化学专业英语试卷(B)

黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）1.过滤2.浓缩3.结晶化4.吸附5. 蒸馏6．超临界的7.二氯甲烷8.热力学平衡9.亲电性10.表面张力11.共轭的12.酮13.平衡常数14.丙基15.丁基16.亚甲基18.环己酮19.同位素20.标准熵二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. methyl propanoate2. rate constant3. ethyl methyl ketone4. free energy5. radical intermediate6. isobutyl methyl ether7. 3-chloropropene8. primary radical9. n-propyl bromide10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons12. local magnetic fields13. tetramethylsilane14. mass to charge ratios15 phenylamine16 amide17. amine18. nucleophile19. perchlorate20. carbocation三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points）A卷【第1页共 3 页】1. We can see why benzene is stable: according to resonance theory, the more resonance forms a substance has, the more stable it is. Benzene, with two resonance forms of equal energy, is therefore more stable and less reactive than a typical alkene.2. Membranes can be defined essentially as barrier, which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. A membrane can be homogenous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure, solid or liquid, can carry a positive or negative charge or be neutral or bipolar. Transport through a membrane can be effected by convection or by diffusion of individual molecules, induced by an electric field or concentration, pressure or temperature gradient. The membrane thickness may vary from as small as 100 micron to several mms.3. The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they present enormous surface areas per unit weight.A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to have much capacity for additional binding, but further heating will drive off these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive capacity.Temperature effects on adsorption are profound, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. Graphs of the data are called isotherms. Most steps using adsorbents have little variation in temperature.A卷【第2页共 3 页】4. In the absence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds to peopene via the Markovnikov pathway to yield isopropyl bromide. In the presence of peroxides, however, the order of addition is reversed, and the product is n-propyl bromide; the addition in this case is said to be anti-Markovnikov. This is interpreted in terms of initiation of the addition reaction by bromine atom, rather than by a proton, as is the case for electrophilic addition.四、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese（20 points）1．Benzene and its derivatives can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid. The temperature must be controlled to prevent more than one nitro-group going in.2. Benzene can be made to react with halogen derivatives using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. This is called a Friedel-Crafts reaction.can be sulphonated by reacting it with fuming sulphuric acid(oleum). The benzene reacts with sulphur trioxide in the oleum.benzene is converted into ethylbenzene by reacting it with ethene. The ethylbenzene (also called styrene) is used to make polystyrene.黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷参考答案及评分标准考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）2. concentrate 4. adsorption chlorideequilibriumtensionconstant14. propylmagneticresonanceentropy二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. 丙酸甲酯2. 速率常数3. 甲乙酮4. 自有能5. 自由基中间体6. 异丁基甲醚7. 3-氯丙烯8. 伯自由基9. 正丙基溴化10. 键能11.循环电子12. 局部电磁场13. 四甲基硅烷14. 质荷比15.苯胺16.氨基化合物17.胺18亲核试剂19.高氯酸盐20.碳正离子三、Translation the following into chinese （50 points）1．依据共振理论，物质具有的共振式越多就越稳定。

