英国留学论文Introduction写作指南—优越论文

SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作第一篇：SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作引言Introduction 是SCI论文最难写的部分之一，很多文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素，然而，一篇好的SCI论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，一个好的引言相当于文章成功了一半。

所以大家应该在 Introduction的撰写上下功夫。

要写好 Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

SCI论文引言部分Introduction 主要包括如下四个方面的内容：1、阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。

要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦;须知看文章者都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

2、文献总结回顾。

是引言的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用(这是两个最容易出问题的地方，要极力避免;一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面，负面作用非常明显)。

另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果;引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据);数据出错会导致文章的印象特差!此外，引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。

如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。

3、分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点。

这是整个引言的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。

阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上(这也是文章易犯的毛病)，研究者一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。

1.怎么写introductionIntroduction的逻辑需要用一个大致的提纲来确定，打好提纲，再开始写作，可以极大减少写作的时间。

introduction应该包括下面几个部分：研究范围、研究背景以及研究策略和结论。

1、研究范围，研究目标，选择这个研究目标的原因。

2、研究背景，有谁做过，怎么做的，我们之前做过哪些相关的研究，之前研究的局限性在哪里。

3、提出自己的研究点，为什么要关注这个研究点即有什么重要性。

4、采用的研究策略，达到的研究目的。

5、总结读者可以从文章中得到什么样的结论。

四、例句：The book's introduction is brief. 翻译：该书的引言简短。

2.怎么写introductionIntroduction 是外刊文章最难写的部分之一。

中文文章的缺陷就在于 Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素。

外刊论文对于Introduction 的要求是非常高的，一个好的 Introduction 相当于文章成功了一半。

要写好 Introduction ，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

A. 阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。

要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦；须知看文章者都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

B. 文献总结回顾。

是 Introduction 的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用（这是两个最容易出问题的地方，要极力避免；一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面，负面作用非常明显）。

另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果；引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据（即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据）；数据出错会导致文章的印象特差！此外，引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。

