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中文四级考试题目及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 请根据所听内容，选择正确的答案。
A. 他今天没有去上班。
B. 他生病了。
C. 他请假了。
D. 他迟到了。
答案：B2. 根据对话，女士最可能是什么职业？A. 医生B. 教师C. 律师D. 工程师答案：B3. 根据对话，他们计划去哪里？A. 电影院B. 公园C. 博物馆D. 餐厅答案：C二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读以下短文，回答问题：短文内容：（此处省略短文内容）问题：文章主要讨论了什么主题？答案：文章主要讨论了环境保护的重要性。
2. 阅读以下对话，回答问题：对话内容：（此处省略对话内容）问题：对话中的人物计划做什么？答案：对话中的人物计划一起去图书馆学习。
三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 填空题：请在下列句子中填入合适的词语。
（1）他______（答案：终于）通过了驾照考试。
（2）这本书的内容非常______（答案：丰富）。
（3）他们______（答案：经常）一起去看电影。
2. 改错题：请找出下列句子中的错误并改正。
（1）他昨天去了图书馆，但是他忘记带了书。
错误：忘记带了改正：忘记带了→ 忘记带了书（2）她学习非常努力，所以她的成绩很好。
错误：无错误四、写作（共30分）请根据以下提示写一篇不少于200字的短文。
提示：描述你最喜欢的季节以及原因。
答案示例：我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气既不像夏天那样炎热，也不像冬天那样寒冷。
秋天的天空总是那么蓝，阳光明媚而不刺眼。
我喜欢在秋天的午后，坐在公园的长椅上，看着落叶缓缓飘落。
秋天也是收获的季节，农民们忙碌着收割庄稼，空气中弥漫着成熟果实的香味。
此外，秋天的节日也很多，比如中秋节和国庆节，我可以和家人朋友一起享受美好的时光。
五、翻译（共30分）1. 英译汉：请将以下英文句子翻译成中文。
- I am looking forward to your visit.答案：我期待着你的到来。
2. 汉译英：请将以下中文句子翻译成英文。
fce阅读评分标准表
FCE阅读评分标准表（全称为“Familiar Context English Reading Scale”）是中国各地小学英语阅读测试中常用的评分标准表之一。
具体的评分标准如下：
一、完全理解（47-50分）
1. 能准确理解并使用具体的单词、词组和句型；
2. 能准确理解短文中的细节信息；
3. 能理解并正确回答有关短文内容的综合性问题。
二、很好的理解（43-46分）
1. 能基本理解并使用大部分具体单词、词组和句型；
2. 能基本理解短文中的细节信息；
3. 能回答有关短文内容的部分问题。
具体的评分标准可能会根据不同地区和考试机构有所差异，建议参考当地考试说明或咨询相关机构获取更准确的信息。
工程测量员四级级理论知识复习题1．通过平均海水面的那个水准面叫（）。
[单选题]A、平均水准面B、近似水准面C、大地水准面(正确答案)D、测量水准面2．地面点A的高程用（）表示。
[单选题]A、HA(正确答案)B、hAC、HAD、hA3．已知直线AB的坐标方位角为186°，则直线BA的坐标方位角为（ C ）。
[单选题]Ａ、96°Ｂ、276°Ｃ、6° D、16°(正确答案)4．任意两点之间的高差与起算水准面的关系是（）。
[单选题]A、不随起算面而变化(正确答案)B、随起算面变化C、总等于绝对高程D、无法确定5．以下哪一项是导线测量中必须进行的外业工作（）。
[单选题]A、测水平角(正确答案)B、测高差C、测气压D、测垂直角6．观测三角形三个内角后，将它们求和并减去180°所得的三角形闭合差为（）。
[单选题]A、中误差B、真误差(正确答案)C、相对误差D、系统误差7．等高距是两相邻等高线之间的（）。
[单选题]A、高程之差(正确答案)B、平距C、间距D、斜距8．分别在两个已知点向未知点观测，测量两个水平角后计算未知点坐标的方法是（）。
[单选题]A、导线测量B、侧方交会C、后方交会D、前方交会(正确答案)9．闭合导线的角度闭合差fβ等于（）。
[单选题]A、∑β内测-∑β理B、∑β内测-（n-2）×180º(正确答案)C、∑β内测D、α始-α终+∑β-n×180°10．系统误差具有（）的特点。
[单选题]A、偶然性B、统计性C、累积性(正确答案)D、抵偿性11．测量工作的基准线是（）。
[单选题]A、法线B、铅垂线(正确答案)C、经线D、任意直线12．1：1000地形图的比例尺精度是（）。
[单选题]A、1 mB、1 cmC、10 cm(正确答案)D、0.1 mm13．用水准仪进行水准测量时，要求尽量使前后视距相等，是为了（）。
大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷200(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionPart III Reading ComprehensionSection AFor some educators, there is nothing wrong with fun and games. A group called the Education Arcade recently held a conference in Los Angeles to discuss the future of【C1】______games. The Education Arcade brings together international game designers, publishers, teachers and policymakers. They say they want to lead 【C2】______in the way the world learns through computer and video games. The【C3】______was part of E-three, the Electronic Entertainment Exposition. This is a yearly trade【C4】______where companies show off new games and educational products. The Education Arcade started at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, near Boston. Professors worked with the Microsoft company to create what they called the Games-to-Teach Project. The group began to【C5】______ways to use technology in teaching and learning. They worked with game designers to develop ideas about how【C6】______and science could mix with game playing. The Education Arcade is the research part of this Games-to-Teach Project. The group recently announced that a “Games for learning”statement will be【C7】______on some products. This should begin to appear in American stores in about six months. The【C8】______is to help people find games that are fun but will also teach. The Education Arcade says it also wants to get businesses to produce more games that teach. Companies have been creating systems like hand-held educational【C9】______made by LeapFrog. And new educational role-playing games are being developed. M.I.T. and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in Virginia are developing a game called “Revolution.” Players will get to experience the American Revolution【C10】______. A placed B. mathematics C. primarily D. goal E. occurrences F. show G. explore H. estimated I. radical J. educational K. change L. online M. devices N. conference O. inherit1．【C1】正确答案：J解析：此处应为形容词，修饰games。
