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川大行管考研真题总结——管理学一. 名词解释2012年1、直线职权于参谋职权2、网络技术计划3、组织结构4、经济人5、科学管理理论6、人本管理2011年（每小题5分，共30分）1、组织社会责任2、韦伯“官僚制”3、预测4、职能职权5、审计控制6、高效能团队1、矩阵式组织结构2、反馈控制3、管理层次与管理幅度4、管理的两重性5、德尔菲法6、首长负责制与委员会制2009年1、管理创新2、头脑风暴法3、权变组织机构4、强化理论5、控制关键点6、不确定性决策2008年1、管理的技术方法2、滚动计划法3、矩阵式组织4、期望理论5、现场控制6、制度创新2007年1、管理2、激励3、效益原理4、前馈控制5、组织结构6、管理伦理2006年1、责任原理2、组织设计3、预算控制4、集体决策5、授权6、管理创新2005年1、目标管理2、决策3、控制4、公平理论5、管理6、组织文化其它较早年份汇总1、霍桑试验2、双因素论3、管理方格图4、德尔菲法5、管理幅度二、判断分析2012年2.扁平化组织是未来的组织模式，所以所有的组织都应采取扁平化组织2011年1.群体决策优于个人决策2.最简单有效的控制方法就是实施自我控制1、相对于组织的管理目标而言，组织的资源总是有限的。
2、领导者就是拥有管理权力的人。
2009年1、委员会管理的效率高于个人管理。
2、为了实现创新的目标，必须实现颠覆性的变革。
2008年1、人具有社会性，所以现代管理学认为被管理者都是“社会人”。
2、自然环境是管理者面对的唯一的管理环境因素。
2007年1、管理必须注重科学性与艺术性的结合。
2、管理学中的领导就是指领导者。
3、按照亚当斯密的观点，分工可以带来效率的大大提高就是因为节约了工作时间。
2006年1、管理人员可以充分地利用非正式沟通为自己服务，比如管理人员可以将自己所需要传递但又不便从正式渠道传递信息，利用非正式渠道进行传递。
2、根据霍桑试验证明人是“复杂人”，是复杂的社会关系的成员，因此，要发动员工的积极性，还必须从社会、心理方面去努力。
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济2007年考题1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2、马克思的扩大再生产理论3、马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较2008年考题1、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义？（30分）2、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较？（40分）2009年考题1、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008年的全球金融危机？（40分）2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、论劳动力价格是如何形成的？（30分）2010年考题1、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论？（40分）2、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论。
（30分）2011年考题1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论。
（40分）2、马克思工资理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义。
（30分）2012年考题1、论马克思价格理论以及应用2、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义3、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论2013年考题1、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同2、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义3、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义2014年考题1、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义2、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济产权理论的不同3、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整四川大学博士入学考试参考书：专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济1、《资本运行论——资本论与市场经济》弓孟谦北京大学出版社2、《经济理论比较研究》洪远朋复旦大学出版社3、《资本论》的现代解析洪银兴经济科学出版社3、《资本论》教程简编洪远朋复旦大学出版社。
2004 答案1.英译汉第一次世界大战和经济大萧条迫使人们不得不重新冷静地评价来势迅猛的技术大爆炸。
一种思想派别——技术决定主义认为，现代社会再也不是19世纪及20世纪初期的工业年代了。
他们说，后工业时代社会已经成为一种现实。
先进电子技术所带来的复杂的社会技术网络已经使国家的政府机构，资本主义性质的公司和人口拥挤的城市失去原有的作用。
2.汉译英Moon gazing is an ancient art. To prehistoric hunters their understanding of the moon overhead was a unerring as heartbeat. They knew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was the reborn. They knew that the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset while the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.2003 答案1.英译汉：现在，城市化比以前任何时候都更有影响。
它是世界性的，到处都可以感受到它的影响。