化⼯英语得分评卷⼈⼀、Convert the following scientific terms into chemical symbols and terms,20 points.1. ammonium ion2. hydrochloric acid3. ammonium nitrate4. aqueous5. cation6. dehydration7. deodorant8. emulsion9. ether10. halogen11. hydrophilic12. hybrid orbit13. isotactic polymer14. nucleophilic addition reaction15. staggered conformation16. turbulent motion17. alkali18. oxidation-reduction reaction19. aliphatic compound20. cis-1,3-butadiene得分评卷⼈⼆、Connect English-Chinese translation, 10 points.1. 定性分析 a. Hess law2. 原电池 b. distribution law3. 化学热⼒学 c. acetic acid4. 红外吸收光谱法 d. ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry5. 紫外－可见分光光度法 e. infrared spectroscopy6. ⼄醛 f. van der Waals force7. ⼄酸 g. chemical thermodynamics8. 范德华⼒ h. acetaldehyde9. 分配定律 i. galvanic cell10.盖斯定律 j. qualitative analysisBCCb ．p ．C ．P ．LCAOPh ．CVDHDPENMRPSPVC得分评卷⼈四、Choose the answer on the answer sheet , 30points.1. The nitrogen fertilizer material that has the highest likelihood of being lost to the atmosphere as a result of surface soil reactions is .a) ammonium nitrate b) urea c) ammonium sulfate d)diammonium phosphate2. Of the following fertilizers and soil amendment, the one which is least soluble is . a) Ca(H 2PO 4)2 b) CaSO 4 ? 2H 2O c) KCl d) NH 4NO 33. Of the following fertilizers and soil amendment, the one which is most soluble is . a) CaHPO 4 b) CaSO 4?2H 2O c) KCl d) CaCO 34. The product of the reaction between iodomethane and hydroxide is .a) methane b) hydromethane c) methanol d) ethane5. The abbreviation S N 2 stands for all of the following except .a) substitution b) nucleophilic c) bimolecular d) biatomic6. Which of the following statements is not a feature of the transition state in S N 2 reaction ? a) It reaches the point of maximum energy.b) It is a discrete molecule that can be isolated.c) The bond to the nucleophile is partially formed, and the bond to the leaving group is partially broken.d) It exists for only an instant.7. According to the following chemical reaction, which definition of the reaction rate is not true? H 3AsO 4+3I -+2H +=H 3AsO 3+I 3-+H 2Oa) d[I 3-]/dt b) d[H 3AsO 3]/dt c) -d[H 3AsO 4]/dt d) -d[I -]/dt8. Alkynes react primarily by .a) addition b)substation c) polymerization d) hydrogenation9. The structure △ represents .a) cyclopropane b)cyclopropene c) propane d)propene10. Which of the following is alkene ?a) C 2H 2 b) C 6H 12 c) C 12H 22 d) none of these11. How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene ?a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 4得分评卷⼈三、Write the following abbreviation completely in English and translate into Chinese,10 points.12. In , anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid.a) hydrolysis reaction b) electrolysis reaction c) reducing reaction d) ionization reaction13. The elements of a flash-distillation plant consist of the following except .a) a pump b) a heater c) a vapor separator d) reflux divider14. Ionic compounds would not be expected to extract into organic compound solvents from aqueous solution because of .a) the large loss in electrostatic salvation energy.b) the insolubility of ionic compoundsc) the hydrophilicity of ionic compoundsd) the electricity of ionic compounds15. A catalyst is by definition a substance that increases the rate of approach to equilibrium of a chemical reaction in the reaction.a) without being substantially consumed b) not at all consumedc) with decreasing significantly d) with the change of it’s composition得分评卷⼈五、Translate the underlined sentences into Chines, 30 points.1. The size of atoms decreases from left to right across a period in the periodic table.2. The electropositive elements are found in the lower left of the periodic table and the most nonmetallic in the top right.3. Electropositivity is really the converse of electronegativity, but it is convenient to retain the concept of electropositivity when describing metals.4. Even though it is not all unusual to find synthetic polymer having relative average molecular weights greater than1,000,000 and naturally occurring polymers having relative molecular weights of several million, it was not until the middle of the 1920-1930 decade that naturally occurring substances such as rubber, cellulose, and the proteins, as well as certain synthetic materials, already well known, were considered macromolecules.5. In a titration, the best substance (analyte) reacts with a reagent added a solution of known concentration.6. This rate might depend on variables under our control, such as the pressure, the temperature,and the presence of a catalyst and we may be able to optimize it by the appropriate choice of condition.7. In a solid, the flow of heat by conduction is the result of the transfer of vibrational energy from one molecule to another, and in fluids it occurs in addition as a result of the transfer of kinetic energy.8. The basic formulas are also improved over those of only two or three decades ago.9. An emulsifier absorbing at the interface will lower the surface free energy and enhance the formation of emulsion.10. Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.