建筑架子工（普通脚手架）四级考试题及参考答案一、单选题（共48题，每题1分，共48分）1.脚手架旁有开挖的沟槽时，应控制外立杆距沟槽距离，当架高在30m 以内时，不小于( )。
A、1.1mB、1.3mC、1.5mD、1.2m正确答案：C2.扣件式钢管脚手架的剪刀撑斜杆当与地面成60°时，剪刀撑跨越立杆的最多根数为( )。
A、７根B、８根C、６根D、５根正确答案：D3.模板支架搭设成独立方塔架时，每个侧面每步距均应设竖向斜杆。
当有防扭转要求时，可在顶层及每隔( )步增设水平层斜杆或钢管水平剪刀撑。
A、1～2B、4～5C、3～4D、2～3正确答案：C4.为计算简便，并确保安全，对脚手架立杆要求( )。
A、仅按压弯杆计算B、仅按压弯杆计算C、既按轴心压杆又按压弯杆计算D、既不按轴心压杆又不按压弯杆计算正确答案：C5.脚手架立杆上部应始终高出操作层( )并进行安全防护。
A、1.2mB、1.3mC、1.5m正确答案：C6.棚仓按照跨度分为大跨度棚仓和小跨度棚仓，其中小跨度棚仓是指高度小于( )m。
A、8B、7C、9D、6正确答案：C7.剪刀撑斜杆用旋转扣件固定在与其相交的横向水平杆伸出端或立杆上，旋转扣件中心线至主节点的距离不应( )。
A、大于150mmB、大于200mmC、大于300mmD、小于100mm正确答案：A8.当搭设高度超过8m的承插型盘扣式满堂模板支架时，竖向斜杆应满布设置，水平杆的步距不得大于( )m。
A、1.2B、1C、1.5D、1.8正确答案：C9.悬挑平台的上料量必须控制在( )以内A、1tB、1.5tC、承载能力D、0.5t正确答案：C10.扣件式钢管脚手架在搭设封顶时，平屋顶其外排立杆必须超过女儿墙顶1．0m，并绑扎( )道护身栏，一道挡脚板，立挂安全网。
A、三道B、四道C、一道正确答案：D11.( )的作用是直接支撑楞式托撑的受压杆件。
A、底座B、立杆C、可调托撑D、垫板正确答案：B12.移动式操作平台的面积不应超过( )m2。
2024年四级阅读解析一、关于2024年四级阅读的整体感受哎呀，2024年的四级阅读可真是个有点让人又爱又恨的家伙呢。
爱它是因为如果能读懂做好了，那感觉超棒，恨它就是有时候那些文章真的很让人头疼。
我觉得四级阅读就像是一场和出题老师的小较量，他们把各种文章摆在那，就看我们能不能解开其中的奥秘。
有些文章的话题特别新奇，就像是打开了一个新世界的大门。
我记得有一篇是关于未来科技对生活方式改变的，哇，里面提到的那些高科技产品，什么能直接把思想转化成文字的设备，感觉像是科幻电影里的东西。
但是也有一些文章特别学术化，全是那种专业术语，读起来就像在看天书一样。
比如说有篇讲生物进化理论的，那些长长的生物名词，我都得一个一个慢慢啃。
二、题型方面的看法四级阅读的题型也很有趣哦。
选择题的话，有时候答案就藏在文章里很明显的地方，只要你细心去找就能发现。
可有时候呢，那些选项就像是在故意迷惑你，看起来都有点对又有点不对。
就像有一道题问作者对某个现象的态度，选项里有赞成、反对、中立还有模棱两可，我在文章里找了半天作者的暗示，才敢确定答案。
还有那种匹配题，就是把段落和小标题对应起来的。
这个就需要你快速地抓住每个段落的主旨。
我一开始做的时候，总是会被段落里的一些细节干扰，后来我就学会先看小标题，然后再去文章里找有没有相关的概括性语句。
三、提高四级阅读能力的小窍门其实要想做好2024年的四级阅读，还是有不少小办法的。
首先就是词汇量啦，这个真的超级重要。
要是你连文章里的单词都不认识几个，那肯定是不行的。
我就每天都背单词，而且不只是背单词的意思，还会看它的例句，这样能更好地理解用法。
再就是阅读速度，平时要多做一些阅读练习。
我会找一些和四级阅读篇幅、难度差不多的文章来读，给自己计时，慢慢地提高阅读速度。
还有就是要学会略读和精读。
略读就是先大概了解文章的主要内容，看看标题、开头、结尾和每段的首句。
精读就是针对那些关键的段落和句子，仔细分析其中的语法、词汇还有逻辑关系。
山东4级考试题及答案解析一、听力理解（共20分）1. 根据所听对话，选择正确的答案。
A. 去图书馆B. 去电影院C. 去公园正确答案：A2. 下列哪个选项是对话中提到的活动？A. 购物B. 游泳C. 野餐正确答案：C3. 对话中提到的天气情况是什么？A. 晴朗B. 多云C. 下雨正确答案：B二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 文章主要讨论了什么主题？A. 环境保护B. 科技发展C. 文化交流正确答案：A2. 根据文章内容，以下哪个观点是作者支持的？A. 经济发展优先于环境保护B. 环境保护比经济发展更重要C. 经济发展和环境保护同等重要正确答案：C3. 文章中提到的“绿色能源”指的是什么？A. 石油B. 煤炭C. 太阳能和风能正确答案：C三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 填入空白处最合适的词是：_________, he finished his homework quickly.A. SurprisinglyB. UnfortunatelyC. Obviously正确答案：A2. 选择正确的动词形式填空：She _______ to the concert last night.A. wentB. goesC. will go正确答案：A3. 选择正确的形容词填空：The _______ news made everyone happy.A. excitingB. excitedC. excitement正确答案：A四、翻译（共15分）1. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文："The project was completed on schedule."正确答案：该项目按时完成。
2. 将下列句子从中文翻译成英文：“他每天早晨都去公园跑步。
”正确答案：He goes running in the park every morning.五、写作（共15分）1. 写一篇短文，描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。
1.评分标准1) 作文评分标准本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。
各档次的评分标准见下表：2) 翻译评分标准本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。
各档次的评分标准见下表：2. 试卷构成四级和六级的试卷构成相同，由写作、听力理解、阅读理解和翻译四个部分组成，分值比例为：写作15%，听力35%，阅读35%，翻译15%。
考试时间为130分钟。
四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：3. 题型描述1) 写作写作部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。
写作测试选用考生所熟悉的题材，要求考生根据所提供的信息及提示(如：提纲、情景、图片或图表等)写出一篇短文，四级120-180词，六级150-200词。
2) 听力理解听力理解部分测试学生获取口头信息的能力。
录音材料用标准的英式或美式英语朗读，语速四级约每分钟130词，六级约每分钟150词。
听力部分分值比例为35%，其中对话占15%，短文占20%。
考试时间30分钟。
对话部分包括短对话和长对话，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。
短对话有8段，每段提一个问题;长对话有2段，每段提3-4个问题;对话部分共15题。
每段对话均朗读一遍，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间。
短文部分包括短文理解及单词和词组听写。
短文理解有3篇，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。
四级每篇长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。
每篇短文朗读一遍，提3-4个问题，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间，共10题。
单词及词组听写采用1篇短文，四级的长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。
要求考生在听懂短文的基础上用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。
短文播放三遍。
3) 阅读理解阅读理解部分包括1篇长篇阅读和3篇仔细阅读，测试学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等能力。
