended by others?A. To grasp a proper chance and make a counterattackB. To decide whether the offender"s behavior is performed with purpose or notC. Always being reluctant to strike backD. To resort to a furious return for the offense10. The italicized term "the low and unrefined" means ______.A. the lower classB. the barbarianC. people lacking cultivationD. the poorMost gulls don"t bother to learn more than the simplest facts of flights how to get from shore to food and back again. For most gulls, it is not flying that matter, but eating. For this gull, though, it was not eating that mattered, but flight: More than anything else, Jonathan Livingston Seagull loved to fly. This kind of thinking, he found, is not the way to make oneself popular with other birds. Even his parents were dismayed as Jonathan spent whole days alone, making hundreds of low-level glides, experimenting."Why, Jon, why?" his mother asked. "Why is it so hard to be like the rest of the flock, Jon? Why can"t you leave low flying to the pelicans (鹈鹕), the albatross (信天翁)? Why don"t you eat? Son, you"re bone and feathers!""I don"t mind being bone and feathers, mom. I just want to know what I can do in the air and what I can"t, that"s all. I just want to know.""See here, Jonathan," said his father, not unkindly. "Winter isn"t far away. Boats will be few, and surface fish will be swimming deep. If you must study, —then study food, and how to get it. This flying business is all very well, but you can"t eat a glide. You know. Don"t you forget that the reasons you fly is to eat. "Jonathan nodded obediently. For the next few days he tried to behave like the other gulls: he really tried, screeching and fighting with the flock around the piers(码头) and fishing boats, diving on scraps of fish and bread. But he couldn"t make it work.It"s all so pointless, he thought, deliberately, dropping a hard-won anchovy (鳀类鱼) to a hungry old gull chasing him. "I could be spending all this time learning to fly. There"s so much to learn!" ..."Why aren"t there more of us here? Why, where I came from there were...""...thousands and thousands of gulls. I know." Sullivan shook his head. "The only answer I can see, Jonathan, is that you are pretty well a one-in-a-million bird. Most of us came along ever so slowly. We went from one world into another that was almost exactly like it, forgetting right away where we **e from not caring where we were headed, living for the moment. Do you have any idea how many lives we must have gone through before we even got the first idea that there is more to life than eating, or fighting, or power in the flock? A thousand lives, Jon, ten thousand! And then another hundred lives until we began to learn that there is such a thing as perfection, and another hundred again to get the idea that our purpose for living is to find that perfection and show it forth"11. Which of the following choices is not the difference between most seagulls and Jonathan Livingston Seagull?A. Most seagulls just learned how to get food through flightB. Jonathan Livingston Seagull enjoyed flying businessC. For most seagulls, the final destination of flying was not to be starvedD. To fly and to eat were **mon goals of most seagulls12. What was other seagulls" attitude toward Jonathan"s devotion into flight?A. They wanted to learn from Jonathan Livingston Seagull in practicing flight skillsB. His parents encouraged Jonathan Livingston Seagull to improve his techniquesC. They felt shameful when they saw the low flying by Jonathan Livingston SeagullD. They could not understand why Jonathan Livingston Seagull spent energy and time experimenting slides13. Which of the following choices is NOT Jonathan"s father"s advice when he saw Jonathan gliding?A. He reminded Jonathan of the reason why seagulls flyB. He sternly forced Jonathan to learn to get foodC. He told Jonathan that gliding is invalid to get food for seagullsD. He didn"t deny the advantages of flying business14. Did Sullivan agree with Jonathan"s practice?A. Yes, he didB. No, he didn"tC. He had no idea about thatD. He was uncertain about that15. According to Sullivan, what was one"s life goal?A. To learn about the existence of perfectionB. To struggle to obtain perfectionC. To pursue perfection and manifest it in yourselfD. To go through difficulties and know more about lifePsychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One"s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one"s own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one"s emotions used to be more vivid than they are and one"s mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one"s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interest involvingappropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grownup children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. And you must realize that you must not expect that they will enjoy **pany.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. But I think for an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to **e it—so at least it seems to me—is to make your interest gradually more impersonal, until bit by bit the wails of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like river—small at first, gradually grows, wider, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who in old age can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be **e.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.16. Which of the following choices is not the danger to be avoided in old age?A. Being mired in memoriesB. Showing lamentation about the pastC. Having no interests in personal benefitsD. Being dependent upon the next generation17. According to the passage, why do human beings always show their undue care for their children?A. Human beings are creatures of emotionB. Human beings don"t treat their children as a burdenC. Human beings" early stage of growth is a little longerD. Human beings are not callous animals18. According to the passage, what role does experience play in one"s life?A. Experience may prevent children from making mistakes or going astrayB. Experience may keep you in appropriate activities and ensure **fortable in remaining yearsC. Experience may produce profound knowledge and ensure a successful old ageD. Experience may find itself wasted on dead man19. In what manner will the youth consider the elderly?A. They will always find **panionship of the elderly ungratefulB. They look up to the elderly and admire the elderlyC. **panionship of persons of their own age is an onerous burdenD. They always ask for material services from their parents20. Which of the following choices is not the proper way that the man in old age should treat his life?A. To **e the fear of deathB. He isn"t satisfied with what he has done on his deathbedC. His life is only a trivial part of the universal lifeD. He wants to have a rest as he grows olderⅣ. Directions: The following excerpt is taken from China Daily. The primary purpose of this passage is intended to provide a source of inspiration for writing rather than tempt you into copying the same thing in **position.1. To vigorously promote fairness in education. Hu Jintao, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, said in his report to the 18th National Congress that educational resources will focus on rural and remote areas poor families and non-Ham ethnic groups.Hu said that efforts will also be made to promote equal education for the children of migrant workers and to increase financial aid to poverty-stricken families for their children"s education. The central government has been making efforts in this direction over the past decade. But what has been done is far from enough to bridge the gap between the quality of education in urban and rural areas. That is why Hu"s report particularly mentioned the shift in focus to the underdeveloped and disadvantaged areas.Despite the free nine-**pulsory education for all rural students there is still a long way to go before students in rural areas will be able to receive education of a similar quality to that enjoyed by their urban counterparts. The teaching facilities and incomes of teachers in rural areas, poverty-stricken areas in particular, leave a lot to be **pared with their urban counterparts.Rural students who receive free university education are required to return to teach in rural schools for a certain period of time before they leave for other jobs, but preferential policies are needed to encourage good teachers to teach in rural areas and financial aid is needed to improve the physical condition of students.Write an argumentative essay of about 400 words on the following topicEqual Education for Rural Students and Their Urban Counterparts。