分数得分评卷⼈⼀、Convert the following scientific terms into chemical symbols andterms,20 points.1. sulfuric acid2. aluminium hydroxide3. calcite4. detergent5. heteroatom6. hydrophobic7. isotropic8. lime9. micelle10. nucleophilic substitution reaction11. urea12. potassium chloride13. aromatic compound14. homologous series15. intramolecular16. chloroalkane17. chloroalene18. stereoisomer19. trans-2-butane20. turbulent motion得分评卷⼈⼆、Connect English-Chinese translation, 10 points.1．容量瓶 a. material balance2．定量分析 b. acid-base indicator3．质量平衡 c. solvent extraction4．物料平衡 d. chemical cell5．酸碱指⽰剂 e. liquid-liquid extration6．⼄⼆胺四⼄酸 f. mass balance7．液-液萃取法g. quantitative analysis8．溶剂萃取法h. atomic emission spectroscopy9．化学电池i. volumetric flask10．原⼦发射光谱法： j. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA p.p.m ．C.O.D.C ．P ．f ．p ．Ph ．fccPVCIRaq.d.得分评卷⼈四、简答题：Choose the answer on the answer sheet , 30points.1. The nitrogen fertilizer material that has the highest likelihood of being lost to the atmosphere as a result of surface soil reactions is .a) ammonium nitrate b) urea c) ammonium sulfate d)diammonium phosphate2. Of the following fertilizers and soil amendment, the one which is least soluble is . a) Ca(H 2PO 4)2 b) CaSO 4 ? 2H 2O c) KCl d) NH 4NO 33. Of the following fertilizers and soil amendment, the one which is most soluble is . a) CaHPO 4 b) CaSO 4?2H 2O c) KCl d) CaCO 34. The product of the reaction between iodomethane and hydroxide is .a) methane b) hydromethane c) methanol d) ethane5. The abbreviation S N 2 stands for all of the following except .a) substitution b) nucleophilic c) bimolecular d) biatomic6. Which of the following statements is not a feature of the transition state in S N 2 reaction ? a) It reaches the point of maximum energy.b) It is a discrete molecule that can be isolated.c) The bond to the nucleophile is partially formed, and the bond to the leaving group is partially broken.d) It exists for only an instant.7. According to the following chemical reaction, which definition of the reaction rate is not true? H 3AsO 4+3I -+2H +=H 3AsO 3+I 3-+H 2Oa) d[I 3-]/dt b) d[H 3AsO 3]/dt c) -d[H 3AsO 4]/dt d) -d[I -]/dt8. Alkynes react primarily by .a) addition b)substation c) polymerization d) hydrogenation9. The structure △ represents .a) cyclopropane b)cyclopropene c) propane d)propene10. Which of the following is alkene ?a) C 2H 2 b) C 6H 12 c) C 12H 22 d) none of these11. How many disubstitution products are possible for benzene ?a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 412. In , anhydride is cut into two molecules of carboxylic acid.a) hydrolysis reaction b) electrolysis reaction c) reducing reaction d) ionization reaction13. The elements of a flash-distillation plant consist of the following except .a) a pump b) a heater c) a vapor separator d) reflux divider 得分评卷⼈三、 Write the following abbreviation completely in English and translate into Chinese,10 points.14. Ionic compounds would not be expected to extract into organic compound solvents from aqueous solution because of .a) the large loss in electrostatic salvation energy.b) the insolubility of ionic compoundsc) the hydrophilicity of ionic compoundsd) the electricity of ionic compounds15. A catalyst is by definition a substance that increases the rate of approach to equilibrium of a chemical reaction in the reaction.a) without being substantially consumed b) not at all consumedc) with decreasing significantly d) with the change of it’s composition得分评卷⼈五、Translate the underlined sentences into Chines, 30 points.1.On descending a group in the periodic table such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,caesium, the size of the atoms increases due to the effect of extra shells of electrons being added; this outweighs the effect of increased nuclear change.2. Electropositivity is really the converse of electronegativity, but it is convenient to retain the concept of electropositivity when describing metals.3. Esters are reduced by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate to primary alcohols corresponding to the acid from which the ester is derived.4. Although the above date marks the beginning of the modern synthetic polymer era, polymers, both synthetic and natural, although they were not widely recognized as such, found wide utility prior to this date.5. A standard solution is prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly pure material called a primary standard and diluting to an accurately known volume in a volumetric flask.6. In the method of initial rates the rate is measured at the beginning of the reaction for several different initial concentrations of reactants.7. Heat transfer by convection is attributable to macroscopic motion of the fluid and therefore is confined to liquids and gases.8. Our object here has been to drown attention to the significant improvement in cosmetic attributes and overall quality of today’s basic formulas compared to those only 30 or 40 years ago.9. In contrast to the macroemulsions, the microemulsions are thermodynamically stable.10. There are some metals which posses the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.。

