四川大学2015考博真题

20021、现代流行病学和传统流行病学（1950年以前）有什么区别？2、为什么要树立概率因果观？统计关联与因果关联有什么联系？3、举例说明职业流行病学研究中的健康工人效应？4、举例说明环境流行病学研究中的生态学谬误？5、相对于实验室研究，怎样认识人群研究在评价职业或环境危害上的作用？6、现场人群干预研究中如何控制各类偏倚？7、流行病学研究中可以应用哪些多元统计分析方法？如果选择？8、针对环境或职业流行病学研究中存在的某个问题，阐述您的看法？20031、现代流行病学同传染病学、生物统计学有什么区别？2、什么是现代因果观？如何理解流行病学的因果关系？3、现场人群研究中主要有哪些设计类型？4、Logisitic回归可以用于哪些流行病学研究资料？（1）职业流行病学中的SMR的应用（2）环境流行病学中的暴露测量问题5、如何看待人群研究在评价职业或环境危害上的作用？它是参考性的还是结论性的？6、从流行病学方法的角度，对某个您熟悉的环境或职业卫生研究问题，阐述您的看法？2008四川大学博士生入学考题科目：流行病学全部是问答论述题，共计七道。

1、为什么说流行病学是群体医学的带头学科？2、试分析病例对照研究在证实因果联系方面的作用。

3、实验室微观研究与现场人群研究之间的区别与联系。

4、请比较Logistic回归与Cox回归在统计分析中的不同应用。

5、请说明临床治疗和疾病预防对疾病频率的影响。

6、某地的梅毒患病报告率呈上升趋势，而淋病的报告率却呈下降趋势，欲解释分析这一现象，还需掌握哪些流行病学证据？20111、试采用人兽共患病的理论解释，禽流感、猪流感、人流感三者之间的关系？2、在病因的因果推断中，“特异性”的历史根源是什么？现在如何看待理解？3、疾病的预防效果的评价可采用哪些研究设计？如何选择评价指标？4、人群谱对疾病诊断的精确度和特异度的影响?5、队列研究中所采用的统计学分析方法有哪些？怎么选择？2012四川大学博士生入学考题科目：流行病学全部是问答论述题，共计七道。

1.等电点沉淀法与盐析沉淀法有什么不同？沉淀法是最古老的分离和纯化生物物质的方法。

根据所加入的沉淀剂的不同，沉淀法可以分为：盐析法；等电点沉淀法；有机溶剂沉淀法；非离子型聚合物沉淀法；聚电解质沉淀法；高价金属离子沉淀法。

（1）等电点沉淀法：原理：等电点沉淀法主要利用蛋白质溶液的PH值等于其等电点时，溶解度最小，而不同蛋白质离子具有不同等电点，依次改变溶液pH值可将杂蛋白质沉淀除去，最后获得目标产物。

等电点沉淀法的优缺点：优点：很多蛋白质的等电点都在偏酸性范围内，而无机酸通常价较廉，并且某些酸，如磷酸、盐酸和硫酸的应用能为蛋白质类食品所允许。

同时，常可直接进行其他纯化操作，无需将残余的酸除去。

缺点：酸化时，易使蛋白质失活，这是由于蛋白质对低pH比较敏感。

（2）盐析沉淀法：原理：在蛋白质溶液中加入中性盐后，既会使蛋白质脱水，又会中和蛋白质所带的电荷，使颗粒间的相互排斥力失去，在布朗运动的互相碰撞下，蛋白质分子结合成聚集物而沉淀析出。

常用的中性盐有MgSO4、(NH4)2SO4、Na2SO4、NaH2PO4盐析沉淀法的优缺点：优点：成本低，不需要什么特别昂贵的设备；操作简单，安全；对许多生物活性物质具有稳定作用。

缺点：沉淀物中含有大量的盐析剂。

（3）有机溶剂沉淀法：原理：加入有机溶剂后，水溶液的介电常数降低，从而使蛋白质分子间的库仑力增大，导致其凝聚和沉淀。

有机溶剂沉淀法的优缺点：优点：某些蛋白质沉淀的浓度范围相当宽，所得产品纯度较高，有机溶剂除去方便，而且有机溶剂本身可部分地作为蛋白质的杀菌剂。

缺点：需要消耗大量溶剂，且有机溶剂易燃、易爆、安全要求较高，容易引起蛋白质变性失活，操作常需在低温下进行，收率比盐析法低。

常用的有机溶剂有：乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、异丙醇。

2.泡沫分馏与泡沫浮选有何异同？泡沫分馏与泡沫浮选都属于泡沫分离（以气泡为介质，利用组分的表面活性差进行分离的一种方法），他们的异同在于：泡沫分馏用于分离溶解物质，他们可以是表面活性物质，也可以是不具有表面活性的物质如金属离子，阴离子，蛋白质，酶等，但他们必须具有和某一类型的表面活性剂结合的能力，当料液鼓泡时能进入液层上方的泡沫层而与液相主体分离。