联合国的统计数字表明，在约30年的时间里，全世界过半的人口将住在城市里。
这是个具有深远意义的转变，也许是人类史的一个重要里程碑并将以现在无法想象的方式去影响着人类和大自然。
整个人类的定居史都与地形学和资源有着密切的联系。
直到几个世纪之前，人类定居模式还是主要由农业、渔业、采矿业、水利和国防而定。
城镇和村落相继发展成了商业和市场中心，服务于落后地区。
2014年同等学力申硕《管理科学与工程学科综合水平考试》真题及答案一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共16分）1.下列样本统计量中受奇异点的影响最小的是（D）。
A.均值B.方差C.标准差D.中位数【答案】D【解析】奇异点，即样本中的极端值。
D项，中位数是一组数据排序后处于中间位置上的变量值，是位置平均数，不受极端值的影响。
2.下面图形工具中可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性的是（B）。
A.直方图B.散点图C.茎叶图D.饼状图【答案】B【解析】B项，散点图是用二维坐标展示两个变量之间关系的一种图形，可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性。
A项，直方图又称质量分布图，是由一系列高度不等的纵向条纹或线段表示数据分布的情况；C项，茎叶图是反映原始数据分布的图形；D项，饼图显示一个数据系列，这些数据源自数据表的行或列。
ACD三项都是用来描述单变量数据特征的图形工具，不可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性。
3.有一种领导理论，它将领导方式分为四类，即命令式、说服式、参与式和授权式。
这种领导理论是（C）。
高级管理学P390A.管理方格理论B.权变理论C.领导的生命周期理论D.特质理论【答案】C【解析】C项，领导的生命周期理论将领导方式分为：命令式、说服式、参与式和授权式。
A项，管理方格理论将领导方式分为：贫乏型、乡村俱乐部型、中庸之道型、团队型；B项，权变理论认为有效的领导是由领导者、被领导者和环境条件三者决定的；D项，领导特质理论认为领导的有效性取决于领导个人特征。
4.企业管理层次的差异决定了目标体系的垂直高度。
这样，企业目标就成了一个有层次的体系和网络，即是目标的（A）。
A.层次性B.多重性C.变动性D.组织性【答案】A【解析】目标的特征包括：①目标的层次性，②目标的多重性，③目标的网络性，④目标的时间性。
其中，目标的层次性是指组织目标一般要进行分解，以使组织中不同层次的员工明白应当做什么才有助于总体目标的实现。
5.明茨伯格认为，战略是由5种规范的定义阐明的。
四川大学考试试题（A闭卷）（20 11 ——20 12 学年第 1 学期）课程号：303023060课序号：课程名称：电机学任课教师：曾成碧、赵莉华、张代润、苗虹适用专业年级：电气学生人数：印题份数：学号：姓名：成绩：注：1试题字迹务必清晰，书写工整。
本题 2 页，本页为第 1 页2 题间不留空，一般应题卷分开教务处试题编号：3务必用A4纸打印12.直流发电机经 装置，将电枢线圈的交流感应电动势转换为直流电动势。
13.同步电机电枢反应性质取决于 ；直流电机电枢反应的性质则取决于 。
二、简答题（37分）1．用相量图判断图示变压器的连接组别。
（6分）1） 2）2. 试比较三相对称负载时同步发电机的电枢磁势和励磁磁势的性质，它们的大小、位置和转速各由哪些因素决定的？（6分）3. 画出异步电动机的“T ”型等效电路图，说明各参数的物理意义。
并说明等效电路中的参数 '21s r s -能否用电容或者电感代替？（6分）4. 画出一台并联于无穷大电网运行的发电机的V 形曲线图并加以简单说明。
如果该同步发电机的负载电流超前于电压一个相角，如逐渐减小其励磁电流，试问电枢电流如何变化？（7分）5．一同步发电机单独带感性负载，在额定转速并保持励磁电流不变的情况，试画出其端电压随负载电流之间的变化曲线，并说明原因（6分）6.一台直流发电机在额定转速下的空载电动势为230V （等于额定电压），试分析当磁通减少10%或者转速增加20%时，电动势分别变为多少？（6）三、计算题（共28分）1.一台三相电机，极对数p=2，三相绕组的有效匝数均为1100w NK = 匝，通入的电流为0028.2sin ,28.2sin(240),28.2sin(120)A B C i tA i t A i t A ωωω==-=-，已知三相绕组轴线顺时针排列，请画出0150t ω=瞬间，基波合成磁势的位置及旋转方向（方法不限），并写出幅值大小。
2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet allthis oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or tofall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated withlocust-killing chemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, butquite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. Arelated campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was notoriginally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization forfemale corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on theboard who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came toreturn on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations likeFacebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her ownspecialties and can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not havefemale board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skillshigh schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, althoughthe words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and conveydifferent realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used,and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. Theword “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously aroundsocial issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is thatthe new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in everyliving plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will notlead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who seethis as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid tohelp ______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy andprosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and。
四川大学既往考博局解简单题汇总详解1.膀胱炎时，可口服氟哌酸进行治疗，药物自口腔经小肠吸收，经血液循环后，排入尿液进入膀胱，最后排出体外，请依次写出药物入口至随尿排出体外所经过的解剖路径（可用箭头表示）口服氟哌酸→口腔→咽→食管→胃→小肠→大肠→肠系膜上静脉→肝门静脉→下腔静脉→心脏→主动脉→肾动脉→肾小球→肾小盏→肾大盏→肾盂→输尿管→膀胱→尿道→体外2.阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？甲状腺（thyroid gland)腺体呈“H”形，分为左右侧叶和连接两侧叶的峡部。
峡部缺如者占7%，有锥状叶者约占70%，且多连于左侧叶。
甲状腺的两侧叶位于喉下部和气管上部的前外侧，上极平甲状软骨中点，下极至第6气管软骨。
有时侧叶的下极可伸至胸骨柄的后方，称为胸骨后甲状腺。
甲状腺峡部位于第2-4气管软骨前方。
甲状腺的前面由浅入深依次为皮肤、浅筋膜、颈筋膜浅层、舌骨下肌群和气管前筋膜，但在峡部前面正中宽约0.5-1.0cm处无肌肉覆盖。
侧叶的后内侧与喉和气管以及喉返神经等相邻；侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及鞘内的颈总动脉、颈内静脉和迷走神经，以及位于椎前筋膜深面的颈交感干相邻。
当甲状腺肿大时，如向后压迫食管和气管，科引起吞咽和呼吸困难；如压迫喉返神经，可出现声音嘶哑；如向后外方压迫交感干时，可出现Horner综合征，即患侧瞳孔缩小，眼裂变窄及眼球内陷。
甲状腺的血管神经：是甲状腺最重要的周围关系，在甲状腺上极，有甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺上静脉及与其伴行的喉上神经。
神经行其后内，近腺体处渐分离；在甲状腺下极，有甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下静脉及与其相交的喉返神经。
血管水平由外向内走向腺体，神经垂直由下向上行向腺体，于腺体下极相交。
右侧血管与神经间近似平行关系，左侧血管与神经间则呈现相互垂直关系。
在甲状腺外侧缘中份，可见甲状腺中静脉。
该静脉壁薄短粗，横过颈总动脉前方，直接汇入颈内静脉，是较危险的不可忽视的血管。
一：必答题1.在你的研究领域或你感兴趣的领域中，请简述你认为的二个重大的科学突破和一个最有希望突破的科学问题，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿意以毕生精力去解决。
2.在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或标志性的实验（可简图帮助说明）包括：1.实验目的2.实验设计和手段3.试验中所遇到的具体问题和解决方法4.实验结果对该领域的贡献5.下一步实验设计和想法二：选答三题1.请阐述宏基因组学在微生物领域的研究策略与应用答：宏基因组学（Metagenomics）又叫微生物环境基因组学、元基因组学。
它通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库，利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能。
它是在微生物基因组学的基础上发展起来的一种研究微生物多样性、开发新的生理活性物质（或获得新基因）的新理念和新方法。
其主要含义是：对特定环境中全部微生物的总DNA（也称宏基因组）进行克隆，并通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质；或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物，通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息。
策略是从特定环境中直接分离所有微生物DNA , 将大片段的DNA克隆到受体菌中表达 , 然后根据某些生物活性筛选有应用价值的克隆。
包括两个方面: ①宏基因组文库的构建 : 宏基因组文库的构建沿用了分子克隆的基本原理和技术方法 , 并根据具体环境样品的特点和建库目的采用了一些特殊的步骤和对策。
一般包括样品总 D N A 的提取、与载体连接和在宿主细胞建立中克隆②宏基因组文库的筛选: 根据其研究目的,宏基因组文库筛选通常有功能筛选和序列筛选两种方法。
宏基因组学在基础微生物学研究中的应用1.发现新基因由于自然界中大多数微生物物种及其生物量是未知的 , 其中存在大量不可培养的微生物。
通过构建宏基因组文库 , 而且从中鉴定出的大多数基因将都是新的基因。
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