天津工业大学硕士研究生入学考试业务课考试大纲课程编号：616 课程名称：英语语言基础一、考试的总体要求通过考试主要检查考生对英语基础知识的掌握情况，以及英语阅读、英汉互译和英语写作能力。

具体要求如下：1．认知英语单词约10000-12000个且能够正确而熟练地使用其中的5000-6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。

2．能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。

能在5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。

3．能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语（速度为每小时约300个汉字）或者将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语（速度为每小时250-300个英文单词）。

译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。

4．能写英语议论文或说明文，文章内容充实，语言通顺，用词精炼，表述得体。

写作速度为30分钟约300-400个英语单词。

二、考查重点1．英语词汇及语法知识2．英语阅读理解3．英汉、汉英翻译4．英语写作三、考试题型及比例1．词汇、语法单项选择/填空 16%2．阅读理解单项选择/判断正误 30%3．英译汉 17%4．汉译英 17%5．英语写作 20%四、考试形式及时间“英语语言基础”考试形式为笔试，考试时间为3小时。

五、主要参考书目1．张汉熙主编，《高级英语》（第三版）(重排版)（1）(2），北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2017年7月2．类似 GRE 试题（Vocabulary and Reading）。

刚上大学的时候，我的家人希望我能考研，因为我的本科学校很普通。

当时，我并没有想过。

直到这几年的学习，出于自身对专业课的兴趣越来越浓厚，想要继续深入系统的学习，而我们本科对专业课的学习知识一点皮毛，是远远不够的！怀着专业的热爱，我毅然决定考研，在大三上册就开始准备复习。

充满信心地去下定决心做一件事情是做好它的前提，最开始自己像一只无头苍蝇一般，没有方向。

只能靠自己慢慢摸索，查资料、看考研经验分享、问学长学姐，虽然这个过程很繁琐，但是我已经下定决心考研，所以无所畏惧！对于考研来说最关键的就是坚持。

一年的考研时间，我想，对于这个词，我是有很多话要说的。

我以为自己是个能坚持的人，但是考研这一年来，真正让我体会到了坚持的不易！正如很多研友的分享所说，考研谁不是一边想放弃一边又咬牙坚持着，那些坚持到最后的人，都会迎来他们的曙光。