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。

四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by Choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSpeech is so familiar a feature of daily life that we rarely pause to define it. It seems as natural to man as walking, and only less so than breathing. Yet it needs but a moment's reflection to convince us that this naturalness of speech is but an illusory feeling. The process of acquiring speech is, in sober fact, an utterly different sort of thing from the process of learning to walk. In the case of the latter function, culture, in other words, the traditional body of social usage, is not seriously brought into play. The child is individually equipped, by the complex set of factors that we term biological heredity, to make all the needed muscular and nervous adjustments that result in walking. Indeed, the very conformation of these muscles and of the appropriate parts of the nervous system may be said to be primarily adapted to the movements made in walking and in similar activities. In a very real sense, the normal human being is predestined to walk, not because his elders will assist him to learn the art, but because his organism is prepared from birth to take on all those muscular adaptations that result in walking. To put it concisely, walking is an inherent, biological function of man.Not so language. It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance that he is born in the lap of a society that is certain to lead him to its traditions. Eliminate society and there is every reason to believe that he will learn to walk, if, indeed, he survives at all. But it is just as certain that he will never learn to talk, that is, to communicate ideas according to the traditional system of a particular society. Or, again, remove the new-born individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly foreign one. He will develop the art of walking in his new environment very much as he would have developed it in the old. But his speech will be completely at variance with the speech of his native environment. Walking then is a general human activity that varies only within a restricted limit as we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group, the product of long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies ... not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do the religions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different peoples. Walking is an organic, an instinctive, function; speech is a non-instinctive, acquired, “cultural” function.1. The first sentence of Paragraph Two, "Not so language", is the closest in meaning to（）[A] This is not the case with language[B] So is language and net anything else[C] No such a thing exists in language[D] Not so much with language2. The real difference between the ability to walk and the ability to talk is that （）.[A] the former is like breathing while the latter is not[B] the former does not require social interaction while the latter does[C] the former requires muscular movement while the latter does not[D] the former is predestined while the latter is not3. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? （）[A] Language is biologically programmed but has to be acquired later on.[B] Only when a child grows up in a community can he learn to talk.[C] Language interaction is a way to impart culture.[D] Formal education is necessary for the learning of language.4. When the author says the variability of walking "is purposeless", he means that（）.[A] any person who walks would not have a purpose[BI in all cultures people walk aimlessly[C] culture does affect the ways people walk[D] purpose in walking varies with one's ability5. The author wrote this passage in order to（）.[A] argue for a point [B] provide information[C] narrate a legend [D] debate with his rivalsPassage TwoThe observer does not have to look far to discover that Western society is youth oriented and youth worshiping. The phenomenon shows itself in many ways. First, adults do all they can to be youthful and to remain young because old age is feared and youthfulness admired. Beauty and cosmetic industries have made billions of dollars by encouraging this emulation of agelessness.Second, much of what parents do is for their young. Thousands of parents make daily sacrifices for their children. The numerous benefits heaped upon children are evident. Many mothers say: "I would give my life for my children." This feeling does not apply to all parents, but it applies to enough of them to be proof positive that today's adults care about their young people.Third, most adults say that the majority of youth today are "pretty good kids." This point of view can be fairly well substantiated. Most studies that focus on normal adolescents agree that the majority are not problems, not in turmoil, not deeply disturbed, not at the mercy of their impulses, not resistant to parental values, not politically active, and not rebellious. In a recent Gallup poll, 97 percent of teens said they got along with their parents either very well or fairly well. Only 3 percent said they did not get along at all well. Sometimes, parents carry a positive view of their teenagers to an over-idealized extreme. They refuse to believe their children are ever at fault or ever capable of doing wrong, and they tend to attack any friend, teacher, or town official who tries to tell them otherwise. Despite this over-idealization most youths are not problems --- to themselves or to their communities. Misconceptions are foraged by focusing only on the drug-addicted, delinquent, and disturbed or on the social rebels who are in fact a minority.Finally, although most youths today are not activist rebels like those of the late 1960s and early 1970s; youthful idealism is still much in evidence. Adolescents are much concerned about social issues such as juvenile crime, drug abuse, the energy crises, unemployment, women's liberation, materialism and indifference in society, pollution, and the environment. They also show genuine concern for the underdog, indicated by their frequent political alliance with blacks or the poor. They will give generously and work hard to help the starving overseas or will come to the defense of convicted criminals if they feel their cause is just. Clergy and other caring adults applaud youths who join the "love" generation to find more meaningful relationships than thosebetween their parents at home or between business elements in a highly competitive society. These adults-emphasize that parents ought not to be critical of their young for hating corruption, injustice, or superficial values. Although they are a little awed by youths who will work for months to keep a wilderness area from being mined by developers, value-oriented adults tell parents to admire their Young and admit that their activities are more worthwhile than swallowing goldfish or seeing how many kids can crowd themselves into a telephone booth.6. By "youth worshiping", the author expressed the idea that in Western society the adults[A] worship the young people [B] are all religious believers[C] desire to stay young [D] worship God like the youth7. According to the passage, teenagers in Western society are.