下载文档原格式
Unit 7 British Education SystemI. IntroductionThe purpose of the British education system▪The purpose of the British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society but also to socialize children.The relationship between education and social class▪Britain is a society in which social class is still very important. Class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy. In Britain, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers-proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school.▪In Britain, where you are educated is still very important to your future. “The old boys network”refers to the elite groups of men who went to public schools like Eton and Winchester; and universities like Oxford and Cambridge. They dominate government, and are influential in banking, the media, the arts and education.The old boys network英国有一句名言：“你知道多少知识无关紧要，重要的是你认识谁。
第7章英国教育体系Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Under the old selective system English children who have high marks in the “eleven plus”examination go on to_____.（北京交大2003研）A.public schoolsB.technical schoolsC.grammar schoolsD.secondary modern schools【答案】C【解析】在英国，初级学校学生在最后一学年要参加十一岁儿童升学考试；其中成绩最好的进入文法学校。
2.Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?（北京交大2006研）cation is chaotic.cation is very expensive.cation is highly centralized.cation is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.【答案】D【解析】英国教育具有自由化的特点，集中体现在实行学校的地方管理措施。
选项D正确。
3.Which of the following statements can not be used to describe universities in Britain?A.All universities are private institutions.B.All students have got high marks in“A”Level.C.They have their own governing councilsD.They now derive nearly all of their funds from state grants.【答案】A【解析】白金汉大学（The University of Buckingham）是全英唯一一所私立独立大学，故答案应该选B。
Unit 1一、判断1、Britain is no longer an imperial country.（T）英国不再是一个帝国主义国家。
2、The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.（F）英联邦的国家包括所有欧洲国家。
3、1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity.（F）十分之一个非欧洲的英国人口的种族。
4、The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of British people.（T）刻板印象的英国绅士永远适用于大多数的英国人。
5、When people outside the UK talk about England,they mistake it as Britain sometimes.（T）当英国以外的人谈论英国,有时他们的错误这是英国。
6、The scots and Welsh have a strong sence of being British.（F）苏格兰和威尔士有强烈的感觉是英国人。
7、Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.（T）苏格兰从未被罗马人征服。
8、MMost people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language,called"Gaelic".（F）大多数人在苏格兰古老的凯尔特语言,称为“盖尔语”。
9、Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means.（T）苏格兰与英格兰通过和平方式统一。
10、Wales is rich in coal deposits.（T）威尔士有丰富的煤炭储量。
Unit1.1. What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the empire still felt in Britain and in the international field?<1>British Empire overseas territories linked to Great Britain in a variety of constitutional relationships, established over a period of three centuries. The establishment of the empire resulted primarily from commercial and political motives and emigration movements (see imperialism); its long endurance resulted from British command of the seas and preeminence in international commerce, and from the flexibility of British rule. At its height in the late 19th and early 20th cent., the empire included territories on all continents, comprising about one quarter of the world's population and area.The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2. Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases?3.”british history has been a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain:At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.The Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".The Normans, William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading4. What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain?5. Decribe characteristics of Wales and Wales’ unification of Great Britain.6. Are there any difference between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition?Unit21.Why is the Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the UnitedKingdom? What is the political problem there?2.What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that effect the situation inNorthern Ireland today?3.Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to thepolitical problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes4. What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?Unit 31. What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?2. How did the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?3. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?4. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution5. Why does the author say that parliament is supreme in the British state? What function does parliament have? What role does the Queen (King) and the Prime Minister play in British government?<2>The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories. Parliament alone has parliamentary sovereignty and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the United Kingdom and its territories.<3>In a monarchy a king or queen is Head of State. This means that, while The Queen is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament. Although the British Sovereign no longer has apolitical or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation.As Head of State, the Queen undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Queen has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. She acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognizes success and excellence; and supports the ideal of public and voluntary service.Prime Minister is the nucleus of Cabinet.1. Patronage of Important Personnel2. Top Executive Power3. Control of Cabinet and Its Activities4. Leadership of Government.5. Control of Government’s Financial Situation6. Deciding the Date for a General Election7. Actual Domination over Parliament6. What kind of institution are the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?It consists of lords spiritual who are the archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the lords temporal, which refers to everyone else. They inherited the seat form their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign. In parliament they speak and vote as individuals, not as representatives of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend parliament at all.Unit 41. Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless in the election campaign for the formation of a government?2. What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?3. What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic? What is the author’s opinion?4. What were the causes and effects of the changes in the policies of the Conservative Party and the Labor Party?Unit 71.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment onthese purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?<1>.The purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society, but the purpose of the British education system is also to socialize children.<2>. Education in the People’s Republic of china is state-run system of public education run by the ministry of education. All citizens must attend school for at least nine years.The government provides primary education for six years. Starting at age six or seven, followed by six years of secondary education for ages 12 to 18. Some provinces may have five years of primary school but four years for middle school.There are three years of middle school and three years of high school. The ministry of education reported a 99 percent attendance rate for primary school and an 80 percent rate for both primary and middle schools.In 1985, the government abolished tax-funded higher education, requiring university