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解阅读理解（一）The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies(or Roman) to be recognized as a nation,albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries.Some experts put the figure at4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as15m.Unlike Jews,Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi,their territorial origins are misty.Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon.Other Europeans (wrongly)thought them migrant Egyptians,hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the7th century.However,since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago,the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground.The International Romany Union,which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than30countries,is fostering the idea of“self-rallying”.It is trying to promote a standard and written formof the language;it waves a Gypsy flag(green with a wheel)when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations;and in July it held a congress in Prague,The Czech capital.Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer,Emil Scuka,was elected president of the International Tomany ter this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians,including members of parliament,mayors and local councilors from all over Europe(OSCE),to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies,but that is not saying a lot.Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress,few were democratically elected;oddly,none came from Hungary,whose Gypsies are perhaps the world’s best organized,with some450Gypsy bodies advising local councils there.The union did,however,announce its ambition to set up a parliament,but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.So far,the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation.The might,it is feared,open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques,Corsicans and other awkward peoples.Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire,just when several countries,particularly Hungary,Slovakia and the Czech Republic,arebeginning to treat them better,in order to qualify for EU membership.“The EU’s whole premise is to overcome differences,not to highlight them,”says a nervous Eurocrat.But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe’s largest continent wide minority,and one with a terrible history of persecution,is catching on.Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries.In Romania,the country that still has the largest number of them(more than1m),in the19th century they were actually enslaved.Hitler tried to wipe them out,along with the Jews.“Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,”says Jan Marinus Wiersma,a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament.That,they argue,might give them a boost.There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things,a Gypsy university.One big snag is that Europe’s Gypsies are,in fact,extremely heterogeneous.They belong to many different,and often antagonistic, clans and tribes,with no common language or religion,Theirself-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt.Still, says,Dimitrina Petrova,head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest,Gypsies’shared experience of suffering entitles them to talkof one nation;their potential unity,she says,stems from“being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.”And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic.In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance,Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament.In Macedonia,a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality.Nicholas Gheorge,an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE,reckons that,spread over Central Europe, there are now about20Gypsy MPS and mayors,400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation.But,with the Gypsy question on the EU’s agenda in Central Europe,they are making ground."1.The Best Title of this passage is"[A].Gypsies Want to Form a Nation.[B].Are They a Nation.[C].EU Is Afraid of Their Growth.