[A] unmotivated students in schools[B] sympathetic with the unfortunate[C] highly competitive on the job market[D] equipped with all kinds of values8. All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT that .[A] young people are more active than adults in protecting their environment[B] a majority of families live in peace and harmony[C] adults used to believe that adolescents are rebellious[D] it is not right for adults to criticize the youths9. Which of the following is the best paraphrase of the idea of the last sentence of the passage ?[A] Youths may go too far in their social activities, but that's 'better than their doing mischievous things or wasting their time.[B] Youths may oppose development, and that's worthwhile because goldfish and telephone booth are far less important.[C] Youths are environment protectionists, but they may also cause damage to wildlife or to public properties.[D] Youths stay too long in wilderness, since they love things in nature instead of goldfish or telephone booths in modem cities.10. Most likely, the author of this passage is .[A] a sociologist [B] a loving parent[C] a political official [D] a clergymanPassage ThreeCrocodiles are incredibly strong, agile and aggressive. They are merciless killers and it's their nature to be brutal. They are estimated to kill up to 200 people per year in Africa and they can eat up to half their body weight in one meal. This is why in Burkina Faso, the lakeside Bazoule village is famous for its unique tradition.For many generations the villagers have lived harmoniously with about 200 wild crocodiles. Crocodiles have remained the same for over 200 million years. They are feared and avoided by humans and animals alike. But the people of Bazoule revere the sacred crocodiles in the lake. This unique tradition started many generations ago at a time when the people of Bazoule were facing a great drought and there was no water. Women used to walk 40 kilometers searching for water. The crocodiles lived apart and hence there was no co-habitation betweenthe crocodiles and the people of Bazoule.Legend says that one day the women were passing close to the crocodiles and one woman attempted to collect water in the lake and the crocodile let her fetch water without attacking her. From then onwards all the women in Bazoule village could fetch water from the lake. The villagers named the ferocious animals the sacred crocodiles for they had saved them and they could not only fetch drinking water but also water their plants and they survived the famine."The crocodiles of Bazoule are sacred because they are the totems of the village. They're the ancestors of the village because they saved the villagers and that is why they' are called sacred," says Prosper Kabore, Head Crocodile guide.Prosper was born into this tradition. His job is to safeguard the unique relationship between the people and the sacred crocodiles. Every child in Bazoule is taught to be kind and respectful. They are constantly reminded that the life they enjoy today is as a result 'of the kindness and compassion shown to their ancestors. Kindness and help provided to them by the most unlikely animals, the crocodile. At one point in time the crocodiles cried for one month. Everybody wondered what was wrong. When Prosper told the local chief who is entirely in charge of the conservation of the sacred crocodiles, he prohibited children from picking grass at the lake. Then one night a child went into the water and did not return. The crocodiles cried a lot. The day that followed people saw somebody drowned in the water. "We tried to retrieve the body but we couldn't. Then we saw the crocodile bringing the body. He pushed it out of the water and we took the body and buried," recalls Kabore.Hence this unique co-existence is what draws people from all over and they are shocked to see this phenomenon that has been in this village for many generations. They get a chance to ride on the backs of the sacred crocodiles, feed them with chickens. The chickens fed to the crocodiles come from Bazoule village, any chicken outside the village is not fed to the crocodiles; This is meant to appease the ancestors.The sacred crocodiles and Bazoule people have a great interdependency. The crocodiles allow the villagers to use the water and the villagers allow the crocodiles to feed on their plants and the cycle of life goes on harmoniously. The money attained from tourists goes directly to help the needy children in Bazoule. Hence not only does the community help in conserving the crocodiles and the old tradition but it also, uplifts the lives of its community members.11. All of the following about crocodiles are true EXCEPT that they .[A] move swiftly and flexibly [B] need a lot of food to eat[C] have a mild temperament [D] live in waters12. According to the passage, the Bazoule villagers respect the crocodiles as sacred beings because the crocodiles there .[A] live far away from the village[B] are respected as the emblem of the villagers[C] eat chickens and plants only[D] would feel sad when a human being dies13. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] The Bazoule villagers are active animal protectionists.[B] Even crocodiles can be tamed just like dogs are domesticated.[C] Ecological harmony may lead to the prosperity of tourism.[D] Human beings have treated ferocious animals in a wrong way.14. Which of the following is opposite in meaning to "uplift" in the last sentence of the passage?[A] degrade [B]downplay [C] downpour [D]delimit15. Which of the following may be the most appropriate title for this passage?[A] Animal Protection and Development of Tourism[B] An Unbelievable Tradition in an African Tribe[C] Crocodiles and Villagers in Mutual Understanding[D] Crocodile Conservation: a Human EndeavorPassage FourExcessive sun exposure is bad for our health. But sun deprivation is also harmful - contributing to ailments from depression to disturbed sleep, obesity and even cancer. People inhabiting the far northern hemisphere are particularly vulnerable, forced to endure long, dark winter nights and sometimes only seeing the sun for three quarters of an hour per day in December.But relief could be on its way, with Swedish researchers exploring a range of projects that could bring light to the wider population. They are working on a device that could transform people's homes and lives by regulating the amount of light to which they are exposed. At Lund University, in southern Sweden, Prof Thorbjorn Laike shows off what he calls an "artificial sun", a collection of bright bluish lights that wouldn't look out of place in a giant's dentist surgery.The "sun" has pride of place in the architecture department, reflecting Prof Laike's