applicants to compete for scholarships based on academic ability. In the early 1980s the government allowed the establishment of the first private schools.China has had a major expansion in education. Increasing the number of undergraduates and people who hold doctoral degrees fivefold in 10 years. In 2003 china reported 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and their 725,000 professors and 11 million students. There are 100 national key universities, including Beijing University and Tsinghua University. Chinese spending has grown by 20% per years since 1999, now reaching over $100bn, and as many as 1.5 million science and engineering students graduated form Chinese universities in 2006. China published 184,080 papers as of 2008.Laws regulating the system of education include the regulation on academic degrees, the compulsory education law, the teachers’ law, the education law, the law on vocational education, and the law on higher education.<3>. Chinese parents only expect their children get straight A+’s and straight A’s on their report cards, whereas the American education system does not do that as much.The American education system is more relaxed than the Asian culture when it comes to education and their parents don’t push them hard as much to get straight A+’s and straight A’s in school so that makes a big difference out the two education systems.The Chinese race of people in china, America, and all over the world push and force their children to get straight a+’s and straight a’s all through school and college all through their lives and they are very strict about education and about them getting straight a+’s and straight a’s all through school and college all through their lives.2. How does the British education system reflect social class?3. What are the major changes that have taken place since World War 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.<1>. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by World War 2.<2>. This time, the new system would emphasize equality.The result was the 1994 education act which made entry to secondary (middle) schools and universities”meteoritic” children would be abilities they displayed. All children were given the right to free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.In the 1960s, comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools---where the most academically pupils were sent to be prepared for university--- and vocational school where less successful pupils were sent to learn allowed to let children” compete” for places.3. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist? Universities, reflecting the trend throughout the education system, have traditionally been rather elitist. Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university.4.what is the open university in Britain？What do you think of this system? The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.Unit 91.The author says that “the media are central to British leisure culture”, whydoes the author say so? What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of the function between the British media and the Chinese media?2.what are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture？In whatway is it different from the United States?3.Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? Whatis the relationship between the British press and politics or business?4.How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcastingsystems?UNIT 101.FIND some examples from the text to demonstrate how Christian church hasinfluenced the sports and leisure activities of the British.One very obvious example is how Sunday—the day of the week when everyone traditionally went to church—is still the day that most people have off in the UK. In recent years the government has changed the laws and now some shops and pubs are allowed to open on Sundays, but such changes are very recent and verycontroversial.2.Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket wasassociated with a set of English values?。
