词汇：
undergo Vt 经历
affixation n. 附加，附加法
compounding 复合法
conversion 转换法
shortening 缩减法
clipping 裁剪
acronymy 首字母缩略法
blending 混合
suffixation 后缀法
decentralize vt. 使分散
disunite vi. 分散
unwrap vt. 打开
Pejorative prefixes 贬义前缀
maltreat vt. 虐待
pseudo adj. 冒充的，假的
hyper 超级
sub 下
ultra adj. 极端的
ultra-conservative 极端保守的
counter adv. 反方向地
intra pref. 在内
Miscellaneous adj. 混杂的，各种各样的
Denominal adj. 来自名词（形容词）的
Concrete vt. 使凝固；用混凝土修筑vi. 凝结
Abstract vt. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化；转移(注意力、兴趣等)；使心不在焉vi. 做摘要；写梗概
Deverbal adj. 从动词派生出来的词
monomorphemic adj. 单语素结构的
transitive adj. 及物的；过渡的
overwhelming adj. 压倒性的
mythology 神话
though-provoking 发人深思的
一. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on
word-formation.
Not all the words that are produced by applying the rules are acceptable.
Rules only provide a constant set of models from which new words are created from
day to day.
Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes.
affixation 30%-40% ,compounding 28%-30% ,conversion 26%,
shortening 8%-10% ,( clipping and acronymy) ,
blending and others 1%-5%
二. Affixation (Derivation) -- the formation of words by adding word
forming or derivational affixes to stems.
(derivative派生词) According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation.
1. Prefixation -- the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change t he
word-class of the stem but change its meaning.
a). Negative prefixes –
a- (abnormal),
dis- (disobey),
in- (il-, ir-, im-) (injustice),
non- (non-smoker),
un- (unwilling) un- are the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adj.
b). Reversative prefixes –
de- (decentralize), dis- (disunite),
un- (unwrap)
c). Pejorative prefixes –
mal- (maltreat),
mis- (mistrust),
pseudo- (pseudo-science)
d). Prefixes of degree or size –
arch- (archbishop),
extra-(extra-strong),
hyper-(hyperactive),
macro- (macrocosm),
micro- (microcomputer),
mini- (mini-election),
out- (outlive),
over- (overweigh),
sub- (subheading),
super- (superfreeze),
sur- (surtax),
ultra- (ultra-conservative),
under-(underdeveloped)
e). Prefixes of orientation and attitude –
anti- (anti-nuclear),
contra- (contraflow),
counter-, pro-(pro-student)
f). Locative prefixes –
extra- (extraordinary), fore- (forehead), inter- (inter-city), intra- (intra-party), tele-, trans-
g). Prefixes of time and order –
ex- (ex-wife), fore- (foretell), pre-, re- (reconsider)
h). Number Prefixes –
bi-, multi- (poly-) (multi-purpose), semi- (hemi-), tri- (tricycle), uni-(mono-) (uniform)
i). Miscellaneous prefixes –
auto-, neo- (neo-Nazi), pan- (pan-European), vice-
2). Suffixation --Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Chang
e the
grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.
1. Noun suffixes
1).Denominal nouns (名词+suffix ----名词)
a. Concrete -- -eer (engineer), -er (teenager), -ess (hostess), -ette (cigarette), -let (booklet)
b. Abstract -- -age (wastage), -dom (处于…状
态)(officialdom), -ery (slavery), -ery (-ry), -hood (childhood), -ing (farming), - ism（…主义）(terrorism), -ship（状态）(sportsmanship)