passion for light and the benefits it can bring. He is Spearheading the "Healthy Homes" project, which aims to ensure that people living in the dark upper reaches of the northern hemisphere receive the right amount of the "right sort" of light at the right time. They are developing a device called a Daysimeter, which monitors a person's exposure to light radiation during the day. When the user returns home, the Daysimeter automatically sends this information to a central control hub, which works out whether the person has received sufficient sunlight. If that turns out to be either too much or not enough, a smart system will adjust the lighting in the home to compensate: By rebalancing a individual's light exposure, the idea is to help people maintain a more normal and healthy circadian rhythm.Humans are programmed to wake and sleep on a roughly 24-hour cycle, and the timing is regulated by exposure to light. According to a statement from the Healthy Homes project: "Disruption of a regular, daily pattern of light and dark can lead to poor sleep, fatigue and decreased performance，as well as poor health ranging from obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even cancer."In places where sunlight is in short supply, bright electric lighting delivered at the right time of day can act as a substitute. "We anticipate that this will make it easier for people, especially.16. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?[A] Too little sunning is just as harmful as too much sunning.[B] Artificial sunlight can be used to treat illnesses such as cancer.[C] People living on the equator do not develop obesity.[D] Northerners sleep more poorly than southerners do.17. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] Ultimately, artificial sun will substitute the natural sunlight to keep people healthy.[B] Even sports and other activities cannot compensate for the lack of sunlight.[C] In the sunlight, only its bluish ray is important for human health.[D] People on the equator do not have to worry about biological cycle.18. Human beings need sunlight exposure especially in the morning because[A] their body clock would stop regulating work at night[B] the sunlight regulates certain hormone to keep people energetic[C] the morning sun gives off the full spectrum of rays[D] the 19dl century architects had already found it necessary to maximize the sun penetration19. Most likely, the author of this passage is[A] a medical doctor [B] a student who loves sports[C] a news reporter [D] a town official in Sweden20. In "the Healthy Homes researchers plan to kit out the first experimental home within two years", the phrase "kit out" means "to[A] rule out [B] install in the kitchen[C] equip and use [D] send kids outdoorsPassage FiveMigratory birds may be spreading viruses that cause bird flu around the world, say scientists. Outbreaks in poultry may become more common in the future, especially in ill-prepared countries, they warn. A severe strain found at a duck farm in the UK last year may have been carried by wild birds out of Russia, according to Dutch researchers. The virus is a low human health risk, but wild birds on long migratory routes should be monitored, they say.H5N8 is a strain of bird flu that appeared late last year in Russia, East Asia, North America and four European .countries, including the UK. The infections led to millions of poultry being culled. In the UK, ducks were affected at a farm in Driffield, Yorkshire. Another outbreak of bird flu in Hampshire this week is of the H7N7 form of the virus, which is less severe.Scientists at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, say the presence of the H5 virus in a migratory bird in Russia and other detections in wild birds and poultry is "worrisome". "More poultry outbreaks could occur in the future, especially in countries that are ill-prepared," a team led by Dr Ron Fouchier wrote in the journal, Science. "Despite the currently low public health risk, the outbreaks should be monitored closely, given that several animal species are susceptible and that influenza viruses are generally unpredictable." Wild birds with long migratory routes should be monitored for exposure to H5N8 and control measures in poultry should be updated, as they appear to be "insufficient", they added.Scientists are also investigating other ways that bird flu viruses can spread around the world, including through illegal poultry trade and contamination of vehicles or equipment. A recent report from the European Food Safety Authority said the route of spread of the disease remained uncertain. It said all affected farms in Europe had kept birds inside, suggesting direct transmission from wild birds to farmed poultry was unlikely.Experts said there were no known direct migration routes from East Asia to Europe, but infected migratory birds from East Asia could in theory pass the virus on to other species at breeding and stopover places in Eurasia. Dr Derek Gatherer of Lancaster University said moreresearch into flu in wild bird populations in the UK was needed, especially in species migrating in from Europe. "The British response to bird flu is oriented towards agriculture - that's fine because of course we need to protect our poultry industry - but in order to really understand bird flu we should also study it in its natural setting," he told BBC News. "Then we'll have a better 'early warning system' for what might be a threat to agriculture in the future."UK officials said tests had confirmed the Hampshire outbreak was of a low severity H7 strain of the disease, which is a much less severe form than the HSN8 strain found in Yorkshire in November. Chief vet Nigel Gibbens said: "We have taken immediate action to contain this outbreak as part of our robust procedures for dealing swiftly with avian flu. "This is a low severity form of the virus and we are taking action to ensure that the disease does not spread or develop into a more severe form. We are investigating the possible sources of the outbreak. I would urge poultry keepers in the surrounding area to be vigilant for any signs of disease and to ensure they are maintaining good bio-security on their premises."The Department for Environment, Food &Rural Affairs said warden patrols for diseased wild birds occurred in eight Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust reserves in Great Britain, and a number of other reserves were patrolled by volunteers from October to March. Anyone finding five or more wild birds dead in the same location is advised to report them to the Delta helpline.21. In "The infections led to millions of poultry being culled", the word "culled" means[A] canceled [B] raised in cult[C] sold [D] killed22. The outbreak of bird flu should be monitored, because .[A] poultry industry threatens bio-security in many countries[B] the H5 virus from Russia is more dangerous than other species[C] wild birds spread virus all along their migratory routes[D] it is not sure how many animals can be affected by bird flu23. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] The southern hemisphere of the earth is free from bird flu.[B] Even if birds are kept indoors, they may not be safe from bird flu.[C] If a country is well-prepared, it never suffers from flu outbreaks.[D] At present scientists have found control measures to prevent bird flu.24. Which of the following statements is known to be true of bird virus?[A] It may survive even if it is not in the bird body.[B] It transmits directly through the air and blood transfusion.[C] It is unlikely to cause illness early in Spring.[D] It leads to illegal poultry trades.25. This passage is most likely to be .[A] a warning for tourists issued by the government[B] a medical advice from university research center[C] a. newspaper report for public information[D] an academic essay published in professional magazinePassage Six"Education" means different things to different people. To some elementary and secondary school children, it can. be an exciting intellectual experience; to those poorly motivated or presented with a dull and unimaginative curriculum, it can be a deadening ordeal; to college students, education may be a means to acquiring the qualifications for a job, a way of escaping lowly social class origin, or .a time for experimenting with a variety of social and personal identities; to parents,, education for their children may represent the realization of their own unfulfilled aspirations; to those who operate the schools .... teachers, principals, and administrators --- education means a job, a place where career aspirations may be realized or frustrated, where viable relationships with colleagues and supervisors must be worked out. This list of the meanings of education could be expanded indefinitely. However, it should be sufficient to illustrate the multiple meanings of education to people in various roles and subgroups in the society.What does education mean to the sociologist? How does he begin to structure and make sense out of this multifaceted phenomenon called education? Basically, sociologists regard education as a distinctively social phenomenon or "institution" which, like other social phenomena, is amenable to objective scientific analysis. A sociological perspective on education requires that one "step back" from that which he is examining, set aside his personal and cultural biases, and take a long, hard look at the phenomenon of education. This is not an easy task. At times it is made more difficult by the fact that teachers, administrators, and concerned segments of the public may expect immediate answers to the questions of policy and technique to emerge from the sociologist's research on education. Sociologists, on the other hand, are primarily concerned with building a body of verified knowledge about education and only secondarily with the problem of applying their findings and conclusions to the concerns of the educational practitioners. Though most research on education by sociologists has some policy implications, sociologists vary in title extent to which .they spell out these implications, in their work. Ultimately, the extent to which this is done is a matter of style and most sociologists have adopted a style in which policy implications are left implicit rather than one in which explicit programmatic statements and policy recommendations are made. The readers are then left to extract (if they care to) the implications of the research and ideas presented for questions of policy and action.26. According to the author, education enables students to have all the following EXCEPT[A] an explanation of school education[B] an enriched life of learning[C] a chance to move up the social ladder[D] enlarging one's circle of friends27. The phrase "this multifaceted phenomenon" most likely means "a phenomenon that[A] is facilitated in multiple ways [B] has many aspects of significance[C] does multiplications [D] undergoes many changes28. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that •[A] Every student can realize their dreams in one way or another through education.[B] For teachers job opportunities are rare outside the area of education.[C] Parents hope to have their own dreams come true in their children.[D] Students with low motivation usually do not have dreams.29. Which of the following conclusions can be derived from this passage?[A] Educational sociologists must step back from the real-tire problems of education.[B] Educational technology is a topic for research in educational sociology.[C] Researchers of educational sociology are all impartial in their observations.[D] Educational theories and practices are two different enterprises.30. What question might the author most likely continue to discuss after this passage?[A] Why is education multifaceted?[B] What does sociology mean to students, teachers, parents and others concerned?[C] What is the role of educational technology in teaching practices?[D] Why is educational research necessary and what are its topics?II. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The two men are well with each other since they once studied in the same university.[A] recognized [B] acquainted [C] acknowledged [D] identified32. When hysteria about AIDS first infected the media in early 1980s, those identified aswere all at the margins of society.[A] feasible [B] accessible [C] vulnerable [D] attainable33. You'd better from talking too much, for the more you talk, the more mistakes you may commit.[A] refrain [B] resort [C] reframe [D] resist34. How can you be so to the sufferings of people in poverty in the world?[A] unpopular [B] indifferent [C] neutral [D] vigorous35. He was so absorbed in his work that he was to things going on around him.[A] oblivious [B] digestible [C] dormant [D] introvert36. Because all the parts of this machine are , it is convenient to replace them.[A] normalized [B] mechanized [C] modernized [D] standardized37. This Canon camera can be to take pictures in cloudy or night conditions.[A] adapted [B] adjusted [C] adopted [D] addressed38. A teacher is one who preaches the way of life, knowledge and help the students out of their difficulties.[A] inherit [B] intervene [C] interpret [D] impart39. Many poets and artists have drawn their from Nature as well as the real life experiences of ordinary people.[A] affectation [B] inspiration [C] intervention [D] convention40. We cannot guarantee the take-off of the flight, since we are having such a foggy day.[A] puncture [B] pinpoint [C] punctual [D] pernicious41. What is in store in the future is unknown, but we can that it gives us many hopes.[A] affirm [B] confide [C] confer [D] overrun42. In China, all parents have to send their children to school beginning from age 7, according to the Law of Education.[A] Compelling [B] Forced [C] Obliged [D] Compulsory43. Although it was his first experience as chairman, he over the meeting with great skill.[A] presided [B] administered [C] mastered [D] executed。