文章可能有点长，末尾我也加了一些真题和资料的下载方式，大家放心阅读即可。

天津科技大学机械专硕的初试科目为：(101)思想政治理论(204)英语二(302)数学二和(807)机械原理与机械设计或(852)机电一体化与机械控制工程基础或(853)机械制造技术基础与CAD/CAM参考书目为：1.濮良贵主编，机械设计(第九版)北京: 高等教育出版社，2013年5月2.孙桓主编，机械原理(第八版)北京:高等教育出版社，2013年5月先说说真题阅读的做法…第一遍，做十年真题【剩下的近三年的卷子考试前2个月再做】，因为真题要反复做，所以前几遍都是把自己的答案写在一张A4纸上，第一遍也就是让自己熟悉下真题的感觉，虐虐自己知道英语真题的大概难度，只做阅读理解，新题型完形填空啥的也不要忙着做，做完看看答案，错了几个在草稿纸上记下来就好了，也不需要研究哪里错了为什么会错…第一遍很快吧因为不需要仔细研究，14份的试卷，一天一份的话，半个月能做完吧，偷个懒一个月肯定能做完吧【第一遍作用就是练练手找到以前做题的感觉，千万不要记答案，分析答案…】ps：用书选择：木糖英语闪电单词+木糖英语真题。

天津工业大学832语言学与外语教学考研笔记及真题题库2021年天津工业大学人文学院《832语言学与外语教学》考研全套目录•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解说明：本科目考研真题不对外公布（暂时难以获得），通过分析参考教材知识点，精选了有类似考点的其他院校相关考研真题，部分真题提供了答案详解。

2．教材教辅•王蔷《英语教学法教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解•王蔷《英语教学法教程》（第2版）配套题库（含考研真题）说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。

•试看部分内容第1章语言和语言学习1.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The way we learn languages我们习得语言的方式2. Views on language语言观点3. The structural view of language结构主义语言理论4. The functional view of language功能主义语言理论5. The interactional view of language交互语言理论6. Common views on language learning关于语言学习的普遍观点7. Process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories 强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论8. The behaviorist theory行为主义学习理论9. Cognitive theory认知学习理论10. Constructivist theory建构主义学习理论11. Socio-constructivist theory社会建构主义理论12. Qualities of a good language teacher一个好的语言老师必备的素养13. Teacher’s professional development教师专业技能发展本章考点：我们如何习得语言；结构主义语言理论；功能主义语言理论；交互语言理论；关于语言学习的普遍观点；强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建构主义学习理论；社会建构主义理论；成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质；教师专业技能发展图。

2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. Atfirst glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biasedby the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truthwas 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections ：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn ’t affect her. Priestly explains how the dee the assistant ’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department s t d o r t e o s t h a e n bargain bin inwhich the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top- down conception of the fashion business couldn ’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline ’t hsree-year indictment of “fastfashion ”I n. the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends morequickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meantto last only a wash or two, although they don ’t a a d n v d e r t t o i s r e e n t h e a w t their w—ar—drobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking allindustry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirtin all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strainnatural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world ’sanswer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan ’T s h e Omnivore ’D silemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful, C”l ine argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year ——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 hasmake all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can ’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line ——Cline believes lasting-change canonly be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it infood or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they canit.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment ”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . Inthe internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click onand say online, companies can aim “behavioural ”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option tointernet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's InternetExplorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC andDigltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural adsor whether they are sticking with Microsoft ’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will complywith DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly ondefault will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firmhas compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural ”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry ”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunityfor all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchersand organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock thatis designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, andit's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN ’s “Red List ”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world ’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet ’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona ’s immigration l-a a w m M o d o e n s d t a ypolicy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision wasan 8-0 defeat for the Administration ’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona ’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federalones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court ’s liberals, ruled that the state f too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “o the field ”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal ’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who comein contact with law enforcement.That b’e csause Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logicbut disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came fromJustice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power ”.The White House a r g u l e a d w s t h c a o t n A f r l i c z t o e n d awith its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders isamong them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn ’w t ant to carry out Congress ’i msmigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona ’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers ’duty to withhold immigrants ’information.[B] States ’independence from federal immigration law.[C] States ’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress ’steinrvention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution. [B] undermined the states ’interests.[C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states ’support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.21. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitableone from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientistsfrom all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today ’s global challenges including climate chang security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather thanon topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmentalchanged”or “climatechange ” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in theeffects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community work co ntri’b ustes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long asit is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more intoday ’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had acategory specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,anew program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That shouldcreate more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policybriefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographicchange food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative andsecure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the youngones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations ,as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation22. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translationshould be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify andthat self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of theturning world, ”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so thatwhere the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure isa state of mind made possible by the structuring of one ’s relation to one ’s environment. (48) Th homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn ’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environmentin which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barelyever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us giveinto a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we findourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New YorkCity the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts tocall arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals orleaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the useof word garden though in a “liberated sen”se, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming ”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 –200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析23.【答案】 A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。