练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。

Part 5Sucrose Esters(蔗糖酯）sucrose, a disaccharide having eight free hydroxyl groups, has the potential of proving a range of products covering a wide range of HLB values.(蔗糖，是一个由八个自由羟基组成的二糖，有可能证明一系列产品覆盖着很宽的HLB 价值.)The production of ester is relatively recent development.(酯的生产是相对较新的发展) Early attempts to produce esters simply by heating fatty acids and sucrose together failed.(早期尝试生产脂仅仅通过把脂肪酸和蔗糖放在一起加热，结果失败了。

）The fundamental process presently used in sugar ester synthesis incorporates a solvent such as dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide.(目前，合成糖酯的基本过程中采用的溶剂如二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基亚砜。

The ester must be purified to assure remove of the solvent before the product is used in food.（在生产为食物之前，脂一定要保证从溶剂中脱离干净。

）Although sucrose esters have been used in foods in Japan since 1959, they have only recently been cleared in the United States.(尽管，蔗糖酯在1959年开始就已经被日本用在食物方面，但是，最近已经被美国清除。

1 CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTWithout chemistry our lives would beunrecognisable, for chemistry is at work all aroundus. Think what life would be like without chemistry- there would be no plastics, no electricity and noprotective paints for our homes. There would be no synthetic fibres to clothe us and no fertilisers to help us produce enough food. We wouldn‟t be able to travel because there would be no metal, rubber or fuel for cars, ships and aeroplane. Our lives would be changed considerably without telephones, radio, television or computers, all of which depend on chemistry for the manufacture of their parts. Life expectancy would be much lower, too, as there would be no drugs to fight disease.Chemistry is at the forefront of scientific adventure, and you could make your own contribution to the rapidly expanding technology we are enjoying. Take some of the recent academic research: computer graphics allow us to predict whether small molecules will fit into or react with larger ones - this could lead to a whole new generation of drugs to control disease; chemists are also studying the use of chemicals to trap the sun‟s energy and to purify sea water; they are also investigating the possibility of using new ceramic materials to replace metals which can corrode.Biotechnology is helping us to develop new sources of food and new ways of producing fuel, as well as producing new remedies for the sick. As the computer helps us to predict and interpret results from the test tube, the speed, accuracy and quality of results is rapidly increasing - all to the benefit of product development.It is the job of chemists to provide us with new materials to take us into the next century, and by pursuing the subject, you could make your positive contribution to society.Here are some good reasons for choosing chemistry as a career.Firstly, if you have an interest in the chemical sciences, you can probably imagine taking some responsibility for the development of new technology. New ideas and materials are constantly being used in technology to improve the society in which we live. You could work in a field where research and innovation are of primary importance to standards of living, so you could see the practical results of your work in every day use.Secondly, chemistry offers many career opportunities, whether working in a public service such as a water treatment plant, or high level research and development in industry. Your chemistry-based skills and experience can be used, not only in many different areas within the chemical industry, but also as the basis for a more general career in business.1 As a qualification, chemistry is highly regarded as a sound basis for employment.You should remember that, as the society we live in becomes more technically advanced, the need for suitably qualified chemists will also increase. Although chemistry stands as a subject in its own right, it acts as the bond between physics and biology. Thus, by entering the world of chemistry you will be equipping yourself to play a leading role in the complex world of tomorrow.Chemistry gives you an excellent training for many jobs, both scientific and non-scientific. To be successful in the subject you need to be able to think logically, and be creative, numerate, and analytical. These skills are much sought after in many walks of life, and would enable you to pursue a career in, say, computing and finance, as well as careers which use your chemistry directly.Here is a brief outline of some of the fields chemists work in:Many are employed in the wealth-creating manufacturing industries - not just oil, chemical and mining companies, but also in ceramics, electronics and fibres. Many others are in consumer based industries such as food, paper and brewing; or in service industriessuch as transport, health and water treatment.In manufacturing and service industries, chemists work in Research and Development to improve and develop new products, or in Quality Control, where they make sure that the public receives products of a consistently high standard.Chemists in the public sector deal with matters of public concern such as food preservation, pollution control, defence, and nuclear energy. The National Health Service also needs chemists, as do the teaching profess ion and the Government‟s research and advisory establishments.Nowadays, chemists are also found in such diverse areas as finance, law and politics, retailing, computing and purchasing. Chemists make good managers, and they can put their specialist knowledge to work as consultants or technical authors. Agricultural scientist, conservationist, doctor, geologist, meteorologist, pharmacist, vet ... the list of jobs where a qualification in chemistry is considered essential is endless. So even if you are unsure about what career you want to follow eventually, you can still study chemistry and know that you‟re keeping your options open.What Do Chemistry Graduates Do?Demand for chemists is high, and over the last decade opportunities for chemistry graduates have been increasing. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Chemistry graduates are increasingly sought after to work in pharmaceutical, oil, chemical, engineering, textile and metal companies, but the range of opportunities also spans the food industry, nuclear fuels, glass and ceramics, optical and photographic industries, hospitals and the automotive industry. Many graduates begin in scientific research, development and design, but over the years, about half change, into fields such as sales, quality control, management, or consultancy. Within the commercial world it is recognised that, because of the general training implicit in a chemistry course, chemistry graduates are particularly adaptable and analytical - making them attractive to a very broad spectrum of employers. There has been a growth of opportunity for good chemistry graduates to move into the financial world, particularly in accountancy, retail stores, and computer software houses.（Summarized from: A brief of the Royal Society of Chemistry,1992）2 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANICCOMPOUNDSNaming elementsThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are known. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example:iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)A listing of some common elements may be found in Table 1.Naming Metal Oxides, Bases and SaltsA compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, NaCl, is sodium chloride; Al(OH)3is aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2is iron (II) bromide or ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2is calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3is chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. Table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. The name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from Table 2.Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example,hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-chlorate ClO3-perchlorate ClO4-Naming Nonmetal OxidesThe older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. The prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. Generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.The Stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. Here the Roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.In either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. Table 4 shows some examples.Naming AcidsAcid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of Table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the Table 2 as follows:The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icExamples are:Acid Ion Acidacetate acetic acidperchlorate perchloric acidbromide hydrobromic acidcyanide hydrocyanic acidThere are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.Naming Acid and Basic Salt and Mixed SaltsA salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt.A way of naming these salts is to call Na 2HPO4disodiumhydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4sodium dihydrogenphosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been used innaming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 iscalled sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.Bi(OH)2NO3, a basic salt, would be called bismuthdihydroxynitrate. NaKSO4, a mixed salt, would be calledsodium potassium sulphate.3 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. We will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both IUPAC and trivial.AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichloromethane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. [(CH3)2N]2is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).Nomenclature Priority of Functional GroupsIn naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. The parent is numbered from the principal functional group to the other end, the direction being chosen to give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The entire name of the structure is then composed of (1) the numbers of the positions of the substituts (and of the principal functional group, if necessary); (2) the names of the substituts;(3) the name of the parent.The various functional groups are ranked in priority as to which receives the suffix name and the lowest position number1.A list of these priorities is given in Table 4.*-CKetonesIn the systematic names for ketones, the -e of the parent alkane name is dropped and -one is added. A prefix number is used if necessary.In a complex structure, a ketone group my be named in IUPAC system with the prefix oxo-. (The prefix keto- is also sometimes encountered.)AlcoholsThe names of alcohols may be: (1) IUPAC; (2) trivial; or, occasionally, (3) conjunctive. IUPAC names are taken from the name of the alkane with the final -e changed to -ol. In the case of polyols, the prefix di-, tri- etc. is placed just before -ol, with the position numbers placed at the start of the name, if possible, such as, 1,4-cyclohexandiol. Names for some alkyl halides, ketones and alcohols are listed in Table 5.EthersEthers are usually named by using the names of attached alkyl or aryl groups followed by the word ether. (These are trivial names.) For example, diethyl ether.In more complex ethers, an alkoxy- prefix may be used. This is the IUPAC preference, such as 3-methoxyhexane. Sometimes the prefix- oxa- is used.AminesAmines are named in two principal ways: with -amine as the ending and with amino- as a prefix. Names for some ethers and amines can be found in Table 6.Carboxylic AcidsThere are four principal types of names for carboxylic acids: (1) IUPAC; (2)trivial;(3)carboxylic acid; and (4)conjunctive. Trivial names are commonly used.AldehydesAldehydes may be named by the IUPAC system or by trivial aldehyde names. In the IUPAC system, the -oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid is changed to -al, such as hexanal. In trivial names, the -ic or -oic ending is changed to -aldehyde, such as benzaldehyde. Table 7 gives a list of commonly encountered names for carboxylic acids and aldehydes.Esters and Salts of Carboxylic AcidsEsters and salts of carboxylic acids are named as two words in both systematic and trivial names. The first word of the name is the name of the substituent on the oxygen. The second word of the name is derived from the name of the parent carboxylic acid with the ending changed from -ic acid to -ate.AmidesIn both the IUPAC and trivial systems, an amide is named by dropping the -ic or -oic ending of the corresponding acid name and adding -amide, such as hexanamide (IUPAC) and acetamide (trivial).Acid AnhydridesAcid anhydrides are named from the names of the component acid or acids with the word acid dropped and the word anhydride added, such as benzoic anhydride.The names for some esters, amides and anhydrides are shown in Table 8.Acid HalidesAcid halides are named by changing the ending of the carboxylic acid name from -ic acid to -yl plus the name of the halide, such as acetyl chloride.Some names of aryl compounds and aryls are as follows:benzenephenylbenzylarylbenzoic acid4. Introduction to Chemistry Department of FloridaUniversityProgram of StudyThe Department of Chemistry offers programs of study leading to the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Students may elect studies in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Specialty disciplines, such as chemical physics and quantum, bioorganic, polymer, radiation, and nuclear chemistry, are available within the four major areas.The M.S. and Ph.D. degree requirements include a course of study, attendance at and presentation of a series of seminars, and completion and defense of a research topic worthy of publication1. Candidates for the Ph.D. degree must also demonstrate a reading ability of at least one foreign language and show satisfactory performance on a qualifying examination. The M.S. degree is not a prerequisite for the Ph.D. degree. A nonthesisdegree program leading to the M.S.T. degree is offered for teachers.Students are encouraged to begin their research shortly afterselecting a research director, who is the chairman of the supervisorycommittee that guides the student through a graduate career.Research FacilitiesThe chemistry department occupies 111,000 square feet of space in four buildings: Leigh Hall, the Chemical Research Building, Bryant Hall, and the Nuclear Science Building. Plans for a 65,000-square-foot addition to Leigh Hall are being prepared. A new central science library is located near the chemistry facilities. The University library system holds more than 2.2 million volumes.The major instrumentation includes ultraviolet-visible, infrared, fluorescence, Roman, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray, ESCA, and mass spectrometers. Many are equipped with temperature-control and Fourier-transform attachments, and some have laser sources. Data-storage and data-acquiring minicomputers are interfaced to some of the instruments, such as the recently constructed quadrupole resonance mass spectrometer. The chemistry department has V AX-11/780 and V AX-11/750 computers as well as multiple terminals connected to IBM machines in the main computer centre on campus.The departmental technical services include two well-equipped stockrooms and glassblowing, electronics, and machine shops to assist in equipment design, fabrication, and maintenance.Financial AidMost graduate students are given financial support in the form of teachingand research assistantships. Stipends range from $9400 - 11,000 for the1986-87 calendar year. State residents and assistantship holders pay in-statefees of about $1400 per calendar year. A limited number of full orsupplemental fellowships are available for superior candidates.Cost of StudyIn 1985-86, in-state students paid a registration fee of $48.62, per credit hour for each semester, out-of-state students paid an additional $ 94.50 ($ 143.12 per credit hour each semester). A small increase in fees is expected for 1986-87.5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONWith the coming of the Industrial Revolution the environmentalpollution increased alarmingly. Pollution can be defined as an undesirablechange in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water,or land that can harmfully affect health, survival, or activities of humans orother living organisms. There are four major forms of pollution - waste onland, water pollution (both the sea and inland waters), pollution of the atmosphere and pollution by noise.Land can be polluted by many materials. There are two major types of pollutants: degradable and nondegradable. Examples of degradable pollutantsare DDT and radioactive materials. DDT can decompose slowly buteventually are either broken down completely or reduced to harmless levels. For example, it typically takes about 4 years for DDT in soil to be decomposed to 25 percent of the original level applied. Some radioactive materials that give off harmful radiation, such as iodine-131, decay to harmless pollutants. Others, such as plutonium-239 produced by nuclear power plants, remains at harmful levels