How to write the IntroductionThe introduction is certainly the most read section of any research paper, and it largely determines the readers or reviewers attitude toward the work. Therefore, it is probably the most delicate part of the writing of a paper. Unfortunately, many people face difficulties when writing the introduction.The purpose of an introduction is to present the motivation behind the research, with the intention of defending it. An introduction also places your paper in a theoretical context and helps the reader to clearly understand your objectives. In addition, the introduction should grab the reader's attention completely. Below, we discuss the major components that should be included in an ideal introduction.Part I ComponentsI. Theme or TopicA broad theme or topic of the study should be stated.II. Academic ImportanceThe academic importance of the paper should be explained.III. Literature ReviewThe available literature should be summarized and previous studies that are most relevant to your research should be cited. In addition, if a previous study is replicated, it should be clearly stated along with an in-text citation.IV. Knowledge GapA discussion of the knowledge gap and inconsistencies found should follow the literature, and the benefits of the study's main contribution should be highlighted.V. Research question and objectivesA clear indication of the research question addressed in the study, specific objectives that guide your research, the context in which the study was conducted, and the units of analysis used in the study should be provided in the introduction.Part II Effective ways of writing each componentThe different parts of the introduction are elaborated in this section. Including these steps will help you to write an effective introduction to your paper.I. Theme or TopicBegin your introduction by clearly identifying your subject area. An overview introduction of the broad theme or topic of your research will help readers to clearly understand your research domain immediately. In the first few sentences of the introduction, use keywords from your title to focus directly on your topic. This places immediate focus on your subject without discussing information that is too general.It is unnecessary for you to give the details of the research questions because details will be presented at the end of the literature review chapter or at the beginning of the methodology chapter.Since your paper will also be read by people outside the domain, writing the paper in a simple, yet effective way is essential for people to understand the relevance of your research. In addition, it is important that you introduce the broad theme or topic of your research in the introduction for the reader to totally understand what the research is about. To achieve this, the following points must be followed.--Avoid the use of technical jargons in the introduction--Do not begin the introduction with the research question or hypothesis.--Define technical terms and constructs (concepts)You may use the following sentence structures to arouse the reader’s interest in the topic of the thesis.--One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is.--It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X,Y, and Z problem.--X is the leading cause of color break up in Liquid Crystal Displays.--In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .-- In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ..Or, You May Begin by Emphasizing Time--In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...--Recent developments in the field of x have led to a renewed interest in ...--Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...--The past decade has seen the rapid development of x in many ...II. Academic ImportanceIn this part, you should answer the question: Why your study is worth undertaking. Usually the reasons can be explained in terms of practical and theoretical importance. A paper’s academic value can be determined by the lack of the previous research on the topic, and by highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. However, in this part , you need not write a comprehensive review of the field. You may refer to one or more previous studies that motivated you to choose this research topic. More references will be introduced in the literature review part.--Numerous studies have attempted to explain . . . (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).--Recent evidence suggests that ... (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).--Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1988) show that...--Several attempts have been made to . . . (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999;Johnson, 2001).III. Literature ReviewA summary of the available literature should be concise and should mostly include recent studies that are directly related to the research. In addition, some studies that should be included must be from the recent past (i.e., studies from the last five years). If the research is a replication of a previous study, a brief introduction to that study along with the citation should be mentioned in this section.A literature review forms the theoretical basis of an article and discusses published information in a particular field. It can be just a summary of the sources, but it usually is an organizational pattern and analysis, and synthesis, i.e., a recap, evaluation. and reorganization of information. Generally, a literature review provides a new interpretation of past studies, combines new interpretations with previous interpretations, or traces the intellectual progression of the field. This can relate the study to previous studies in the field. A literature reviews can be written to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research.There are four questions that researchers need to examine when writing a literature review.--Which aspects should be included in a literature review?--How should the information be synthesized in a literature review?--How should the literature review be structured?--What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?1) Which Aspects Should Be Included in a Literature Review?An effective literature review should always include the following components:--A brief discussion of where and how the study or research conforms to the broaderview of the field.--A definition of all the key concepts and constructs used in the paper.--A discussion that focuses and synthesizes previous relevant research findings.--A summary of the existing approaches explaining how previous research-measures constructs the current study measures.--A theoretical support for the hypotheses to be tested.Reviewers will look for these five aspects in the literature review. However, these aspects should not be used as main headings.2) How Should the Information in a Literature Review Be Synthesized?Since a literature review is not a chronological summary of the paper, it is necessary to synthesize existing knowledge. This should be done without plagiarizing or paraphrasing previous studies. This section elaborates on how to synthesize three types of information, namely definitions, lists of attributes or factors, and opposing viewpoints.DefinitionsAll concepts or constructs and technical terms need to be defined in the literature. It is best to define the concept or term immediately after its first mention in the paper. However, these definitions should not be borrowed from previous research; rather a reviewed definition should be provided.General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is--While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paperuses the definition first suggested by Thomas (1998), who saw it as...--Throughout this paper, the term X refers to...--This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ.In a formal sentence definition, the term being defined is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.-- A star is a celestial body that shines by itself and whose source of energy is nuclear fusion occurring in its core.-- A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.--Ecology is a scientific study that is concerned with the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.Attributes or FactorsGenerally, authors list the different attributes, factors,elements, or issues when discussing a similar topic. These factorssuggest the effectiveness of a particular method or technique.However, these attributes or factors should not be merely listed inthe literature review. Instead, a summary of these factors should beincluded in the literature review.--There are three reasons why language research has become soimportant. These are…--There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. Theseare…--The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under threeheadings, which are…-- Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X,Y and Z as the major causesof infant mortality.--Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First,X should be …second, it needs to be…Third, …Opposing ViewpointsSeveral authors studying a similar problem may have opposingviewpoints. A discussion of different viewpoints can help the readers to understandthe current knowledge better.Here is a list of sentence structures used to present differentviewpoints.--However, Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between varianttypes of X.--Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of...--The paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of.. .heauthor overlooks the fact that X contributes to Y.--what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between.. .--Smith's paper would have been more convincing if he had included…--Her conclusions would have been much more interesting if she had adopted…--The findings might have been fa more original if the author had used…--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…--. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…--Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitative analysis of...