2015四川大学考博麻醉真题
2015四川大学考博麻醉真题
一简答题
1、镇静可能给病人带来的后果。

2、机械通气时气道压力突然增高的原因
3、低体温对机体造成的影响。

4、尿毒症期对心血管系统造成的病理生理学改变。

5、脑保护的方法
6、阿片类药物的副作用
二、病例分析
1、病人男，72岁，诊断为甲状腺巨大包块，行甲状腺切除术双侧颈部淋巴清扫术，术毕拔管送入PACU。

（1）病人在20分钟后突然出现心率增高，烦躁，血压增高，分析其可能原因进一步检查及处理。

（2）术后第二天病人出现烦躁，意识不清，分析其原因及检查和处理。

（3）术后20日病人记忆力减退，对以前熟悉的人反应不好，分析其出现的并发症，以及目前对此并发症的研究进展。

2、病人女，46岁，行腹腔镜下右半结肠肿瘤切除术，插管顺利，静吸复合麻醉，瑞芬维持。

（1）在气腹针穿刺建立气腹时，出现心率变为41次，血压70/40mmHg，分析其原因。

（2）手术开始10分钟，PETCO2由30变成50，分析其原因。

（3）手术开始2小时，PETCO2为70，分析其原因。

2015四川大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are,of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials,rude waiters,and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another.Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion,and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone,if hungry,injured,or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.It reflected the harshness of daily life:if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday,remember,you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler.Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US,especially in the smallercities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through,got talking with this American,and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing.Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon,but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society,in America a complex set of cultural signals,assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And,of course,speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns.Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example,when an American uses the word friend,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.Yet,being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world,________.(A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US(B)small-minded officials deserve a serious comment(C)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors(D)most Americans are ready to offer help2.It could be inferred from the last paragraph that________.(A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship(B)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated(C)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends(D)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3.Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ________.(A)to improve their hard life(B)in view of their long-distance travel(C)to add some flavor to their own daily life(D)out of a charitable impulse4.The tradition of hospitality to strangers________.(A)tends to be superficial and artificial(B)is generally well kept up in the United States(C)is always understood properly(D)has something to do with the busy tourist trails参考答案：DACB本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 8 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Electronics works as a slave on the sea-bed and in space; in marketing and on the moon; in hospitals and on the race track. And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve, developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier-than-air machines could fly. Radio was the first practical and commercial development, the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology. Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale, offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost.Pre-transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy, yet it manages to produce such far-reaching techniques as radar. Computers made before the transistor were elementary, enormous and slow by modern standards. The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s, with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro-electronics. This is a new series of micro-miniature electronic devices in the solid state, offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon, not much bigger than a pin-head. However, the conventional technology of the day----based on the transistor----had been developed to quite a sophisticated level. Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes, to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry. Today micro-electronics stands as the foundation of the industry’s total fut ure, offering vast potentialities. The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted, but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier. Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work; the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a 112663904054.doc 第 1 页共 22question of efficient programming, rather than of tedious chores.This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face. Until recently, the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology. Now many of the applications dictate the technology. Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit----today we are entering a new world----the world of the microprocessor, just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence.1.How are the pre-transistor computers viewed nowa.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy.b.Pre-transistor computers managed to produce far-reachingtechniques.c.Pre-transistor computers are now viewed as elementary, enormous andslow.d.Pre-transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced.2.When did micro-electronics come into beinga.In1947.b.In the late 1950s.c.When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came.d.When computers were made.3.What are the different stages of the development of electronicsa.Thermionic valve----semicondutor ---- solid statedevices----microprocessor.b.Solid state devices----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.c.Thermionic valve----micro-electronics----integrated circuit.d.Thermionic valve ----solid state devices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.4.What is the latest development of electronicsa.The world of the microprocessor.b.The silicon integrated circuit.c.The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon.222663904054.doc 第 2 页共 22d.Efficient programming.5.What is the best title for the articlea.The Advanced Industry of Electronics.b.The Role of the Electronicsc.Problems Posed by Electronics.d.The Young Industry of Electronics.Passage 2Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by “think”. If solving a mathematical problem is “thinking”, then a computer can “think” and do so much faster than a man. Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again. Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that.It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so. They can only do what men have them do. One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are “programmed” to do. Our genes “program” us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that “program”.Our “program” is so much more enormously complex, though, that we might like to define “thinking” in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony, in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment. In that sense, computers certainly can’t think and neither can most humans.Surely, though, if a computer can be made complex enough, it can be made as creative as we. If it could be as complex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it. The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements. If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected. To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it.332663904054.doc 第 3 页共 22But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think. Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain, we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself. This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on.In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the computers take over and there is a “complexity explosion”. In a very short time thereafter, computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain----but far surpass it.6.What is the best title for the passagea.How to Duplicate Human Brainsb.Can a Computer Thinkc.How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problemd.How Do Human Beings Think7.What does the passage tell us about computers of todaya.Unlike human beings, they have to be programmed before they can doanything.b.They are as complex as humans.c.They are the equivalents of human brains.d.They can duplicate human brains.8.In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmeda.They are different from each other.b.Our potentialities are limited by that “program”.c.Their characteristics, powers, etc. are fixed before birth.d.We should define “thinking” in terms of creativity.9.What does the writer think about the human braina.It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells.b.It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement.c.It is more complex than computer, so it can do everything a computercan do.d.It is made up of atoms and molecules.442663904054.doc 第 4 页共 2210.As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage, what does theword “ovum” meana. Cellb. Moleculesc. Germ.d. A female germ or sex cell.Passage 3In November 1965, New York was blacked out by an electricity failure. The authorities promised that it would not happen again. Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest. In July 1977, there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people. In 1965, the failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity. In 1977, the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves.In 1965, there was little crime or looting during the darkness, and fewer than a hundred people were arrested. In 1977, hundreds of stores were broken into and looted. Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry, clothes or television sets. Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night. The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men.Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows. Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day. The blackout started at 9:30 ., when lightning hit knocked out vital cables. Many stores were thus caught by surprise.The vast majority of New Yorkers, however, were not involved in looting. They helped strangers, distributed candles and batteries, and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights, refrigerators, elevators, water and electrical power. For twenty-four hours, New York realized how helpless it was without electricity.11.Look at the first paragraph, Who were right: the authorities or thepessimists552663904054.doc 第 5 页共 22a. The authorities.b. Bothc. The pessimists.d.Neither12.In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performancea.There was much more disorder.b.This time the electricity supply failed.c.It was quite unexpected.d.It did not occur within five years of 1965.13. What caused the blackout in July 1977a.Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electricalappliances.b.Because of unemployment, some machines were not in proper order.c.During a storm, lighting damaged supply cables.d.The passage does not mention the cause.14. Why did many looters manage to escapea.The police could not see them in the dark.b.Many of the looters were armed with guns.c.There were not enough policemen to catch them all.d.They were hidden inside big buildings.15. How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure lasta. A whole week.b. Twenty-four hours.c. Three days.d. A whole night.Passage 4Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source----crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodes of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels. 662663904054.doc 第 6 页共 22Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin or thick, transparent or opaque, but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.16. Which of the following is NOT truea.Crude oil is found below land and water.b.Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface.c.Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface.d. A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.17. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible becausea.the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance.plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure.c.the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions.d.the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes moleculartransformation.18. Which of the following is truea.The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.b.Heating and condensation produce the various products.c.Chemical separation is used to produce the various products. 772663904054.doc 第 7 页共 22d.Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the variousproducts.19. How is crude oil brought to surfacea.Expansion of the hydrocarbons.b.Pressure and pumping.c.Vacuum created in the drilling pipe.d.Expa nsion and contraction of the earth’s surface.20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oila. Distillate oil.b. Lubricating oil.c. Gasoline.d. Kerosene.Passage 5A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we’re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many or these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can’t be measured by numbers alone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation between individuals and employers—all these are being changed.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip(集成电路), would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow’s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain; information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in 882663904054.doc 第 8 页共 22manufacturing or services, will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that ________.a.the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceb.manufacturing industries are steadily increasingc.people find it harder to earn a living by working in factoriesd.most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that_______.a.the difference between the employee and the employer has becomeinsignificantb.people’s traditional concepts about work no longer hold truec.most people have to take part-time jobsd.people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to saythat _________.a.people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement oftechnologyb.future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivabledramatic changesc.the importance of high technology has been overlookedputer science will play a leading role in the future informationservices24. The future will probably belong to those who ________.a.possess and know how to make use of informationb.give full play to their brain potential992663904054.doc 第 9 页共 22c.involve themselves in service industriesd.cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passageputers and the Knowledge Society.b.Service Industries in Modern Society.c.Features and Implications of the New Era.d.Rapid Advancement of Information Technology.Passage 6Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.26. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________. 10102663904054.doc 第 10 页共 22a.they are indispensable to people’s social well-beingb.they awaken people’s desire to exchange resourcesc.they help people to cope with life in the information erad.they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc.27. Research shows that people’s physical and mental health _________.a.relies on the social welfare systems which support themb.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersc.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesd.is closely related to their strength for coping with major change sintheir lives28. Which of the following is cl osest in meaning to the word “cushions”a. Adds up to.b. Does away with.c. Lessens the effect of.d. Lays the foundation for.29. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.a. instrumental supportb. informational supportc. social companionshipd. the strengthening of self-respect30. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______.a.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesb.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesc.it make sour leisure-time activities more enjoyabled.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesPassage 7The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona, 11112663904054.doc 第 11 页共 22chromospheres, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun’s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins.The Sun’s outermost layer be gins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona’s rays flas h out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike like rays near the Sun’s north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the Sun’s equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun’s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31. All of the following are parts of the Sun’s atmosphere EXCEPT the________.a. coronab. chromospheresc. photosphered. core32. It can be inferred from the passage that a clear view of the Sun’s outerlayer is usually prevented by ______.a. the Sun’s raysb. an eclipsec. lack of lightd. the great distance33. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerneda.How the Sun evolves.b.The structure of the Sun.c.Why scientists study the Sun.d.The distance of the Sun from the planets.34. According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become 12122663904054.doc 第 12 页共 22________.a. hotterb. clearerc. thinnerd. stronger35. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which ofthe followinga.The remaining layers of the Sun.b.The evolution of the Sun to its present form.c.The eclipse of February 1979.d.The scientists who study astronomy.Passage 8The concept of “environment” is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in may ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa(反之亦然).In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer(持有者) of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as “cultural”, which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.36. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding 13132663904054.doc 第 13 页共 22of “environment” as the author sees ita. Elaborate.b. Prejudiced.c. Faultless.d. Oversimplified.37. According to the author the concept of “environment” is difficult toexplain because _______.a.it doesn’t distinguish between the organism and the environmentb.it involves both internal and external forcesc.the organism and the environment influence each otherd.the relationship between the organism and environment is unclear38. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggeststhat __________.a.biological factors are less important to the organism than culturalfactors to manb.man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forcesc.man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the naturalenvironmentd.physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organismthan on man39. As for culture, the author points out that _______.a.it develops side by side with environmental factorsb.it is also affected by environmentc.it is generally accepted to be part of the environmentd.it is a product of man’s biological instincts40. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _________.a.the interpretation of the term “environment”b.the discussion of the organism and biological environmentc.the comparison between internal and external factors influencing mand.the evaluation of man’s influence on culturePart II Cloze (20 points )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the One that best 14142663904054.doc 第 14 页共 22fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the __41__ phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.The behavior and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole42. a. in b. from c. at d. on43. a. since b. if c. as d. while 15152663904054.doc 第 15 页共 22。