for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years.Nondegradable pollutants are not broken down by natural processes. Examples of nondegradable pollutants are mercury, lead and some of their compounds and some plastics. Nondegradable pollutants must be either prevented from entering the air, water, and soil or kept below harmful levels by removal from the environment.Water pollution is found in many forms. It is contamination of water with city sewage and factory wastes; the runoff of fertiliser and manure from farms and feed lots; sudsy streams; sediment washed from the land as a result of storms, farming, construction and mining; radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants; heated water from power and industrial plants; plastic globules floating in the world‟s oceans; and female sex hormones entering water supplies through the urine of women taking birth control pills.Even though scientists have developed highly sensitive measuringinstruments, determining water quality is very difficult. There are a largenumber of interacting chemicals in water, many of them only in trace amounts.About 30,000 chemicals are now in commercial production, and each yearabout 1,000 new chemicals are added. Sooner or later most chemicals end up in rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, different organisms have different ranges of tolerance and threshold levels for various pollutants. To complicate matters even further, while some pollutants are either diluted to harmless levels in water or broken down to harmless forms by decomposers and natural processes, others (such as DDT, some radioactive materials, and some mercury compounds) are biologically concentrated in various organisms1.Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation, or materials. There are two major types of air pollutants. A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air,such as a lead compound. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.We normally associate air pollution with smokestacks and cars, but volcanoes, forest fires, dust storms, marshes, oceans, and plants also add to the air chemicals we consider pollutants. Since these natural inputs are usually widely dispersed throughout the world, they normally don‟t build up to harmful levels. And when they do, as in the case of volcanic eruptions, they are usually taken care of by natural weather and chemical cycles2.As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a byproduct of their machines – namely, noise,The technical difficulties to control noise often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, thismay in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb iton its way to the ear. It is true that the overwhelming majority ofnoise problems are best resolved by effecting a reduction in thesound pressure level at the receiver. Soft taped music in restaurantstends to mask the clatter of crockery and the conversation at thenext table. Fan noise has been used in telephone booths to maskspeech interference from adjacent booths. Usually, the problem is how to reduce the sound pressure level, either at source or on the transmission path.6 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT MARKETThe market for analytical instruments is showing a strength only dreamed about as little as five years ago. Driven by the need for greater chemicalanalysis coming from quality control and government regulation, arobust export market, and new and increasingly sophisticatedtechniques, sales are increasing rapidly1.The analytical instrument business' worldwides sales arenearly double their value of five years ago, reaching $ 4.1 billion in1987. Such growth is in stark contrast to the doldrums of severalyears ago when economic recession held back sales growth to littleor nothing. In recent years, the instrumentation market hasrecovered, growing at nearly 9% per year, and it‟s expected t o continue at this rate at least until the 1990. With sales increases exceeding inflation, the industry has seen the real growth demonstrating the important role of chemical instrumentation in areas such as research and development, manufacturing, defense, and the environment in a technologically advancingworld2.Chromatography is the fastest-growing area, comprising 40%, or $ 1.5billion, in 1987 world sales. Chromatographic methods are used extensively inindustrial labs, which purchase about 70% of the devices made, for separation,purification, and analysis. One of the biggest words in all forms of chromatography is “biocompatibility.” Biocompatible instruments are designed to have chemically inert, corrosion-resistant surfaces in contact with the biological samples.Gas Chromatography sales are growing at about the same rate as the instrument market.Some of the newest innovations in GC technology are the production of more instruments with high-efficiency, high-resolution capillaries and supercritical fluid capability.Despite having only a 3% share of the GC market, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has attracted a great deal of attention since its introduction around 1985 and production of the first commercial instrument around 1986. SFC, which operates using asupercritical fluid as the mobile phase, bridgesthe gap between GC and HPLC. The use ofthese mobile phases allows for higherdiffusion rates and lower viscosities thanliquids, and a greater solvating powerthan gases.Another area showing tremendous growth is ion chromatography (IC). From growth levels of 30% per year in the U.S. and similar levels worldwide, the rate is expected to drop slightly but remain high at 25%. The popularity of IC has been enhanced through extending its applicability from inorganic systems to amino acids and other biological systems by the introduction of biocompatible instruments.Mass spectrometry (MS) sales have been growing about 12% annually. Sales have always been high, especially since MS is the principal detector in a number of hyphenated techniques such as GC-MS, MS-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS accounts for about 60% of MS sales since it is used widely in drug and environmental testing. Innovations in interface technology such as inductively coupled plasma/MS, SFC/MS, and thermospray or particle beam interfaces for LC-MS have both advanced the technology and expanded the interest in applications. Recent MS instruments with automated sampling and computerized data analysis have added to the attractiveness of the technique for first time users.Spectroscopy accounts for half of all instrument sales and is the largest overall category of instruments, as the Alpert & Suftcliffe study shows. It can be broken down evenly into optical methods and electromagnetic, or nonoptical, spectroscopies. These categories include many individual high-cost items such as MS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, X-ray equipment, and electron microscopy and spectroscopy setups. Sales of spectroscopic instruments that are growing at or above the market rate include Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, plasma emission, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers. Others have matured and slowed down in growth, but may still hold a large share of the market.The future of analytical instrumentation does not appear to be without its new stars as there continue to be innovations and developments in existing technology. Among these are the introduction of FT Raman, IR dichroism, IR microscopy, and NMR imaging spectrometers. Hyphenated and automated apparatus are also appearing on the market more frequently. New analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis, gel capillary electrophoresis, scanning tunneling microscopy for the imaging of conducting systems, atomic force microscopy for the imaging of biological systems, and other techniques for surface and materials analysis are already, or may soon be, appearing as commercialized instruments. And, if the chemical industry continues to do well in the next few years, so too will the sales of analytical instrumentation.The effect of alcohol have both medical and medicolegal implications. The estimationof alcohol in the blood or urine is relevant when the physician needs toknow whether it is responsible for the condition of the patient. From themedicolegal standpoint the alcohol level is relevant in cases of suddendeath, accidents while driving, and in cases when drunkenness is thedefense plea. The various factors in determining the time after ingestion showing maximum concentration and the quality of the alcohol are the weight of the subject,。