[C].They Are a Tribe "2.Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?"[A].Most probably they drifted west from India in the7th century.[B].They are scattered everywhere in the world.[C].Probably,they stemmed from Central Europe.[D].They probably came from the International Romany Union."3.What does the International Romany lobby for?"[A].It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such internationalorganizations as EU and UN.[B].It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.[C].It lobbies for the right as a nation.[D].It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN."4.Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?"[A].It may open a Pandora’s Box.[B].Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.[C].It fears that the Basgnes,Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.[D].Gyspsies’demand may highlight the difference in the EU."5.The big problem lies in the fact that"[A].Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.[B].Their leaders prove corrupt.[C].Their potential unity stems from“being regarded as sub-human”.[D].They are a bit more pragmatic.阅读理解（二）Social circumstances in Early Modern England mostly served to repress women’s voices.Patriarchal culture and institutions constructed them as chaste,silent,obedient,and subordinate.At the beginning of the17th century,the ideology of patriarchy,political absolutism,and gender hierarchy were reaffirmed powerfully by King James in The Trew Law of Free Monarchie and the Basilikon Doron;by that ideology the absolute power of God the supreme patriarch was seen to be imaged in the absolute monarch of the state and in the husband and father of a family. Accordingly,a woman’s subjection,first to her father and then to her husband,imaged the subjection of English people to their monarch,and of all Christians to God.Also,the period saw an outpouring of repressive or overtly misogynist sermons,tracts,and plays,detailing women’s physical and mental defects,spiritual evils,rebelliousness,shrewish ness,and natural inferiority to men.Yet some social and cultural conditions served to empower women.During the Elizabethan era(1558—1603)the culture was dominated by a powerful Queen,who provided an impressive female example though she left scant cultural space for other women.Elizabethan women writers began to produce original texts but were occupied chiefly with translation.In the17th century,however,various circumstances enabled women to write original texts in some numbers.For one thing,some counterweight to patriarchy was provided by female communities—mothers and daughters, extended kinship networks,close female friends,the separate court of Queen Anne(King James’consort)and her often oppositional masques and political activities.For another,most of these women had a reasonablygood education(modern languages,history,literature,religion,music, occasionally Latin)and some apparently found in romances and histories more expansive terms for imagining women’s lives.Also,representation of vigorous and rebellious female characters in literature and especially on the stage no doubt helped to undermine any monolithic social construct of women’s mature and role.Most important,perhaps,was the radical potential inherent in the Protestant insistence on every Christian’s immediate relationship with God and primary responsibility to follow his or her individual conscience. There is plenty of support in St Paul’s epistles and elsewhere in the Bible for patriarchy and a wife’s subjection to her husband,but some texts(notably Galatians3:28)inscribe a very different politics, promoting women’s spiritual equality:“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free,there is neither male nor female:for ye are all one in Jesus Christ.”Such texts encouraged some women to claim the support of God the supreme patriarch against the various earthly patriarchs who claimed to stand toward them in his stead. There is also the gap or slippage between ideology and common experience. English women throughout the17th century exercised a good deal of accrual power:as managers of estates in their husbands’absences at court or on military and diplomatic missions;as members of guilds;as wives and mothers who apex during the English Civil War and Interregnum(1640-60)as the execution of the King and the attendant disruption of social hierarchies led many women to seize new roles—as preachers,as prophetesses,as deputies for exiled royalist husbands,as writers of religious and political tracts."1.What is the best title for this passage?"