-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.3) How Should the Literature Review Be Structured?To write an effective literature review, following a logical structure is crucial. That is, the different sections and subsections of the literature review should be linked. A few points that would help in better structuring the review are listed below.--Place the specific topic being discussed in a relevant, yet broader context and then focus the discussion on more specific issues.--The headings should be brief and should give a detailed overview of the review. One -word titles should be avoided.--Use relevant diagrams and discuss the comparison between several constructs crucial to the research.--Define the technical terms and concepts clearly.--The text provided should be relevant to the headings under which they are provided.--Provide a brief motivation for the hypotheses of the research.4) What Writing Style Should Be Used when Writing a Literature Review?Literature reviews should generally be easy to read and understand. Simply put, a literature review should be clear for a non-academic person.Try not to use technical jargons, unfamiliar terms and phrases, and undefined technical abbreviations. In addition, having a clear and concise flow in the literature can help readers understand the entire process of the research.5) General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings--The term X has come to refer to...--The term X is generally understood to mean.--The term X has been applied to situations where students .--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that isIV. Knowledge GapSince a research aims at expanding the knowledge on a specific topic, a research should also address specific knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and controversies in the literature. In addition, the main contribution of the study should be mentioned in this component, which will contribute to motivate the importance of the study.To define your research or study, you need to find a conflict, a question, an untested population, or an untried method in the existing research of the field you study.--However, a major problem with this type of application is...--To date, there has been little agreement on what . . .--More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about...--There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...--Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.--One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in..--In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...--So far, however, there has been little discussion about.--However, far too little attention has been paid to…--So far, this method has only been applied to...--Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...--However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in...--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…-- A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.V. Research question and objectivesThis part is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Briefly describe your study (hypothesis or research question), general experimental design or method, and reasons for using this method if there are alternatives. There are two main parts in this section.1)Be sure to state clearly the purpose or hypothesis that you areinvestigatingIf you’re a new writer, you can use a standard statement, such as “The purpose of this study is to...”or “This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the...”as a statement of purpose. Of course, we have more ways to express the focus and aim of the thesis.--This paper focuses on/examines/assesses .--This paper seeks to address the following questions..--The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the e:--This paper reviews the research conducted on...--The aim of this paper is to determine/examine .I--The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ...2)Provide a Reason for Your Approach to the Problem StudiedBriefly write how you approached the problem. If you use a new technique or methodology, the introduction should present the advantages of this new approach, compared with previously used methods. This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the introduction. Do not discuss the actual techniques or protocols used in your study in the introduction. You can provide the details in the methods section .--This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...--Smith et al. (1994) identified several advantages of...--The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...--A case study approach allows...--The questionnaire design is based on...--The X method is one of the more practical ways to...This component should clearly indicate--The research question addressed in the paper;--The specific research objectives that guide the research;--The context in which the study was conducted;--The units of analysis used in the paper.VI. Outlined StructureThis component should only include a brief outline of the flow of the entire paperTo sum up this chapter, the introduction to a research paper should provide the Motivation, Literature Review, Knowledge Gap, and Research Question. Writing the introduction based on these points help ease this otherwise complex task. Similar to the abstract, the introduction is best written toward the end of the writing process. This may help in summarizing the entire paper effectively.Task : Rearrange the following sentences to make into a coherent introductionThe Position of Sentence Connectors in Academic Englishc. B. Feak and J. M. SwalesIntroduction1) ESL writing textbooks have for many years regularly included chapters on sentence connectors (e.g., Herbert, 1965).2) Many commentators have noted that sentence connectors (e.g., however) are an important and useful element in expository and argumentative writing.3) Most reference grammars deal with their grammatical status, classification, meaning, and use.4) However, neither of these studies provides any descriptive evidence of the actual positions of sentence connectors in academic texts.5) Some attention has also been given to the position of sentence connectors in clauses and sentences.6) Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) observe (a) that the normal position is initial; (b) that certain connectors, such as hence and overall " are restricted, or virtually restricted, to initial position"; and (c) that medial positions are rare for most connectors, and final positions even rarer.7) The only attempt known to us to explain differences in position on semantic grounds is an unpublished paper by Salera (1976) discussed in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983).8) In the present paper, we report on a preliminary study of sentence connector position in a sample of twelve published articles.9) Frequency studies of their occurrence in academic English extend at least as far back as Huddleston (1971).10) The Salera paper deals only with adversatives like however and suggests that initial position reflects something contrary to expectation, while medial position reflects a contrast that is not necessarily unexpected.Part III. Tenses in the IntroductionStage 1: Current KnowledgeUse the present tense when stating or reporting established facts:--Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions.When reporting findings from multiple previous studies, use the present perfect tense:--Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.Stage 2: Literature Review1) Use the present tense when reporting established facts:--The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 199).2) when referring to a single, previous study, use the past tense:--Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.Note that the above sentence has two verbs. The first verb, found, describes what Kurtz did in this 2008 study. The second verb, “alloated,” is in the past tense because it describes what the instructors in this study did at the time the research was conducted. If this verb (called a verb complement were written in the present tense, the statement would be expressing a fact that is true for all instructors everywhere. Consider the next sentence and note the tense of the second verb:--Baggio and Klinsmann (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.In this example, the first verb is written in the past tense, again to explain what this study did. However, the verb complement (the second verb in the sentence) is written in the present tense because the finding of this study was established as a fact and, therefore, true for everyone everywhere.3) Use the present perfec t tense when reporting findings from multiple previous studies:--Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens, 2006;6Kiby et al, 2008; Miner, 2009).Note how the different verb tenses used in the following three sentences slightly change the meanings:--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affects brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affected brain activity.--Owen and Shearer (2002) suggested that memory load may affect brain activity.The first sentence uses the present tense affects" to claim this study's finding as a fact. The second sentence uses the past tense to report the finding as being limited to the circumstances of the involved study, and the third sentence uses both a tentative verb “suggested” and a modal verb “may” to describe the implications of the finding.Stage 3: Knowledge Gap1) Repor t facts and currently accepted methods using the present tense:--Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y.2) Refer to multiple previous studies using the present perfect tense.--However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seeds on the endocrine system.Stage 4: Problem Statement1) Use the present tense when writing report-focused statements:--The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.2) When writing research-focused statements (referring to your own study), use the past tense:--The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.Stage 5: Rationale for Study (optional)When expressing expected outcomes or offering future recommendations, use the present tense with conditional modal verbs(such as could, may, and might):--This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