化学专业英语一、无机化学1. periodic table 元素周期表element 元素metal 金属nonmetal 非金属transition metal 过渡金属group / family 族alkali metal 碱金属alkaline earth metal 碱土金属chalcogen 氮族元素halogen 卤素noble gas 稀有气体period 周期lanthanide 镧系元素actinide 锕系元素block 区s-block s区（H、He、碱金属、碱土金属）p-block p区（IIIA~VIIA族、稀有气体(He除外)）d-block d区（过渡金属）f-block f区（镧系元素、锕系元素）2. electron configuration 电子排布，电子构型electron shell 电子层shell （电子）层subshell （电子）亚层atomic orbital 原子轨道structure 结构molecule 分子molecular 分子的atom 原子atomic nucleus 原子核electron 电子electron cloud 电子云ion 离子anion /ˈæn.aɪ.ən/ 阴离子cation /ˈkæt.aɪ.ən/ 阳离子3. quantum number 量子数principal quantum number 主量子数（n）1≤nazimuthal quantum number 角量子数（ℓ）0≤ℓ≤n-1magnetic quantum number 磁量子数（m）- ℓ≤m ≤ℓspin quantum number 自旋量子数（s或m s）±1/2Pauli exclusion principle（泡利不相容原理）：Two electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.Hund’s principle / Hund’s rule（洪特规则）：If two orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs.4. chemical bond 化学键ionic bond 离子键ionization energy 电离能electron affinity 电子亲和能ionic polarization 离子极化dipole 偶极covalent bond 共价键metallic bond 金属键(=metallic bonding)intermolecular force 分子间作用力van der Waals force 范德华力5. Lewis structure 路易斯结构lone pairs 孤电子对，孤对电子valence electron 价电子single bond 单键multiple bond 多重键（double bond 双键，triple bond 三键）6. chemical reaction 化学反应四种基本反应类型（four basic types）：combination reaction 化合反应 C + O2= C O2decomposition reaction 分解反应Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2Odisplacement reaction (single displacement reaction) 置换反应Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cumetathesis reaction (double displacement reaction) 复分解反应AgNO3 + NH4I = NH4NO3+ AgI↓precipitation 沉淀（作用）precipitate 沉淀物其它反应：reduction-oxidation reaction (=redox reaction) 氧化还原反应oxidation 氧化reduction 还原combustion 燃烧（=burning）stoichiometry /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɪtri/ 化学计量stoichiometric ration 化学计量比reactivity series of metals / activity series of metals 金属活动性顺序standard electrode potential 标准电极电势（符号Eθ）chemical stability 化学稳定性acid-base reaction 酸碱（中和）反应conjugated acid 共轭酸conjugated base 共轭碱Lewis acid 路易斯酸Lewis base 路易斯碱Brønsted acid Brønsted酸Brønsted base Brønsted碱7. solution 溶液solute 溶质solvent 溶剂concentration 浓度concentrated 浓的dilute 稀的molality 质量摩尔浓度(mol溶质/kg溶剂) mole fraction 摩尔分数mass fraction 质量分数mass concentration 质量浓度(kg/m3)osmotic pressure 渗透压molar concentration 摩尔浓度(mol/L)solubility 溶解度solubility product 溶度积（K sp）soluble 可溶的slightly soluble 微溶的insoluble 难溶的，不溶的solvation 溶剂化作用solvate 溶剂合物（如CaCl2·C2H5OH）hydration 水合作用hydrate 水合物（如CuSO4·5H2O）hemihydrate 半水合物monohydrate 一水合物dihydrate 二水合物(tri- 3, tetra- 4, penta- 5, hexa- 6, hepta- 7, octa- 8, nona- 9, deca- 10, undeca- 11, dodeca- 12)8. compound (=chemical compound) 化合物inorganic compound 无机化合物organic compound 有机化合物nomenclature /nəˈmenklətʃə(r)/ 命名法chemical formula 化学式empirical formula 实验式，简式structural formula 结构式molecular formula 分子式macromolecule 高分子polymer 聚合物coordination complex 配合物，络合物元素名以ium（或um）结尾的，去掉后缀，某化物加ide，如硫化钠sodium sulfide。