Unit 7 Future EducationUnit 7 Future Education 一、单元分析 (Unit Analysis) (一) 单元地位 (Unit Position) 1. 本课在对未来教育的描述时，谈及了美国大学教育的一些情况以及对如何取得学业成功提出了一些建议。
教师可围绕“如何在大学里成功”这一主题，设计些活动让学生参与口语讨论或书面表达，了解成功人士的素养品质，培养自身的优秀品性，为学生将来的专业选择以及今后踏上社会后的职业志向作些指导。
2. 围绕本课主题“如何在大学里成功”，可以鼓励学生探讨成功的学生所应具备的因素：参与协作、适应环境、独立思考、规划未来…… 3. 本单元的语法复习是倒装句型，教师有必要在课堂教学中在一定的句型操练的基础上，着重指出几个易错易混淆的知识点，如：倒装的原因、倒装的种类、常见的倒装结构等。
4. 组织学生利用现代信息网络，收集优秀人才的事例故事，鼓励学生根据有关资料在小组内谈谈自己的体会和志向。
(二) 单元目标 (Unit Target) 1. 了解倒装句型的特点，了解倒装的种类、常见的倒装结构，并能熟练运用倒装句型进行描述和会话。
2. 学会描述一个成功人士的优秀品质和素养。
3. 能运用新学的词语和句型，就自己或同学的学习情况进行描述。
(三) 单元重点 (Unit Points) 1. 关键词：• 单词 expect, offer, tip, adjust, interact, community, support, manage, distraction, priority, vital, memorize, survey, create, jot, review, stress, key, seek, noted, inspiration, voyage, broaden, select, occupation, compel, mold, … • 词组 drop out, focus on, participate in, turn to, cut off, take a trip, make sense, later on, base … on …, fall behind, go down, be willing to, view … as … 2. 功能：• Famous sayings abo ut education （教育名言）参考课本第120页 Useful Language 1) Knowledge is power. 2) Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. 3) The education of a man is never completed until he dies. 4) I have never let my schooling interfere with my education. 5) Education begins its work with the first breath of the child.6) In education we are striving not to teach youth to make a living, but to make a life. • Describing things using inversion patterns（运用“倒装句”描述事物) There are professors noted for their inspirational teaching style, for their way of make a course an exciting voyage into the unknown. Would you take a trip by stopping for directions at every station instead of reading a map? 3. 语法点：倒装句型的复习二、教学设计 (Teaching Designs) 教学内容教学实施建议教学资源参考 1 Reading 作为“未来教育”这一主题的引入，教师可以利用“头脑风暴”的教学手段，结合小组合作的方式，让学生列出尽可能多的关于“未来教育”的词汇（可根据词性分类）。
第3章美国的起始Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. The question “What is an American?” was first asked by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. _____【答案】T【解析】什么样的人叫美国人？这一经典的问题是由法国农人赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔在他的《美国农人书简》一书中提出来的。
2. Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. _____【答案】T【解析】克里斯托弗·哥伦布是西班牙著名航海家，于1492年第一个发现美洲大陆。
3. The first English permanent settlement was founded in California. _____【答案】F【解析】1607年，英国有3艘船只行驶到北美，殖民者史密斯等在弗吉尼亚亨利角登陆，并定居下来。
4. Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church. _____【答案】F【解析】这批出逃的清教徒并非是从罗马天主教反叛而出，而是从英国国教中反叛而出。
5. The state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers. _____【答案】T【解析】宾夕法尼亚州曾属于威廉佩恩，而他本人则信仰贵格派，他决定按照贵格会的理想，建立一个宗教信仰和政治自由的地方。
因此宾州是美国第一个宗教信仰自由的地方。
6. The theory of politics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century. _____【答案】F【解析】洛克是十七世纪英国著名哲学家。
Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。
从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。
这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。
我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。
尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。
在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。
约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。
另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。
5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。
在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。
（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。
）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。
从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。
谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。
但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。
同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。
Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。
从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。