[A].Women’s Position in the17th Century.[B].Women’s Subjection to Patriarchy.[C].Social Circumstances in the17th Century.[D].Women’s objection in the17th Century."2.What did the Queen Elizabeth do for the women in culture?"[A].She set an impressive female example to follow.[B].She dominated the culture.[C].She did little.[D].She allowed women to translate something."3.Which of the following is Not mention as a reason to enable women to original texts?"[A].Female communities provided some counterweight to patriarchy.[B].Queen Anne’s political activities.[C].Most women had a good education.[D].Queen Elizabeth’s political activities."4.What did the religion so for the women?"[A].It did nothing.[B].It too asked women to be obedient except some texts.[C].It supported women.[D].It appealed to the God.二、完型填空完型填空（一）Exercise is good for you,but most people really know very little about how to exercise properly.1when you try,you can runsintostrouble.Many people2that when specific muscles are exercised,the fat in the neighbouring area is“3up”.Yet the4is that exercise burns fat from all over5.Studies show muscles which are not6lose their strength very quickly.To regain it needs48to72hours and exercise every other day will7a normal level of physical strength.To8weight you should always “work up a good sweat”when exercising.9sweating only10body temperature to prevent over heating.This is11water loss.12You replace the liquid,you replace the13.Walking is the best and easy-to-do exercise.It helps the circulation of blood14the body,and has a direct 15on your overall feeling of health.Experience says that20minutes’1617is minimun amount.18your breathing doesn’t return to normal state within minutes after you finish19,you’ve done20.1.A.While B.When C.As D.So2.A.understand B.believe C.hope D.know3.A.built B.burned C.piled D.grown4.A.reply B.possiblility C.truth D.reason5.A.arm B.leg C.stomach D.body6.A.exercised B.examined C.protected D.cured7.A.lose B.raise C.burn D.keep8.A.lose B.gain C.keep D.burn9.A.Certainly B.No C.Fortunately D.Probably10.A.raises B.reduces C.destroys D.keeps up11.A.how B.why C.nothing but D.more than12.A.While B.Once C.As D.Whenever13.A.weight B.muscle C.sweat D.strength14.A.over B.around C.throughout D.with15.A.effect e age D.affectcation B.sleep C.exercise D.rest17.A.one day B.a day C.everyday D.someday18.A.But if B.But C.If D.And if19.A.working B.walking C.exercising D.breathing20.A.enough B.much C.too much D.much too完型填空（二）Have you ever wondered what our future is like?Practically all people _1_a desire to predict their future_2_.Most people seem inclined to_3_ this task using causal reasoning.First we_4_recognize that futurecircumstances are_5_caused or conditioned by present ones.Welearn that getting an education will_6_how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy_7_with a shark.Second,people also learn that such_8_of cause and effect are probabilistic(可能的)in nature.Thatis,the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are_9_,butnotalways.Thus,students learn that studying hard_10_good grades in most instances,but not everytime.Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more_11_and provides techniques fordealing _12_then more accurately than does causal human inquiry.In looking at ordinary humaninquiry,we need to_13_between prediction and understanding.Often,even if we don't understandwhy,we are willing to act _14_the basis of a demonstrated predictive ability.Whatever the primitivedrives_15_motivate human beings,satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to_16_futurecircumstances.The attempt to predict is often played in a_17_of knowledge and understanding.If youcan understand why certain regular patterns_18_,you can predict better than if you simply observe thosepatterns.Thus,human inquiry aims_19_ answering both"what"and"why"question,and we pursue these_20_by observing and figuring out.1.