史学通论2008一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系。

二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战。

2009一、结合实例说明历史学的社会功能。

二、史学领域的后现代主义思潮述评。

2010一、论历史思维的方法。

二、结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对“史学即史料学”这一观点的认识。

中国古代史2008一、简要解释或回答以下各题。

1、刘知几与章学诚。

2、中国古代文献的四部分类法。

3、中国古代货币的主要类型。

4、结合你所报专业介绍四川大学的史学前辈学者。

二、简要论述下列各题：1、“安史之乱”后唐代社会的变化。

2、“汉承秦制”。

2009一、必做题唐代有哪些主要宗教？请分别予以简略介绍。

二、选做题：1、试论秦统一的历史原因。

2、中国历史出现过哪些重要的图书分类方法？这些分类法的代表作有哪些？试分析这些分类法的适用范围及其优劣。

3、试论儒墨学说的异同及其对后世的影响。

4、试论“两个体系”（覆盖人民群众的档案资源体系和方便人民群众的档案利用体系）的建设问题或者论述从藏书建设到文献资源建设到信息资源建设理论嬗变的时代背景与发展进程。

5、略述春秋战国时期“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景和主要派别。

6、迄今为止，有关中国儒学史（或经学史）分期的观点主要有哪些？试对这些分期法的优劣进行评析，谈谈你自己对中国儒学（或经学）发展主要阶段的基本认识。

2010一、必做题：试述汉武帝时期实行的“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”政策的提出、内容及影响。

二、选做题：1、举例说明战国时期著名的水利工程及其对当时社会经济的影响。

2、简论中国古代官私书目的历史发展及其功能。

3、试论秦统一的主要原因。

4、论述建设档案安全保管基地、爱国主义教育基地、档案利用中心、政府信息查询中心、电子文件中心“五位一体”的公共档案问题；或者分析现代图书馆实施知识管理的必要性，阐述现代图书馆如何有效实施知识管理与开展知识服务。

5、试论“安史之乱”及唐代后期政局。

6、试评述春秋列国的变法改制。

四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（神经内科）专业课考试一．名词解释（每题4分）1. 循证医学2. 感染性休克3. 短暂性脑缺血发作∙运动性失语∙概率二．问答题（每题20分）1. 实验设计的四个基本原则2. t检验的应用条件。

3. 急性左心衰竭的抢救措施是什么？4．脑梗死急性期有哪些治疗措施？专业外语考试一．汉译英（50分）细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官又进一步构成系统。

人体的每个系统都有其特定功能，但是，请记住这里:机体是作为一个整体来发挥作用的，没有哪个系统能够独立于其他系统而存在，是整体系统共同作用保持了机体内部的稳定状态，即体内平衡。

现在，我们先讨论细胞─能独立存在活性物质的最小单位。

从细胞开始，我们能够从最简单到最复杂的水平来研究机体。

所有人体的功能都来自亿万个特定细胞活动，有的动植物仅由一个细胞构成，其他生物则由亿万个细胞构成。

细胞只能存活在能供养分又能排除废物的液体媒介中。

对单细胞生物来说，这就是细胞外的液体，如：大海里、河里或水流中。

在对多细胞生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分，植物以汁液的形式，动物以血液的形式。

细胞膜是半渗透性或区别性的渗透膜，即某些物质能渗透。

这个特殊性使细胞对细胞周围只吸收了需要的物质而排除掉有害的物质，包括细胞内的废物通过液体化后排出细胞外。

细胞的中央，圆形或椭圆形的就是细胞核。

细胞核控制细胞的生长和分化。

也装着遗传信息。

二．英译汉（50 分）The location of an infarction is within a vascular territory which may be involved totally or partially. One or more territories of the major arteries may be involved or, on the contrary, the border zones between different vascular territories may be affected. The location of the lesion is, therefore, an important diagnostic element: a lesion straddling different vascular territories is not likely to be an infarction.The different vascular territories as seen on CT have been studied and have also been correlated with functional areas.Frequency of infarctions in the areas of the major arterial territories is similar in the series observed in our clinic (the Besta Neurologic Institute) and in various reported series. The middle cerebral artery territory is the most frequently involved (62% in our series of about 500 cases), followed by the posterior cerebral artery (14%), and anterior cerebral artery (5%). Infarcts in the posterior fossa were observed in 5% of our cases, while multiple territories or watershed areas accounted for the remaining 14%.The infarcted area appears as a hypodense lesion usually only after 24 to 48 hours after the stroke, but occasional positive CT scans are observed even at 3 to 6 hours after onset. The hypodensity is initially mild and poorly defined; within 2 or 3 days the attenuation values become lower, the margins of the lesion become better defined, and the lesion clearly appears to involve both gray and while matter. The best evidence of the lesion in this early phase is, therefore, on the third and fourth day after the stroke. In addition, in this period of edema and necrosis, there is often evidence of mass effect. The edema and mass effect gradually subside and hypodensity becomes less evident in the following days. The hypodensity may actually completely disappear and the infarcted area may become indistinguishable from the normal surrounding brain.。