例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。
（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。
这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。
有些州发挥了学生学习材料的选择强有力的作用。
例如，国家委员会可以决定哪些出版的教科书可以用国家资金购买。
在其他情况下，对购买教学材料的决定是完全由当地学校领导。
美国人有一种强烈的倾向，教导市民极大的关注，如环境污染，核问题，邻里犯罪和毒品问题子女。
回应公众的压力，教育委员会在不同的领域往往添加到小学和中学课程有关的各种问题的课程。
What an American Student Learns 美国学生通过学校教育的几个层面，因此，一些课程，途中的高中文凭。
他们参加：小学。
在联邦政府公布的统计报告，“小学”，通常是指幼儿园到8年级（金）。
但是在一些地方，小学只包括年级亩* 6。
有时年级4，5和6条作出了什么是所谓的“中档”的学校。
（许多美国人所谓的“文法学校的低年级。
”）中学。
同样，在统计报告，“中学”，通常是指9-12年级。
这些成绩俗称“高中。
”然而，在许多地区，“初中”包括7年级9。
当年级7 * 9与第10，第11和12年级包括在内，所有6据说，形成“高中。
”虽然没有在美国国家课程，有若干科目讲授所有的K至12系统遍布全国各地。
几乎所有的小学提供了对这些科目的教学：数学，语言艺术（题目，包括阅读，语法，组成和文学），书法，科学，社会研究（一课题，其中包括历史，地理，公民和经济学），音乐，美术;和体育教育。
在许多小学，在使用计算机的课程进行了介绍。
在某些情况下，第二语言（除英语外）是在上小学级别。
大部分中学提供了相同的“核心必修课”：英语，数学，科学，社会科学和体育教育。
但是，学校董事会有很大的不同，从一个区到另一个阶级，他们希望高中生花这些基本科目的数额。
在一些高中，例如，学生毕业前必须完成3年数学。
全国的平均水平低。
学生由学校辅导员指导下，在选择选修课，这可以从专业的学术职业科目。
例如，高中提供一年以上的，在大多数情况下的数学，科学和其他核心科目数年。
当他们完成这些（例如核心领域所需要的单位，其中美国历史上），学生可以选修其他单位为（也许一年的欧洲历史和世界政治问题年）。
其他选修课程不同学校上学。
有些高中专门从事特定类型的对象，商业教育，或工业行业，或如外语。
学生策划的医生愿意参加一所学校提供了许多科学选修课程。
Education in a New Nation美国人追踪他们的民族起源的（定居者）谁排在17世纪初至北美东海岸的英国殖民主义者。
其中第一个殖民者最大的群体，是清教徒，成立于1630年在马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
谁同其他国家一样跟随他们到美国的清教徒寻求自由实践他们的宗教的自由，他们享受不到自己的祖国。
他们发现，这一小城镇和村庄，他们就在森林边缘建立在马萨诸塞州的自由。
在清教徒认为事情之一是，每个人都应该能够阅读圣经。
百分之百的识字似乎是在17世纪的梦想。
短短几年，他们抵达后，他们采取步骤，设立自己的殖民地的教育体系：1634年，他们开了一家“拉丁文法”学校，为那些谁想要准备书院。
在1636年，哈佛学院成立的宗教部长的培训。
在1634年和1638年，清教徒通过的法律，宣布所有的财产可以为共同的利益，其中包括学校的支援征税。
1642年和1647年，海湾殖民地通过的法律，要求所有家长为子女提供读书的子女的教育。
因此，在不到20年，清教徒引入了两个做法，仍然影响美国青年：为所有儿童提供义务教育，并为学校公共税收。
情况就不同了在北美其他英国殖民地。
在宾夕法尼亚州为例，那里有几个不同的宗教群体，关心教育的决定都留给了每一个教会的领袖。
在诸如弗吉尼亚州，如果谁负担导师南部殖民地雇用他们的儿子（有时是他们的女儿）他们。
富有地主们的年长的儿子被送往英国为他们的教育。
偶尔，地主可能允许成人识字阅读教贫困儿童和白人，也许，少数黑人。
但大多数情况，自定义禁止的奴隶儿童教学阅读。
在整个殖民地，青年男女可以在收到通过成为一个小型企业学徒阅读教育。
它曾是英国的做法，有年轻的男孩和女孩的那些被他们工作（面包师，打印机等）的家庭生活。
在对青年工作的回报，企业主答应教他或她阅读，以及如何做好工艺（烘或打印，例如）。
这种做法被带到北美。
在1776年7月4日，13个殖民地发表了独立宣言，并进入了从英格兰自由的战争。
他们赢得了1781年的独立战争，谈判于1783年有利的条约。
但直到1789年，他们没有形成一个统一的国家政府。
形状和新一届政府的权力，在宪法中所描述，决心经过多次辩论和妥协。
新的美国成为一个联邦共和国的国家联盟的一个强有力的中央政府，代表全体人民。
各州没有轻易放弃自己的政治权力，这种新的中央政府。
事实上，第10修正案，增加了宪法，以保证“权力不下放宪法···美国[将]预留的]国家···".的[政府这些保留的权力之一是每个国家的权利，为人民的教育。
其实，在18世纪末，在美国各地基础教育是在当地人手中。
国家政府都允许本地区（小城镇和村庄）建立和经营自己的小学。
多数情况下，这些学校在一室的建筑物，其中一个为所有的学生谁可以参加教师。
老师，谁是由公民委员会聘请，不得不教什么地方社区的预期。
因此，未来的决定：在美国的教育是在国家和地方的手中仍然政府。
Learning to Be World Citizens1920年以后，到12的K美国教育仍然大同小异，直到第二次世界大战。
这个悲惨的事件介绍，在美国受影响的每一个机构，包括学校的变化。
美国的父母，尤其是年轻的夫妇谁在40年代末结婚希望他们的子女要为战后世界的教育。
同时，美国的黑人和其他少数群体的要求白人同等的教育机会。
1954年，最高法院裁定，分离的做法，到不同的学校，黑人是违宪的。
到1945年，美国是一个核大国，是联合国会员国，以及与世界的影响苏联的竞争对手。
美国的就业机会是改变了新技术（特别是计算机），以及遍布全球各地的美国企业。
电视带来了总统，演员和人民面临着来自世界各地到美国的家中每天晚上。
科学家的发现开辟了新的秘密的恒星和原子。
1950年至1960年，更多新知识，开发了比世界上所有1950年前的历史。
学校被要求不仅要教这个新的信息，而是帮助学生问它自己的问题。
在“调查”的学习方法，解决问题，而不是记忆事实为重点，开始流行。
更多的科学课程中增加课程，作为第一颗绕一些成果了由苏联在1957年一颗人造卫星。
联邦政府开始花费新科学课程的发展百万培训教师使用。
（联邦支出将蔓延到其他领域，也特别计划，用以帮助有学习困难的学生。
到了80年代初，联邦政府开支约8至1.0万美元，每年在小学和中学教育。
）但良好的中学教育已不再是许多美国人不够。
在一个学区纷纷家长坚持高中课程，将他们的儿子和准备入住大学的女儿。
越来越多的美国人视为医学或法律学位，在政府的立场，或在办公室的主要业务管理中的地位门口的大学。
Higher Education在超过三百万谁的学生从高中毕业，每年约有100万继续接受高等教育。
因受只需在美国，高中毕业生最受尊敬的大学之一承认，达到一定程度的成功。
一家人在领先的大学可能会收到这些从2％，高中毕业生的申请，然后接受只有一个，每10谁申请12。
在这样的学校成功申请者通常选择的基础上：（1）高中的纪录;（二）从高中教师的建议;（三）在面试时的印象，他们要在大学和（d）的得分在学习能力倾向测验公司（SATS）。
在高等教育在美国的教育系统是复杂的。
它包括四个机构的类别：（1）大学，其中可能包含：（1）一些大学寻求学士学位（四年制本科学生）学位，（b）一个或多个以外的专门研究继续这些研究生院学士学位获得硕士或博士学位;（2）四年制本科院校，高校，其中大部分不属于大学的一部分;（3）技术培训机构，在其中高中毕业生可选修从6个月至4年的持续时间和学习美发的各种技术技能，通过企业会计计算机编程;（4）两年或社区学院，学生可从中进入许多行业或可能转入四年制学院或大学。
所有这些机构在任何类别，可能是公营或私营，就其经费来源而定。
没有在机构之间是公开或私下资助的教育质量都有明确的或不可避免的区别。
然而，这并不是说，所有机构都享有平等的威信，也有他们之间没有重大差异。
许多大学和学院，公共和私营部门，提供更获得特别具有挑战性的课程，并提供了更高质量的教育学生的声誉。
绝大多数人通常被视为相当令人满意。
其他一些机构，相反，只提供适当的教育，和学生上课，通过考试，仅仅称职的毕业生，但不突出，学者和专业人士。
的因素，确定是否机构是最好的或较低的声誉，是一个接一个师资队伍，研究设施的质量素质，为图书馆提供的资金数额，特别节目等，以及能力和入学申请人数，即如何选择的机构可以选择的学生。
所有这些因素相互加强。
在美国，人们普遍认识到，有越来越不可取机构来研究，并从中毕业。
较为理想的院校一般，但并非总是更加昂贵出席，并具有从一毕业，他们可能会带来明显的优势，因为个人寻求在society15就业机会和社会流动。