一、写出简称：乙酰基，Ac三甲基硅基，TMS对映体过量，ee氢化锂铝，LAH 四氢呋喃，THF N, N－二甲基甲酰氨，DMF对甲苯磺酰基，Ts 叔丁氧羰基，Boc咪唑（基），Im间氯过氧苯甲酸m-CPBA二、写出全称：BSA，N,O-双(三甲基硅基)乙酰胺DABCO 1，4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷，EWG，吸电子基NBS，N-溴化丁酰亚胺DCC，1.3-二环己基碳化二亚胺NMR，核磁共振PPA，多聚磷酸DMAP，4-二甲基氨基吡啶PDC，重铬酸吡啶EDA重氮乙酸乙脂CDI N,N’-酰基二咪唑三、翻译：1、The teacher may be asked questions.可以向老师提一些问题。

2、Salts may also be found by the replacement置换of hydrogenfrom an acid with a metal.3、In the reaction both the acid and the base are neutralized(中和)forming water and salt.4、Organic compounds were once thought to be produced onlyby living organism.有机化合物一度被认为是只能由生物体产生5、It was reported that scientist had worked at the problem ofstoring the sun’s heat for many years.据报道，科学家曾在储存太阳热量的问题上研究了许多年。

6、The principles of absorption(吸收) and desorption解吸arebasically the same.7、Total determination of molecular structure is possible bymeans of X-ray diffraction.分子结构的完全确定有可能用X射线衍射方法。

2023年化学期末考试题目与解答(英文) 2023 Chemistry Final Exam Questions and Answers1. Define the term "molecule" and provide an example.3. Describe the process of chemical bonding.4. Discuss the concept of chemical equilibrium.Chemical equilibrium is a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.5. Explain the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction.An exothermic reaction releases heat to its surroundings, while an endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings.6. Define the term "pH" and its significance in chemistry.pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions present. It is important in chemistry as it affects the properties and behavior of substances in a solution.7. Discuss the role of catalysts in chemical reactions.Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They work by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy for the reaction to occur.8. Describe the properties and uses of the following elements: carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.9. Explain the concept of oxidation and reduction in chemical reactions.Oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Together, they make up redox reactions where electrons are transferred between reactants.10. Discuss the environmental impact of chemical processes and the importance of green chemistry.Chemical processes can have negative effects on the environment through pollution and waste generation. Green chemistry aims to design chemical products and processes that minimize their impact on human health and the environment.These are just a few examples of the topics that may be covered in the 2023 Chemistry Final Exam. Make sure to review your notes, textbooks, and practice problems to prepare thoroughly for the exam.。

化学化⼯专业英语长句完整版答案.doc化学化⼯专业英语答案第九章长句练习课后习题答案1, The two pairs of electrons of oxygen mav be shared with, one carbon alone forming a double bond,or with two separate carbons, or with one carbon and one hydrogen forming only single bonds.-译⽂：氧上的两对电⼦可与⼀个碳共⽤⽽形成双键，也可与两个不直接相连的碳原⼦共⽤形成单键，也可与⼀个碳原⼦和氢原⼦分别形成单键。

（相当于三个并列句，顺译法）?2, [Although] organic chemistry is more than 150 years old, its progresses faster than ever5[ as the result of newtheoretical concepts and experimental techniques fromother areas of science.]-译⽂：尽管有机化学的历史已超过150年，但由于其它领域内不断浦现出新的理论与实验技术，有机化学的发展速度⽐以往任何时候都要快。

（倒译法，把as引导的状语从句提前）3、The synthesis of organic compounds involves conversion of available substances of known structure,through a sequence of particular, controlled chemicalreactions, into other compounds bearing a desiredmolecular structure.译⽂对屈类物质的处理通常是将硝酸与硫酸按⼀定浓度 ?'-译⽂：有机化合物的合成是将已知结构的物质，通过特定的、可控制的化学反应，转化为含有⽬标分⼦结构的其它化合物。