各个Move的写作要点
Move one 关键点： 热点，难点，急需 时态一般为现在完成时 Move two 关键点： 引用 时态运用 涉及到某项具体研究—过去式 涉及到研究的问题和领域—现在完成时 陈述现在的认识（当前成果）—现在时 Move three 关键点：否定的起始 指出前人研究的不足、不尽之处。 比如对于……，我们的认识还十分有限； 然而对于……，已报道的数据十分有限等。 Move four 关键点： 研究目的和意义 填补空白，完成任务，解决问题
Move one 说明研究领域 I.指明中心
1.兴趣 2.重要性 3.重要论题 4.标准程序（方法、工艺）
II.陈述现有知识 III.描述重要特征 Move two 总结前人研究 Move three 本研究的必要性 I. 指出差距 II.提出问题（任务） III. 延伸认识 Move four 介绍本研究 I. 研究用途（效果） II. 描述与介绍 introduction至少包括前三个部分 By John swales
以研究者为受众的文章introduction
这类文章的introduction对问题的阐述方式有 详有略。
对于一些共识性的假说、方法和知识，往 往不会详加阐述。
但是会包括一些技术细节，和在这一问题 上对前人的工作做一个总结。 在此基础上，作者对前人理论和方法做出 评述，或者指出不足。
Article introduction 的结构
OVER
Introduction of writing an “introduction”
He weihua
The beginning is half of the whole
—好的开始是成功的一半
“Introduction”是论文写作中非常棘手 的部分