[A]exhibit[B]exaggerate[C]examine[D]exceed2.[A]contexts[B]circumstances[C]inspections[D]intuitions3.[A]underestimate[B]undermine[C]undertake[D]undergo4.[A]specially[B]particularly[C]always[D]generally5.[A]somehow[B]somebody[C]someone[D]something6.[A]enact[B]affect[C]reflect[D]inflect7.[A]meeting[B]occurrence[C]encounter[D]contact8.[A]patterns[B]designs[C]arrangements[D]pictures9.[A]disappointde[B]absent[C]inadequate[D]absolute10.[A]creates[B]produces[C]loses[D]protects11.[A]obscure[B]indistinct[C]explicit[D]explosive12.[A]for[B]at[C]in[D]with13.[A]distinguish[B]distinct[C]distort[D]distract14.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]under15.[A]why[B]how[C]that[D]where16.[A]predict[B]produce[C]pretend[D]precede17.[A]content[B]contact[C]contest[D]context18.[A]happen[B]occur[C]occupy[D]incur19.[A]at[B]on[C]to[D]beyond20.[A]purposes[B]ambitions[C]drives[D]goals三、翻译1、他用所有的积蓄为儿子买了一辆自行车。
People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.Erosion（侵蚀）of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.1.What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face? The washing-away of limestone cliffs.2.The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ___________.has now become a threat to the local residents3 The experts’study on the problem of erosion can ___________.warn people whose homes are in danger4 It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because _______.it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas5According to the author, when buying a house along the south coast of England, people should ___________.be aware of the potential danger involvedSome pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car’s movements.The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway.6 One significant improvement in the future car will probably be ___________its power source7 What is the author’s main concern? How to solve the problem of traffic jams8What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system? A rail.9 In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is ___________inform the system of his destination by phone10 What is the author’s attitude toward the future of autos? OptimisticIn recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important. There is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.11 Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?Demands for longer working hours.12 Why workers want more money?Because their jobs are too boring.13 The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting ______.more money and shorter working hours will not so important to them14 In this passage, the author tells us _____.possible factors leading to greater efficiency15 The author of this passage is probably a _______. managerThere are great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is , in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, and of making general judgments. We can call these people "generalists". And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people's work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist -- and especially the administrator -- deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation.Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.16. There is an increasing demand for ______.people whose job is to organize other people's work17 During your training period, it is important to ______.decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist18 A man's first job ______.is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job19 The administrator is ______.a man who is very strong in the humanities20 The specialist is _____.a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters。