introduction写作要点
introduction写作要点如下：
1.明确主题：在引言中明确指出研究的主题或领域，让读者对文章的主要内容有所了解。

2.背景介绍：简要介绍研究主题的背景信息，说明研究的必要性和重要性。

这有助于建立研究问题的上下文，并为后续的讨论和论证提供依据。

3.研究问题陈述：明确提出研究问题或假设，并简要说明为什么这个问题或假设重要。

确保问题或假设具体、明确，并具有针对性。

4.文献综述：概述与主题相关的先前研究，指出现有研究的不足之处，以及本研究如何填补这些不足。

这有助于确立研究的理论基础和出发点。

5.研究方法：简要说明将采用的研究方法或技术，以及选择这些方法的原因。

这可以为后续的实验或调查提供指导。

6.研究意义：阐述本研究对理论和实践的意义，强调其对特定领域或更广泛的社会、经济、政治等方面的贡献。

7.组织结构：概述文章的结构和主要内容，为读者提供导航指南。

可以简要介绍每个部分的主题和要点。

8.语言和风格：保持引言的语言清晰、简洁，并尽量使用客观、中性的语言。

避免过多的行话和专业术语，以便让更广泛的读者能够理解。

9.引用和参考文献：在引言中引用的观点、数据或结论时，应注明出处。

确保遵循所使用的引用格式要求，并在文末提供完整的参考文献列表。

10.激发读者兴趣：通过提出引人入胜的问题、强调研究的创新点或挑战传统观念的观点等，激发读者对后续内容的兴趣。

引言英文作文怎么写英文：When it comes to writing an introduction for an English essay, there are a few key things to keep in mind. First and foremost, you want to grab the reader's attention and make them interested in reading more. This can be done through a variety of techniques, such as starting with a quote, asking a thought-provoking question, or sharing a personal anecdote.Another important element of a good introduction is providing some context and background information on the topic you will be discussing. This helps the reader understand why the topic is important and what they can expect to learn from your essay. Additionally, you may want to briefly outline your main points or arguments to give the reader an idea of what to expect.Finally, it's important to remember that yourintroduction should be concise and to the point. While you want to provide enough information to hook the reader, you don't want to give away too much or overwhelm them with too many details. Keep it simple and focused, and you'll set yourself up for a successful essay.中文：当涉及到写英语文章的引言时，有几个关键点需要记住。

第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research……………………… 可见，引言一般分为三到四个层次。每个层次都有各自的任务与目的。而在语言上也
有各自的特点，掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和 技巧分别加以介绍。 2 如何写引言的开头
英文论文 Introduction 的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers
学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画（The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper） 。 The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的开头常用句型有： 句型 1：研究主题+谓语动词 be… ．例 a．Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical

Components of introduction
1. Background 2. Constructs (concepts) 3. Literature review 4. Gap 5. Aim (RQs) 6. Theoretical perspectives 7. Methodology 8. Scope/delimitations of research 9. Significance 10. Organization of the thesis
5) Indicate scope/delimitation
details
6) explain contribution
2) RQs are not necessary
and value
sometimes
7) Outline chapter
organization of the . thesis
But in the introduction chapter of the dissertation, we usually use the following subtitles, altogether three, namely:
area
2）Introduce aspects of
previous research
Note: sub-moves 2) and 3) 3）Define terms and
can occur
constructs
simultaneously or
4）Explain that this topic
separately
.
is important, or
. central
Move 2 Establish a niche

英文论文引言的写作技巧Introduction学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。

引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。

本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。

它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。

经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。

这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。

第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question …………………………………………………………………………………第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………第四层：1) Announcing your major findings ………………………………………2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……………………………………图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。

to the field
02
Key elements of writing the
introduction section
Background information
Provide necessary background
Introduce the general context and setting of the research, including the field, topic, and key concepts This helps establish a foundation for the reader to understand the research problem and its significance
Motivation for the study
Explain why the research is important or relevant, often by addressing practical implications or theoretical contributions
Research objectives
State the research questions that will be addressed in the
paper
Specify the objectives of the research and how they will
be achieved
Indicate the expected contributions of the research
The Writing Method of Introduction in English
Pape
目录

写一篇Essay就像写一本书，因此开篇是至关重要的。

一本好书首先开头就要吸引读者，让他们有继续阅读的冲动。

Essay的Introduction部分应该有同样的效果！在本文中hansedu 将为你提供写高质量Essay写作的Introduction提示，并为你提供一些有用的示例。

希望同学们看完以后有所收获！Essay的Introduction部分是文章开头第一段，将为读者呈现整篇文章的设定基调和路径。

一个好的Introduction可以抓住读者，引起阅读欲望。

Introduction的定义：Introduction应该是高质量的，并且以简明扼要的方式向读者概述文章内容Introduction的目的是什么：你是不是经常有这个疑惑：“Introduction的目的是什么？”正如上文所说，所有这些都是为了向读者展示您的Essay主题。

要知道第一印象很重要！在写Essay Introduction时，可以参考以下几个技巧：Essay每一部分都应该事先制定计划，在开始写Introduction之前，先对你的研究进行简要分析，明确主要论，始终保留所有重要信息，如何写Essay的Introduction，如何写一篇Essay 的Introduction部分？你可以从创建大纲开始然后再继续构建。

这里给你们一些提示：1.吸引读者的注意力。

为你的Introduction创建一个“钩子”，吸引读者的注意力并开始Introduction你的主题。

关于如何创建“钩子”的一些建议：如何创建“钩子”说明有关你主题的有趣事实或统计数据，提出一个修辞问题，对你主题的常见误解有哪些，设置故事场景：谁、什么时候、什么地点、为什么、发生了什么？分享一个关于你主题的幽默小故事或者轶事都可以2.陈述你的焦点。

在创建完“钩子”之后，写一两句关于你Essay的焦点：你的Essay是关于什么的？为什么这个主题很重要？Introduction的这一部分可以包括有关你的主题的背景信息，以帮助建立上下文。

英文论文引言的写作技巧Introduction学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。

引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。

本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。

引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。

它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。

如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。

经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。

这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。

我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排(如图8.1所示)。

第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。

第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development……………………………………………………………2) Reviewing previous research in this area……………………………………………………第二层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question …………………………………………………………………………………第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research…………………………………第四层：1) Announcing your major findings ………………………………………2) Outlining the contents of your paper ……………………………………图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。

如何轻松漂亮的写出Introduction本期与大家分享SCI论文写作中的Introduction的结构写法。

Introduction是论文的序幕，目的是向读者介绍本研究的“前世今生”，既是对过去和现在研究的系统精炼性的介绍、评价和总结；又是对本篇研究工作的提纲挈领的总结，提出科学假说，概括研究方法和研究结果，突出研究的创新性和研究意义，从而进一步吸引读者兴趣。

第一部分Introduction的写作结构该怎么安排呢？Introduction占全文比例10-15%作用，字数控制在400-500字为宜。

大家牢记“起承转合”的四步心法框架结构和“漏斗式”的段落内容安排，给大家讲解最常用的框架内容涉及模式，让大家能轻松驾驭Introduction的写作。

Introduction提出科学问题、研究假说起①研究领域大范围、背景介绍（1段）与本课题的研究方向密切相关，从总体到局部，逐步细化。

做过哪些研究，有哪些手段和方法得出哪些结论综合性期刊，背景知识介绍要详尽、让非本研究领域读者看得懂专业性期刊，背景知识尽可能简略精当，围绕主题点到为止。

承②研究领域细化及未知空白的领域介绍具体一些研究点的研究现状，以及本研究聚焦点的重要性、必要性、迫切性、当下研究的局限性。

研究空白分：当前研究的不足、研究正确性的质疑与验证、当前研究的补充入手点：其一，技术、数据库、实验方案需要创新或者改良；其二，物质、功能、机制、现象有待进一步探索和发现。

转③提出科学问题以及本文的科学假说、目的（1段）本文的研究目的和重要性，有针对性地对研究空白提出解决方案。

④研究方法和结果（1段）用技术、方法、实验发现结果合⑤本研究的结论和意义（1段）结论：对本文的实验结果一句话进行总结。

意义入手点：理论创新、实践应用、规律理解、社会发展、环境保护、资源节约、省时省力等等。

第二部分1研究领域大范围、背景介绍2研究领域细化及未知空白的领域介绍3提出科学问题以及本文的科学假说、目的4研究方法和结果5本研究的结论和意义第三部分Introduction的写作小Tips。

科技学术论文Introduction引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。

first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性second：强调有必要解决存在的问题third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性逻辑的连贯内容的创新词汇简洁时态1. What is an introduction?The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.2. What’s the purpose of the introduction?The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.It introduces:（1）.the research by situating it (by giving background),（2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , （3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.3. How should I start?You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work4. How to build a model of introduction?Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence.5. The model of introduction.(1) establishes the importance of this research topic确立研究主题的重要性(2) provides general background information for the reader.为读者提供总体的背景信息(3) in a more specific/detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance.与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体(4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点(5) provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡(6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目(7) describes a gap in the research描述了已有研究的空白(8) describes the paper itself描述了论文本身的工作(9) gives details about the methodology详细描述了论文中所用的方法(10) announces the findings公布了论文的结论6. Four components of a model.（1）Establish the importance of your fieldProvide background/ facts/information (possibly from research)Define the terminology in the title/key wordsPresent the problem area/current research focus确立研究领域的重要性提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）定义题目或关键词中的术语给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点（2）Previous and/or current research and contributions前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献（3）Locate a gap in the researchDescribe the problem you will addressPresent a prediction to be tested确定已有研究工作的空白；描述你要解决的问题呈现要验证的预测（4）Describe the present paper描述现在的论文7.Grammar and writing skills.语法时态写作技巧8. V ocabulary词汇的简洁举例三篇文章：1.Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，TP的性质Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF)与药理学意义possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities 实验的动机However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems目的we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.主要理论根据及其基本原理Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity.Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006).have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010).clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007) To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2008).等存在问题和知识空白Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF), possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006). Recently, the methanol/chloroform (T2) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of TWHF, in which TP was identified as the principal active compound, have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). Besides, Liu et al., (2010) found that potential hepatotoxicity in rats treated with TP for 28 days was associated with increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, it was reported that oral administration of TP to rats could lead to liver injury or even death (Fu et al., 2011). In addition to this, our previous investigation showed that the concentration of TP found in liver exceeds those observed in other tissues, such as spleen, lung, heart, and kidney (unpublished data). On account of this, we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.Unfortunately, its underling mechanisms are still insufficiently recognized. To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al.,2005; Yao et al., 2008). Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity (Lee et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.Here, we describe genome-wide gene expression in the TP-exposed Wistar female rat liver. Differential gene expression was evaluated in 6-week-old female Wistar rat livers following 14 days of continuous exposure to large doses of TP. Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.2.综述Blood vessels, a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis?血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as a disease of the blood vessels, both micro- and macro-vessels. The formation of new micro-vessels is in fact necessary to afford the nutritional supply to proliferating synovial pannus, while macro-vessels are the site where accelerated atherosclerosis driven by disease’s systemic inflammation develops. New vessels formation on one side, and atherosclerotic plaque progression on the other, might seem two different biological phenomena, the first related to the articular involvement of the disease, the second to its main systemic complication. In this context, targeting blood vessels in RA might mean either attempting to reduce synovial vascular supply starving the synovial pannus limiting its proliferation or, in the other case, trying to limit macro-vessels’damage outside the joint. In this review we will analyse the possibility of targeting synovial microvessels to treat rheumatoid arthritis, but we will discuss as well the evidence supporting a link between micro- and macro-vascular involvements in RA.综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。

Noun phrase
Other forms
occupying the niche
• a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research questions/hypothesis √ • b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) • c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter √ • d. by outlining the theoretical position • e. by describing the methods used in the study
• Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse refers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. • This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents… • The verbs tend to be in the present tense

好的论⽂Introduction，应该这样写！超实⽤⼲货分享！（附下载）SCI论⽂写作特辑- 第⼆期 -论⽂写作猛如虎，Introduction就是开门见⼭的⼤⽼虎...Introduction引⾔部分是论⽂写作第⼀关，通过呈现研究课题所折射的研究理论来说服⽬标读者。

对于英⽂⽔平捉襟见肘的科研者来说，多掌握⼀些常⽤句式能够很好地提升paper的可读性。

本期SCI论⽂写作分享，⼩艾就为⼤家总结⼀些Introduction的常⽤句型及句式。

⽅便⼤家写论⽂的时候，直接从中挑选使⽤。

值得收藏！（⽂末附PDF下载⽅式）⼀般来说，Introduction的常规写作顺序：1. 确⽴研究领域的重要性2. 早前、当前的研究贡献3. 差距/疑问/难题/评论4. 当前的研究⼯作确⽴研究领域的重要性01 A major current focus in __ is how to ensure sustainability of…__ 当前的⼀个主要重点是如何确保...的可持续性02 Much research in recent years has focused on __近年来的许多研究都集中在 __03 Analysis of change in __ is vital for two important reasons: …__ 变化分析⾄关重要，有两个重要原因：...04 It is of interest to know whether __still hold true.知道__是否仍然正确是很重要的。

05 The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...在过去的⼗年⾥，__见证了许多...的快速发展。

06 The issue of__has received considerable critical attention.__的问题受到了相当多的批判性关注。